Six male and six female chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera) in the late phase of growth were used to study the effects of sex, crude protein level in the ration and duration of experiment on body weight gains, digestibility of energy, dry matter, organic matter and protein and efficiency of protein utilization, as measured by biological value and net protein utilization. Two isocaloric rations of differing crude protein content (16.25% and 19.56%) were supplied ad libitum for three one-week experimental periods. The results showed that female chinchilla had significantly (P<0.05) greater body weight gains than males after adjustment for initial body weight and feed intake. There was a significant (P<0.05) effect of ration on the digestibility coefficients studied. The mean apparent digestibility coefficients for energy, dry matter, organic matter and protein for ration 1 (16.25% crude protein) were 65.09, 66.44, 67.73 and 62.83%, respectively; while for ration 2 (19.56% crude protein) the values were 67.32, 68.52, 70.21 and 73.23%, respectively. On the other hand, sex had no significant (P<0.05) effect on digestibility. There was a significant (P<0.05) effect of ration on the protein utilization indices studied. Biological value was not significantly (P<0.05) different for the two rations. The mean values for biological value and net protein utilization for ration 1 (16.25% crude protein) were 66.38 and 42.02%, respectively; while for ration 2 (19.56% crude protein) the values were 66.96 and 48.17%, respectively. On the other hand, sex had no significant (P<0.05) effect on protein utilization. The sensitivity of growing chinchilla to protein quality suggests a major role for prececal digestion and absorption although this does not preclude the synthesis and subsequent breakdown of microbial protein in the postcecal part of the gut. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2017-09-06T15:37:05Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) COLACAO DINALVA.pdf: 1693932 bytes, checksum: 1ed6f4ce3bbb2da6f34eaf155d6f8519 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-06T15:37:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) COLACAO DINALVA.pdf: 1693932 bytes, checksum: 1ed6f4ce3bbb2da6f34eaf155d6f8519 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-10-26 / CNPQ / Perfurações da membrana do tímpano prejudicam a função do aparelho auditivo e nas suas formas crônicas é necessário tratamento cirúrgico corretivo. O tratamento cirúrgico habitualmente empregado é a miringoplastia que é feita com a utilização de um enxerto livre de material biológico ou sintético. Um novo material biológico, um biopolímero, obtido por síntese a partir de açucares do melaço da cana-de-açúcar polimerizados, desenvolvido na UFRPE e UFPE, foi empregado como enxerto livre em 10 orelhas com perfuração crônica, e comparado com enxerto de fáscia homologa utilizada em perfuração da orelha contralateral de roedores, cada animal foi o controle de si mesmo. No estudo foram utilizados 10 roedores Chinchilla laniger, machos, com peso médio de 500g, sem sinais de infecção e provenientes de um único fornecedor. Os animais foram operados na unidade de microcirurgia e evoluíram no biotério de experimentação no Núcleo de Cirurgia Experimental da UFPE. Sob anestesia geral com Ketamina, 25mg/kg de peso, por via intramuscular, as orelhas externas foram examinadas por meio de otomicroscopia e a função de mobilidade da membrana do tímpano foi avaliada por meio de curvas de imitanciometria, classificadas nos tipos A, B e C, obtidas no pré-operatório com um impedanciômetro da marca MAICO, modelo MA630. Após o exame de timpanometria, sob controle de assepsia a anti-sepsia dos condutos auditivos externos foi feita com solução de povidona-iodo, instilada nos meatos acústicos externos e aspirada sob a infusão de solução salina estéril. As membranas do tímpano foram perfuradas por meio de eletrocauterização, utilizando-se uma alça circular de 0,3mm. Quatro semanas após as perfurações, as orelhas foram tratadas sob anestesia geral com ketamina, obedecendo princípios de assepsia e anti-sepsia. As bordas epitelizadas das perfurações foram retiradas e sobre a superfície cruenta, em uma orelha foi aplicado um enxerto de membrana de biopolímero e na orelha contralateral um enxerto de fáscia homóloga, com a mesma dimensão. Para fixar os enxertos foi colocado nos condutos auditivos externos um fragmento de Gelfoam. As orelhas foram examinadas semanalmente por meio de otoscopia e na oitava semana foram feitas curvas de imitanciometria, obedecendo os mesmos critérios adotados no pré-operatório. As curvas de timpanometria de todos os animais obtidas no pré-operatório foram do tipo A. Por meio do exame otoscópico foi identificado que as perfurações estavam fechadas em nove orelhas tratadas com enxerto de biopolímero e em oito com enxerto de fáscia homóloga. As curvas de timpanometria no pós-operatório foram do tipo A em oito orelhas tratadas com o enxerto de biopolímero e em sete tratadas com enxerto de fáscia homóloga. Em duas orelhas, uma tratada com enxerto de biopolímero e a outra com fáscia homóloga o padrão de curva obtida foi do tipo C. O teste exato de Fisher aplicado aos resultados obtidos, não expressou diferença estatística significante entre os dois modelos. A membrana do biopolímero apresentou-se semelhante à fáscia homóloga como enxerto livre no tratamento de perfurações crônicas da membrana timpânica de Chinchilla laniger. / Perforations of the eardrum membrane impair the function of the hearing apparatus and in their chronic forms require corrective surgical treatment. The surgical treatment usually employed is myringoplasty, which is performed using a free graft of biological or synthetic material. A new biological material, a biopolymer, obtained from the polymerized sugars of sugar-cane molasses, developed at the UFRPE and UFPE, was used as a free graft in 10 ears with chronic perforations and compared with a homologous fascia graft used in the perforation of the contralateral ear of rodents, each animal being its own control. In this study 10 Chinchilla laniger male rodents from a single supplier, with an average weight of 500 g and no signs of infection were used. The animals were operated on in the microsurgery unit and continued their growth in the experimental bioterium of UFPE’s Center of Experimental Surgery. Under intramuscular general anesthesia with Ketamine, 25 mg/kg of weight, the external ears were examined by means of otomicroscopy and the motility function of the eardrum membrane was assessed using tympanometry curves classified as types A, B and C, obtained preoperatively with an tympanometry (make, MAICO, model, MA630). Following the tympanometry examination, asepsis and antisepsis was carried out using a povidona iodine solution in the external auditory conduits, followed by instillation and aspiration of sterile saline solution. The eardrum membranes were perforated by electrocautery, using a 0.3-mm circular loop. Four weeks after the perforations the ears were treated under general anesthesia with ketamine in accordance with the principles of asepsis and antisepsis. The epithelialized edges of the perforations were removed and a biopolymer membrane graft was placed on the bloody surface and a homologous fascia graft of the same size was likewise placed on the contralateral ear. A fragment of Gelfoam was placed on the external auditory conduits to secure the grafts. The ears were examined on a weekly basis by means of otoscopy and in the eighth week tympanometry curves were obtained, applying the same criteria adopted preoperatively. The tympanometry curves obtained from all the animals preoperatively were type A. By means of otoscopy it was found that the perforations were closed in nine of the ears treated with the biopolymer graft and in eight of those treated with the homologous fascia graft. The postoperative tympanometry curves were type A in eight of the ears treated with the biopolymer graft and in seven of those treated with the homologous fascia graft. In two ears, one treated with the biopolymer graft and the other with the homologous fascia graft, the curve pattern obtained was type C. Fisher’s Exact test applied to the results obtained revealed no statistically significant differences between the two models. The biopolymer membrane proved to be similar to the homologous fascia as a free graft in the treatment of chronic perforations of the eardrum membrane of the Chinchilla laniger.

No description available.

The main aim of this bachelor work was the analyzing of reproduction of indicators in private breedings. Furthermore, the growth abilities of chinchillas with colour mutations standard, black velvet and milkiness were appraised too. Altogether data were got from 1292 litters of chinchillas wavy color standard mutation from the period 1999 to 2008. Reproduction charakteristics were evaluated in number of born and weaning the youngs, the length of the interim and the size,weaning index of the litter depending on the order of the litter, the year of the monitoring and the membership of the family. The growth abilities of chinchillas colour mutations standard and black velvet were evaluated according to the order of the litters. Data about development of the live weight were made from data of 25 the youngs - standard colour mutation and 23 the youngs - black velvet mutation. Records of weights were taken place in 2009, on the day of the birth of the young and after every week until the young is 49 days. Data were summarized and statistically processed in MS Excel and Statistica Statsoft version 10. The analysis of reproduction characteristics found out on the average 1.82 the youngs born and 1.52 the youngs weaned with the average length of the interim 202.34 days. There were most often two youngs in the litter. The youngs of standard colour mutation evinced bigger average weight than the youngs of colour mutation black velvet.

La presente tesis doctoral ha tenido por objetivo la identificación del modelo de organización espacial del sector centro-oriental de la provincia de Albacete durante la etapa ibérica entre los siglos VI al II a.C., partiendo de la identificación previa de dos oppida en la zona: La Peña de Peñas de San Pedro y Saltigi/Chinchilla. Para ello, la investigación se ha centrado en crear una base documental actualizada y amplia por medio del trabajo de campo, donde se aplicó una metodología estandarizada necesaria para analizar el poblamiento. Con tal fin, planteamos una estructura en la tesis de cinco capítulos fundamentales que integran aspectos sociales, económicos, políticos ideológicos visibles a través del estudio de cada territorio. En primer lugar, realizamos una aproximación al contexto geográfico actual del área donde se enmarca el trabajo, al tiempo que presentamos la periodización utilizada, para la que se ha tenido en cuenta propuestas anteriores. También incluimos toda la documentación recuperada, que supone nuestra base documental y cartográfica, a la que añadimos los fondos materiales estudiados en la entidad museográfica correspondiente. Esta recopilación mostró vacíos en la información que nos llevó a orientar la investigación hacia una homogenización de los datos resultantes, mediante la ampliación y profundización en aspectos formales que considerábamos fundamentales empleando una metodología de campo normalizada y detallada en la tesis. Todos los resultados obtenidos nos permitieron crear un catálogo unitario y estandarizado, en el que cada yacimiento contiene una ficha con una serie de apartados descriptivos, junto a análisis de visibilidad y un estudio material de cada conjunto. Gracias al procedimiento seguido, se han categorizado los distintos yacimientos que componen el estudio según una terminología propuesta. Basándonos en los horizontes cronológicos, se pudo trazar también una evolución diacrónica de cada territorio, en el que se incluyeron los yacimientos, y los posibles recursos económicos a su alcance o la accesibilidad a las vías de comunicación según cada fase cronológica. Finalmente, los resultados mostraron la existencia de un sistema organizado desde los oppida que incluyen distintos niveles de asentamientos, así como necrópolis, santuarios y refugios. Todo vertebrado por las vías de comunicación que se convierten en la principal red de cohesión y control de los centros rectores desde la fase plena de la etapa ibérica. Además, desde ese momento, se ha observado una diferenciación de los modelos de organización que cada centro rector aplica en sus respectivos territorios, evidenciando una idiosincrasia propia.

<p>Disabling hearing loss is a problem around the world, with the World Health Organization estimating that 466 million people worldwide have disabling loss, and that this number is expected to increase to over 900 million people by 2050. There are different types of hearing loss, but sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) is the most common and results from damage to the inner ear. The audiogram is the most common test used to diagnose hearing loss, but it is limited in that it can only identify a shift in hearing sensitivity (thresholds), i.e., it cannot identify the cochlear location causing SNHL. The electrocochleogram (ECochG) is an evoked response consisting of several summed responses of electrical potentials from within the inner ear. Several components represent activity from different places in the inner ear: the compound action potential (CAP) is the summed onset response of auditory nerve fibers, the cochlear microphonic (CM) is the AC response of the hair cells (primarily outer hair cells), and the summating potential (SP) is the DC hair cell response (primarily inner hair cells). Most ECochG responses in humans are collected non-invasively (e.g., from the ear canal or ear drum), whereas most ECochG responses in animal models are collected invasively (e.g., from the cochlear round window). <br></p><p></p><p>In this project, we aimed to bridge this gap by recording non-invasive ECochG responses from awake chinchillas. We first started by calculating standard ECochG metrics from existing data across different forms of SNHL. Next, we tested the feasibility of recording non-invasive ECochG responses from the ear canals of awake chinchillas. Finally, we defined and calculated additional metrics from ECochG responses to further help in identifying location(s) of SNHL. The ability demonstrated here to record non-invasive ECochG responses from awake animals increases the translational applicability of pre-clinical SNHL animal models by permitting detailed cochlear assessments at multiple time points post exposure. Detailed ECochG measures can advance hearing science and audiology by helping to identify the location of damage causing the hearing loss, which can ultimately allow for more individualized treatment. </p><br>

No description available.

Since the turn of the century Scottish drama has struggled to create drama distinct from England's. The four century dearth in playwriting is attributed to the antipathy of the Scottish Kirk holding sway in Scotland after King James moved his court to London in 1603. Inspired by Dublin's Abbey Theatre, the Scots' dream of a national theatre is traced through three major periods: Rebirth, Inter-war and Postwar. Analysis reveals organismic development where spurts of growth are followed by plateaus of consolidation. An early stage of Kailyard drama was followed by a return to the Scots dialect. Thus they created their own pseudo-indigenous drama. The national theatre torch first carried by the Glasgow Repertory Company in 1909 passed to the Scottish national Players in the 1920s before settling with the Citizens' Theatre in the 1940s. The Post-war Edinburgh Festival has acted like a pressure-cooker to drama. Two Scottish historical studies point to talented writers and theatrical craft in abundance. Nevertheless, first magnitude writers failed to emerge. Scholars identified major weaknesses as: writers poorly based in dramatic theory; bridging the gap between the parochial and universal; historical themes lacking cognizance of the present; and a reliance on derogatory comic stereotypes. This study of three recent Scottish plays, Chinchilla by David Robert MacDonald, Animal by Tom McGrath and The Jesuit, by Donald Campbell concludes that Scottish drama has overcome its weaknesses. It now passes the test of universality without loss of Scottish ethnicity. Dealing with man's relationship to art, his fellowman and God, all three proclaim their Celtic origins through the imaginative use of space, time and consciousness. The authors' sophisticated, poetic use of language indicates that Scottish drama has arrived at last on the threshold of maturity.

No description available.

During the debate over the ratification of the United States-Central America-Dominican Republic Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA), the Bush Administration argued that implementation of a free trade agreement would help strengthen the nascent democracies in Central America. As a bilateral agreement, CAFTA would not only foment greater trade liberalization by expanding market access and eliminating trade barriers, but also help transform the entire commercial frameworks in Central America and promote economic development. These implications are not just economic – in particular, its provisions on intellectual property and investment rights, government procurement and labor standards affect the political institutions underpinning democracy and rule of law. This thesis assesses the role in which CAFTA has affected democratic institutions in Central America. It employs a methodology known as the Democratic Audit to evaluate consequences to four dimensions of democracy - the electoral processes, open and accountable institutions, civil and political liberties, and civil society. It demonstrates the value of using the Democratic Audit to assess a trade agreement’s political effects with an application to Mexico after NAFTA. Then this work considers the case studies of El Salvador and Costa Rica, the most salient examples of democratic institutional change after CAFTA, by drawing on original research especially into the electoral politics and civil society development in these countries. Ultimately, the thesis argues that the most significant institutional effects of CAFTA have been its role as a political issue, rather than its content, in galvanizing popular opinion and reinvigorating electoral politics and civil society - ironically, not the consequences that the Administration originally had in mind. The research demonstrates that, even if some conclusions cannot be drawn due to the recency of CAFTA, the framework it has employed will be an invaluable tool for assessing future trade agreements.