This study reviews the conventional wisdoms of home and school being the main causal factors of disruption in schools, by researching the views and perceptions of pupils, teachers and parents with regard to disruptive behaviour. The 67 primary and 15 secondary schools of Aberdeen city were selected because they provided a large sample population covering the full socio-economic spectrum. From these schools 1776 P7 and 1303 S2 pupils were surveyed by questionnaire for their perception of themselves, school and home background. The propensity of these pupils for disruption was measured by teacher questionnaire. Separately all schools provided information on their behavioural policies and their view of disruption. Two socially contrasting areas, including 2 secondary and 7 primary schools, were selected for research on the standards of pupil behaviour. From these schools 724 parents of pupils from P1, P7, S1 and S3 were surveyed by questionnaire for their views on parental/school liaison. The exclusion record for all schools was examined and a sample of 10 excluded pupils were surveyed by questionnaire and interview. Exclusion rates and measurement of pupil behaviour showed that disruption had increased during 1983 to 1989 particularly amongst boys. The results from the pupil survey indicated a close relationship between pupil self-esteem and their perception of home, school, themselves and disruption. Significant variations of the standard of pupil behaviour according to their year group were also evident. These extend previous findings by showing the importance of home, school and pupil characteristics in influencing disruption. Thus it is suggested that inter-related multi-causal factors lead to disruption in school. These factors provide a key to the earlier prediction of pupils with a potential for disruption and demonstrate the need for improved parental/school liaison. Finally, recommendations for future research and policy development are summarised.

No description available.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2007. / Title from PDF title page (viewed Sept. 23, 2009). Additional advisors: Gypsy Abbott, Harold Bishop, Loucrecia Collins, Linda Searby, Joyce Stallworth. Includes bibliographical references (p. 155-166).

Political recognition of the multicultural nature of Mexico has advanced the understanding of how people live together, as well as how they value and respect each other’s differences. The migration of indigenous populations from rural areas of the country to urban settings has transformed the cities, and also schools, into places of remarkable cultural diversity. This study examines the processes of identity formation of indigenous children in two urban schools in Jalisco, Mexico. By studying the processes of identity formation, I focus on understanding how indigenous children represent themselves within the wider social discourses and dynamics of power, which might be either reinforcing or limiting their opportunities to strengthen their ethnicity. By using an ethnographic approach, from a critical theory perspective, this study focus on listening to indigenous children’s voices, rather than the other voices and experiences within the school setting. The study was conducted in two schools in the municipality of Zapopan, in the State of Jalisco, Mexico. Over a period of 14 months, I conducted semi-structured interviews with 22 indigenous children, balanced by gender and age, from 4 different ethnic groups: Mazahua, Nahua, Purepecha, and Totonaco. I also interviewed 22 mestizo children, 10 teachers, 3 principals, and 7 parents. The schooling experiences of indigenous children are discussed in the study. Elements such as language use, territory (geographic and symbolic), family networks, and their attachment to their communities of origin were identified as the crucial factors for indigenous children to represent, or sometimes deny, themselves as being indigenous. The analysis also highlights the silences, racism, and ethnic blindness that indigenous children face in urban schools. Meritocratic educational approaches within neoliberal discourses of competition, individual effort, and autonomy were embedded in the children’s schooling experiences, thereby shaping their learner identities. This study seeks to contribute to the pursuit of providing indigenous children with educational services that recognise and reinforce their ethnic identity. It is also my objective that children’s voices open up a dialogue with those responsible for the educational and social policies, in order to create a common front that might challenge the racism veiled as indifference and/or a desire for ‘equality’ in Mexican urban schools.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2008. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes bibliographical references (p. 94-101).

Thesis (M.S.)--Ohio State University, 2008. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes bibliographical references (p. 71-74).

This study compares the morbidity and mortality of non-adults in urban and rural cemeteries between AD 850-1859. It was hypothesised that the development of urbanisation and industrialisation with subsequenot overcrowding and environmental pollution, would result in a decline in human health in the urban groups. This would be evident in lower mean ages at death, retarded growth and higher rates of childhood stress and chronic infection in the children living in the urbanised environments. Non-adult skeletons were examined from Raunds Furnells in Northamptonshire (Anglo- Saxon), St. Helen-on-the-Walls in York (later medieval, urban), Wharrarn Percy in Yorkshire (later medieval, rural) and from the crypt of Christ Church Spitalfields, in London (AD 1729-1859). The results showed that it was industrialisation, rather than urbanisation that was most detrimental to child health. Weaning ages declined from two years in the Anglo-Saxon period to one year in the eighteenth and nineteenth century. Industrialisation was characterised by a lower mean age at death, growth retardation and an increase in the prevalence of rickets and scurvy. Although higher rates of dental disease and matemal stress were apparent in the urbanised samples, respiratory diseases were more common in the rural areas. Growth profiles suggested that environmental factors were similar in the urban and rural communities in the later medieval period. However, there was evidence that employment had a detrimental effect on the health of later medieval apprentices. This study demonstrates the importance of non-adult remains in addressing issues of health and adaptation in the past and, the validity of using skeletal material to measure environmental stress.

A presente Dissertação buscou compreender, a partir de uma pesquisa de campo, as visões que as crianças “urbanas” e “rurais” produzem sobre si e sobre os outros, procurando entender suas formas de falar, narrar, expressar para refletir sobre o quanto a polifonia de discursos sobre o que é rural e urbano reverberou em seus modos de pensar. Esta pesquisa movimentou-me por uma temática na qual eu estava envolvida, atravessada, mobilizada. Como professora-pesquisadora, articulei episódios que emergiram em minha experiência pedagógica, os quais me convocaram a problematizar posicionamentos e diferentes dizeres relacionados ao rural. Entendo que os discursos sobre as infâncias “rurais” disseminados em diferentes produções culturais provocam modos de vermos estas infâncias de uma forma um tanto semelhante e reiterada, colocando-a muitas vezes como uma infância em defasagem em relação à infância “urbana”. Além de me ater às produções culturais e alguns artefatos, realizo uma análise mais ampla de como as ideias sobre o rural e a infância “rural”, em especial, foram sendo constituídas na cultura brasileira ao longo da nossa formação social, política, cultural, discutindo sobre como a cultura, de um modo geral, define e nos ensina o que é rural e urbano. Tomo como ferramentas teóricas os Estudos Pós-Estruturalistas em Educação, em especial os Estudos Culturais e da Cultura Visual e dos Estudos Contemporâneos sobre as Infâncias. A investigação foi realizada com doze crianças com idades entre seis e sete anos de idade, residentes no meio urbano e no meio rural do município de Estrela-RS, no período de março a dezembro de 2008. Para uma melhor apreensão das concepções das crianças, criei, no desenvolvimento da pesquisa, uma proposta de intercâmbio de materiais entre elas e um conjunto de estratégias de comunicação entre as crianças: auto-retratos desenhados, fotografias, postais e vídeos. O início da pesquisa com as crianças apontou o quanto suas narrativas estavam marcadas por referentes, acentuados por binarismos que de certa forma inferiorizavam os saberes e as práticas do meio rural. A partir do intercâmbio dos materiais entre as crianças “rurais” e “urbanas,” algumas concepções que os diferentes grupos tinham um sobre o outro foram se modificando. As perguntas centrais do trabalho: Como as crianças “rurais” e “urbanas” narram a si mesmas? Como as crianças percebem o meio rural e o meio urbano? foram respondidas nas análises realizadas, que permitem argumentar que este espaço de “narrar o outro” e “narrar-se ao outro” mostrou o quanto a descrição das crianças “rurais” e “urbanas” foi marcada pelo “ser-ter-pertencer”. Pelo que se pode perceber na pesquisa, as formas de narrar das crianças estão relacionadas à questão de posse, das características físicas e intelectuais, através das formas de narrar o espaço e os saberes dos outros, a respeito dos lugares “rurais” e “urbanos”, da alimentação e da expressão verbal. Independentemente das crianças serem “urbanas” ou “rurais”, na contemporaneidade, percebi o quanto este “narrar-se” passa também pela aparência, pelo modo de ser, de se vestir, de ter, das brincadeiras e brinquedos. O “rural,” que apareceu inicialmente relatado nas vozes das crianças como espaço de atraso, do não ter as mesmas coisas que o “urbano”, como se o meio urbano fosse a fonte do ter, do saber, do lugar de consumo onde se pode adquirir as coisas “boas” e “importantes,” começou a ganhar outros contornos. Pude verificar que mudaram os dizeres das crianças a partir do momento em que as cartas, os postais e os vídeos foram chegando. Aquele olhar tão definido, estável, fixo, de certezas, deu lugar à instabilidade, a outras formas de perceber o lugar “do outro”. Ao intercambiarem os materiais por elas produzidos, crianças “rurais” e “urbanas” puderam perceber que cada lugar, seja ele na cidade ou no meio rural, tem suas particularidades. Nestas trocas as crianças passaram a conhecer outras narrativas, que apontaram o quanto há de diverso e semelhante entre elas. / This study, based on a field research, aims at understanding the views ‘urban’ and ‘rural’ children have on themselves and on others, in attempt to understand the way they speak, narrate and express as a reflection on discourse polyphony on how rural and urban reverberate their ways of thinking. The theme focused here involved me deeply. As a teacher-researcher, I articulated episodes emerging from my pedagogical experience, which made me problematize positions and utterances related to the rural aspect. I understand that discourses on ‘rural’ childhood found in various cultural works make us see it in a somewhat similar and repeated way, considering it as a childhood with discrepancies, when compared to the ‘urban’ one. Besides focusing on some cultural works and artifacts, I analyze more broadly how ideas on rural, and rural childhood in particular, were built in the Brazilian culture along our social, political, cultural formation, also discussing how culture, in general terms, defines and teaches us what is rural and what is urban. The theoretical tools used have been the Post-structuralism Education Studies, particularly the Cultural Studies, and those of the Visual Culture, as well as the Contemporary Studies on Childhood. The investigation approached twelve children between six and seven years old, living in the urban and rural areas in the municipality of Estrela – RS, between March and December 2008. For a better understanding of children’s conceptions, it was developed a proposition to exchange materials among them, and a set of communication strategies: drawn self-portraits, photographs, postcards and videos. The beginning of the research has shown how their narratives were marked with references, stressed by binarism that somehow degraded the rural knowledge and practices. Some concepts that these groups had one about the other started to change gradually, based on the exchange of materials between ‘rural’ and ‘urban’ children.The key issues dealt with in this work: how do ‘rural’ and ‘urban’ children narrate themselves? How do they perceive the rural and urban environments? Through the analyses, the spaces related to ‘narrating the other’ and ‘narrating oneself to the other’ have shown to what extent ‘rural’ and ‘urban’ children’s descriptions were characterized by ‘being-having-belonging’. It can be concluded from the research that the ways of narrating children is related to the issues of possession, the physical and intellectual characteristics, the ways of narrating others’ space and knowledge, about ‘rural’ and ‘urban’ places, the eating habits and verbal expression. Regardless the fact children were ‘urban’ or ‘rural, in present times it was noticed that this ‘narrating oneself’ pervades one’s looks, one’s dressing way, one’s possessions, games and toys. The ‘rural’ scope, that initially was reported by the children as outdated, where one could not find the same things as in the ‘urban’ scope, as if the latter were source of having, knowing, a place of consumption where one can acquire ‘good’ and ‘important’ things, started to be differently outlined. It could be noticed that the children’s utterances changed from the moment the letters, postcards and videos were shown. The viewpoint that had been so established, certain, gradually became changeable, enabling them to perceive the place of ‘the other’. Upon exchange of the materials they had produced, ‘rural’ and ‘urban’ children could perceive, that each place, whether in the city or in the countryside, has its unique characteristics. Through this exchange, the children became familiar with other narratives, which showed them what is different or similar between them.

A presente Dissertação buscou compreender, a partir de uma pesquisa de campo, as visões que as crianças “urbanas” e “rurais” produzem sobre si e sobre os outros, procurando entender suas formas de falar, narrar, expressar para refletir sobre o quanto a polifonia de discursos sobre o que é rural e urbano reverberou em seus modos de pensar. Esta pesquisa movimentou-me por uma temática na qual eu estava envolvida, atravessada, mobilizada. Como professora-pesquisadora, articulei episódios que emergiram em minha experiência pedagógica, os quais me convocaram a problematizar posicionamentos e diferentes dizeres relacionados ao rural. Entendo que os discursos sobre as infâncias “rurais” disseminados em diferentes produções culturais provocam modos de vermos estas infâncias de uma forma um tanto semelhante e reiterada, colocando-a muitas vezes como uma infância em defasagem em relação à infância “urbana”. Além de me ater às produções culturais e alguns artefatos, realizo uma análise mais ampla de como as ideias sobre o rural e a infância “rural”, em especial, foram sendo constituídas na cultura brasileira ao longo da nossa formação social, política, cultural, discutindo sobre como a cultura, de um modo geral, define e nos ensina o que é rural e urbano. Tomo como ferramentas teóricas os Estudos Pós-Estruturalistas em Educação, em especial os Estudos Culturais e da Cultura Visual e dos Estudos Contemporâneos sobre as Infâncias. A investigação foi realizada com doze crianças com idades entre seis e sete anos de idade, residentes no meio urbano e no meio rural do município de Estrela-RS, no período de março a dezembro de 2008. Para uma melhor apreensão das concepções das crianças, criei, no desenvolvimento da pesquisa, uma proposta de intercâmbio de materiais entre elas e um conjunto de estratégias de comunicação entre as crianças: auto-retratos desenhados, fotografias, postais e vídeos. O início da pesquisa com as crianças apontou o quanto suas narrativas estavam marcadas por referentes, acentuados por binarismos que de certa forma inferiorizavam os saberes e as práticas do meio rural. A partir do intercâmbio dos materiais entre as crianças “rurais” e “urbanas,” algumas concepções que os diferentes grupos tinham um sobre o outro foram se modificando. As perguntas centrais do trabalho: Como as crianças “rurais” e “urbanas” narram a si mesmas? Como as crianças percebem o meio rural e o meio urbano? foram respondidas nas análises realizadas, que permitem argumentar que este espaço de “narrar o outro” e “narrar-se ao outro” mostrou o quanto a descrição das crianças “rurais” e “urbanas” foi marcada pelo “ser-ter-pertencer”. Pelo que se pode perceber na pesquisa, as formas de narrar das crianças estão relacionadas à questão de posse, das características físicas e intelectuais, através das formas de narrar o espaço e os saberes dos outros, a respeito dos lugares “rurais” e “urbanos”, da alimentação e da expressão verbal. Independentemente das crianças serem “urbanas” ou “rurais”, na contemporaneidade, percebi o quanto este “narrar-se” passa também pela aparência, pelo modo de ser, de se vestir, de ter, das brincadeiras e brinquedos. O “rural,” que apareceu inicialmente relatado nas vozes das crianças como espaço de atraso, do não ter as mesmas coisas que o “urbano”, como se o meio urbano fosse a fonte do ter, do saber, do lugar de consumo onde se pode adquirir as coisas “boas” e “importantes,” começou a ganhar outros contornos. Pude verificar que mudaram os dizeres das crianças a partir do momento em que as cartas, os postais e os vídeos foram chegando. Aquele olhar tão definido, estável, fixo, de certezas, deu lugar à instabilidade, a outras formas de perceber o lugar “do outro”. Ao intercambiarem os materiais por elas produzidos, crianças “rurais” e “urbanas” puderam perceber que cada lugar, seja ele na cidade ou no meio rural, tem suas particularidades. Nestas trocas as crianças passaram a conhecer outras narrativas, que apontaram o quanto há de diverso e semelhante entre elas. / This study, based on a field research, aims at understanding the views ‘urban’ and ‘rural’ children have on themselves and on others, in attempt to understand the way they speak, narrate and express as a reflection on discourse polyphony on how rural and urban reverberate their ways of thinking. The theme focused here involved me deeply. As a teacher-researcher, I articulated episodes emerging from my pedagogical experience, which made me problematize positions and utterances related to the rural aspect. I understand that discourses on ‘rural’ childhood found in various cultural works make us see it in a somewhat similar and repeated way, considering it as a childhood with discrepancies, when compared to the ‘urban’ one. Besides focusing on some cultural works and artifacts, I analyze more broadly how ideas on rural, and rural childhood in particular, were built in the Brazilian culture along our social, political, cultural formation, also discussing how culture, in general terms, defines and teaches us what is rural and what is urban. The theoretical tools used have been the Post-structuralism Education Studies, particularly the Cultural Studies, and those of the Visual Culture, as well as the Contemporary Studies on Childhood. The investigation approached twelve children between six and seven years old, living in the urban and rural areas in the municipality of Estrela – RS, between March and December 2008. For a better understanding of children’s conceptions, it was developed a proposition to exchange materials among them, and a set of communication strategies: drawn self-portraits, photographs, postcards and videos. The beginning of the research has shown how their narratives were marked with references, stressed by binarism that somehow degraded the rural knowledge and practices. Some concepts that these groups had one about the other started to change gradually, based on the exchange of materials between ‘rural’ and ‘urban’ children.The key issues dealt with in this work: how do ‘rural’ and ‘urban’ children narrate themselves? How do they perceive the rural and urban environments? Through the analyses, the spaces related to ‘narrating the other’ and ‘narrating oneself to the other’ have shown to what extent ‘rural’ and ‘urban’ children’s descriptions were characterized by ‘being-having-belonging’. It can be concluded from the research that the ways of narrating children is related to the issues of possession, the physical and intellectual characteristics, the ways of narrating others’ space and knowledge, about ‘rural’ and ‘urban’ places, the eating habits and verbal expression. Regardless the fact children were ‘urban’ or ‘rural, in present times it was noticed that this ‘narrating oneself’ pervades one’s looks, one’s dressing way, one’s possessions, games and toys. The ‘rural’ scope, that initially was reported by the children as outdated, where one could not find the same things as in the ‘urban’ scope, as if the latter were source of having, knowing, a place of consumption where one can acquire ‘good’ and ‘important’ things, started to be differently outlined. It could be noticed that the children’s utterances changed from the moment the letters, postcards and videos were shown. The viewpoint that had been so established, certain, gradually became changeable, enabling them to perceive the place of ‘the other’. Upon exchange of the materials they had produced, ‘rural’ and ‘urban’ children could perceive, that each place, whether in the city or in the countryside, has its unique characteristics. Through this exchange, the children became familiar with other narratives, which showed them what is different or similar between them.

A presente Dissertação buscou compreender, a partir de uma pesquisa de campo, as visões que as crianças “urbanas” e “rurais” produzem sobre si e sobre os outros, procurando entender suas formas de falar, narrar, expressar para refletir sobre o quanto a polifonia de discursos sobre o que é rural e urbano reverberou em seus modos de pensar. Esta pesquisa movimentou-me por uma temática na qual eu estava envolvida, atravessada, mobilizada. Como professora-pesquisadora, articulei episódios que emergiram em minha experiência pedagógica, os quais me convocaram a problematizar posicionamentos e diferentes dizeres relacionados ao rural. Entendo que os discursos sobre as infâncias “rurais” disseminados em diferentes produções culturais provocam modos de vermos estas infâncias de uma forma um tanto semelhante e reiterada, colocando-a muitas vezes como uma infância em defasagem em relação à infância “urbana”. Além de me ater às produções culturais e alguns artefatos, realizo uma análise mais ampla de como as ideias sobre o rural e a infância “rural”, em especial, foram sendo constituídas na cultura brasileira ao longo da nossa formação social, política, cultural, discutindo sobre como a cultura, de um modo geral, define e nos ensina o que é rural e urbano. Tomo como ferramentas teóricas os Estudos Pós-Estruturalistas em Educação, em especial os Estudos Culturais e da Cultura Visual e dos Estudos Contemporâneos sobre as Infâncias. A investigação foi realizada com doze crianças com idades entre seis e sete anos de idade, residentes no meio urbano e no meio rural do município de Estrela-RS, no período de março a dezembro de 2008. Para uma melhor apreensão das concepções das crianças, criei, no desenvolvimento da pesquisa, uma proposta de intercâmbio de materiais entre elas e um conjunto de estratégias de comunicação entre as crianças: auto-retratos desenhados, fotografias, postais e vídeos. O início da pesquisa com as crianças apontou o quanto suas narrativas estavam marcadas por referentes, acentuados por binarismos que de certa forma inferiorizavam os saberes e as práticas do meio rural. A partir do intercâmbio dos materiais entre as crianças “rurais” e “urbanas,” algumas concepções que os diferentes grupos tinham um sobre o outro foram se modificando. As perguntas centrais do trabalho: Como as crianças “rurais” e “urbanas” narram a si mesmas? Como as crianças percebem o meio rural e o meio urbano? foram respondidas nas análises realizadas, que permitem argumentar que este espaço de “narrar o outro” e “narrar-se ao outro” mostrou o quanto a descrição das crianças “rurais” e “urbanas” foi marcada pelo “ser-ter-pertencer”. Pelo que se pode perceber na pesquisa, as formas de narrar das crianças estão relacionadas à questão de posse, das características físicas e intelectuais, através das formas de narrar o espaço e os saberes dos outros, a respeito dos lugares “rurais” e “urbanos”, da alimentação e da expressão verbal. Independentemente das crianças serem “urbanas” ou “rurais”, na contemporaneidade, percebi o quanto este “narrar-se” passa também pela aparência, pelo modo de ser, de se vestir, de ter, das brincadeiras e brinquedos. O “rural,” que apareceu inicialmente relatado nas vozes das crianças como espaço de atraso, do não ter as mesmas coisas que o “urbano”, como se o meio urbano fosse a fonte do ter, do saber, do lugar de consumo onde se pode adquirir as coisas “boas” e “importantes,” começou a ganhar outros contornos. Pude verificar que mudaram os dizeres das crianças a partir do momento em que as cartas, os postais e os vídeos foram chegando. Aquele olhar tão definido, estável, fixo, de certezas, deu lugar à instabilidade, a outras formas de perceber o lugar “do outro”. Ao intercambiarem os materiais por elas produzidos, crianças “rurais” e “urbanas” puderam perceber que cada lugar, seja ele na cidade ou no meio rural, tem suas particularidades. Nestas trocas as crianças passaram a conhecer outras narrativas, que apontaram o quanto há de diverso e semelhante entre elas. / This study, based on a field research, aims at understanding the views ‘urban’ and ‘rural’ children have on themselves and on others, in attempt to understand the way they speak, narrate and express as a reflection on discourse polyphony on how rural and urban reverberate their ways of thinking. The theme focused here involved me deeply. As a teacher-researcher, I articulated episodes emerging from my pedagogical experience, which made me problematize positions and utterances related to the rural aspect. I understand that discourses on ‘rural’ childhood found in various cultural works make us see it in a somewhat similar and repeated way, considering it as a childhood with discrepancies, when compared to the ‘urban’ one. Besides focusing on some cultural works and artifacts, I analyze more broadly how ideas on rural, and rural childhood in particular, were built in the Brazilian culture along our social, political, cultural formation, also discussing how culture, in general terms, defines and teaches us what is rural and what is urban. The theoretical tools used have been the Post-structuralism Education Studies, particularly the Cultural Studies, and those of the Visual Culture, as well as the Contemporary Studies on Childhood. The investigation approached twelve children between six and seven years old, living in the urban and rural areas in the municipality of Estrela – RS, between March and December 2008. For a better understanding of children’s conceptions, it was developed a proposition to exchange materials among them, and a set of communication strategies: drawn self-portraits, photographs, postcards and videos. The beginning of the research has shown how their narratives were marked with references, stressed by binarism that somehow degraded the rural knowledge and practices. Some concepts that these groups had one about the other started to change gradually, based on the exchange of materials between ‘rural’ and ‘urban’ children.The key issues dealt with in this work: how do ‘rural’ and ‘urban’ children narrate themselves? How do they perceive the rural and urban environments? Through the analyses, the spaces related to ‘narrating the other’ and ‘narrating oneself to the other’ have shown to what extent ‘rural’ and ‘urban’ children’s descriptions were characterized by ‘being-having-belonging’. It can be concluded from the research that the ways of narrating children is related to the issues of possession, the physical and intellectual characteristics, the ways of narrating others’ space and knowledge, about ‘rural’ and ‘urban’ places, the eating habits and verbal expression. Regardless the fact children were ‘urban’ or ‘rural, in present times it was noticed that this ‘narrating oneself’ pervades one’s looks, one’s dressing way, one’s possessions, games and toys. The ‘rural’ scope, that initially was reported by the children as outdated, where one could not find the same things as in the ‘urban’ scope, as if the latter were source of having, knowing, a place of consumption where one can acquire ‘good’ and ‘important’ things, started to be differently outlined. It could be noticed that the children’s utterances changed from the moment the letters, postcards and videos were shown. The viewpoint that had been so established, certain, gradually became changeable, enabling them to perceive the place of ‘the other’. Upon exchange of the materials they had produced, ‘rural’ and ‘urban’ children could perceive, that each place, whether in the city or in the countryside, has its unique characteristics. Through this exchange, the children became familiar with other narratives, which showed them what is different or similar between them.