Listeria monocytogenes, Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Morganella morganii are closely related to foodborne illnesses caused by the consumption of seafood and ready-to-eat (RTE) food. Traditional Chinese medicines (TCM) have been widely studied as complementary and alternative medicines, and many of them have been verified to have antimicrobial properties. The purpose of this research was to study antimicrobial effects of plant extracts as potential preservatives in seafood products and to identify the primary antimicrobial compounds in plant extracts. Four plants, Pomegranate peel (PP, Punica Granatum L.), Chinese gallnut (CG, Galla chinensis), forsythia fruit (FS, Forsythia suspensa) and Baikal skullcap root (BS, Scutellaria baicalensis) were ground and extracted with 70% methanol, respectively. The extracts were diluted at tested for antimicrobial activities on V. parahaemolyticus, L. monocytogenes and M. morganii both in agar diffusion assay using tryptic soy agar (TSA), and in microdilution assay using tryptic soy broth (TSB). Both CG and PP extracts, with concentrations no lower than 1 mg/ml, significantly inhibited both V. parahaemolyticus and L. monocytogenes (P<0.01) and reduced the bacterial population by up to 4 logs. No significant inhibition was observed with FS and BS extracts, except for BS at 5 mg/ml on V. parahaemolyticus. None of the extracts showed significant inhibition against M. morganii. The antibacterial activities of CG and PP 70% methanol extracts were tested in ground raw tuna and cooked tail-on shrimp. The extracts were mixed in tuna with final concentration at 1.7 mg/ml, and applied as soaking treatments (5 mg/ml) for shrimp. Both CG and PP extracts inhibited V. parahaemolyticus on both food matrices while only CG significantly inhibited L. monocytogenes. The 70% methanol crude extract of CG was analyzed by HPLC and LC-MS. Oligo-galloyl-O-glucose (nGG, n=1-10) are the major compounds in CG. The crude CG extract was fractionated using HPLC and the fractions were collected based on elution time and tested for their antimicrobial activities against V. parahaemolyticus and L. monocytogenes using agar diffusion methods. The fractions containing 3GG-8GG were the most active antimicrobials on both bacteria. / Ph. D.

Les roses à fleurs doubles attirent sélectionneurs et scientifiques depuis de nombreux siècles. L’analyse des taux de ségrégation et cartes génétiques indique que le passage de la fleur simple à la fleur double est dû à une seule mutation dominante située sur le chromosome 3. Cette mutation conduit à une conversion homéotique d’une partie des étamines en pétales, soulignant la possibilité que cette mutation impacte certains gènes du modèle ABC. Il y a quelques années, notre équipe a démontré que l’augmentation du nombre de pétales chez le rosier était corrélée à une restriction de l’expression de RcAGAMOUS (RcAG) vers le centre du méristème floral. Cependant, RcAG étant porté par le chromosome 5, il ne peut être le déterminant génétique de la fleur double. Il a donc été supposé que la mutation en cause se trouvait dans un gène intervenant en amont de RcAG.Récemment, nous avons séquencé, assemblé et publié le génome de Rosa chinensis cv ‘Old Blush’ un ancêtre des rosiers modernes qui produit déjà des fleurs doubles. L’assemblage, de très bonne qualité, nous a aidé à reconstruire la séquence des deux haplotypes de l'intervalle contenant la mutation liée à la fleur double. Nous avons identifié, parmi les 631 gènes de cet intervalle, un gène APETALA2-LIKE (RcAP2L) comme candidat plus que prometteur. En effet, il a été découvert que ce gène existait sous la forme de deux allèles, l’un d’entre eux contenant un grand élément transposable, donnant lieu à un allèle tronqué résistant à l’inhibition par miR172, appelé RcAP2LΔ172. Sachant que la surexpression d’un variant résistant au miR172 entraîne souvent la formation de pétales supplémentaires chez A. thaliana, j’ai démontré que la présence de ce variant corrèle avec le phénotype « fleur double » chez les rosiers d’origine chinoise. Enfin, alors qu’AP2 est capable d’inhiber l’expression d’AG en se liant directement à ses séquences régulatrices chez A. thaliana, j’ai confirmé la capacité des protéines codées par les deux allèles de RcAP2L à lier les séquences régulatrices de RcAG, in vitro. À partir de ces résultats, je propose donc un modèle pouvant expliquer la formation de fleurs doubles chez les rosiers chinois et peut-être d’autres Rosaceae, dans lesquelles la protéine RcAP2LΔ172 peut s’accumuler du fait de sa résistance au miR172 et restreindre davantage l’expression de RcAG au centre du méristème floral. Ainsi, la frontière entre les domaines A et C se trouve elle aussi déplacée vers le centre du méristème, ce qui induit la conversion des étamines en pétales. / Roses exhibiting double flowers have intrigued both breeders and scientists for decades. Based on segregation ratios and genetic maps, it is known that the switch from simple to double flower is due a single dominant locus on chromosome 3. When present in its mutated form, this locus leads to a homeotic conversion of stamens into petals, suggesting a mechanism involving the ABC genes. A few years ago, our team demonstrated that the increase in petal number correlates with a restriction of RCAGAMOUS (RcAG) expression domain towards the center of the floral meristem. However, as RcAG is located on chromosome 5, the causative mutation was assumed to act as a regulator of this gene. Recently, we sequenced, assembled and published the double-flowered Rosa chinensis cv ‘Old Blush’ genome sequence with a high-quality assembly that helped us to reconstruct the sequence of the two haplotypes of the interval containing the double flower mutation. Among the 631 genes from this interval, we identified here an APETALA2-LIKE (RcAP2L) gene as a strong candidate. Indeed, this gene was found to exist as two alleles, with one containing a large transposable element resulting in a truncated, miR172-resistant, variant named RcAP2LΔ172. Knowing that the overexpression of a miR172-resistant variant of AP2 leads to the formation of extra petals (and sometimes stamens) in Arabidopsis, we investigated the presence of this variant in simple and double flower varieties. The presence of RcAP2LΔ172 was found to correlate with the double flower phenotype in Chinese roses and was not observed in any of the simple-flowered roses studied. Finally, as AP2 is able to inhibit AG expression by directly binding to its regulatory sequences in A. thaliana, I confirmed that both RcAP2L proteins are also able to recognize RcAG regulatory sequences in vitro. A working model is thus proposed for double flower formation in rose, that could be valid for other Rosaceae, whereby RcAP2LΔ172 protein may accumulate due to its resistance to miR172 and consequently may repress more RcAG towards the center of the floral meristem, leading to the sliding of the A/C border and thus the conversion of stamens into petals.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Soil contamination is an environmental, social and economic problem. In wine areas, prolonged use of phytosanitary products, the copper base, contributed to the accumulation of this element in the soil, when in excess is highly damaging to the development of plants, impacting on their productive potential. In order to minimize the harmful effect of Cu in soils of these areas, this study aimed to evaluate the cultivation and the potential extraction of this element in three floricultural species: calla lily (Zantedeschia spp.), dianthus (Dianthus chinensis L.) and chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora Tzevelev), to play the role phytoremediation in soil, seeking a low environmental impact agriculture. Three separate experiments were carried out from October 2013 to December 2014, in a protected environment in the Floriculture sector in UFSM, Santa Maria, RS. The soil was collected in areas of viticulture. And, the contents of Cu added were in the ground by means of copper sulphate. In Chapter I evaluated the development and the water consumption of calla lily under different irrigation strategies and copper levels in the soil. The trial was in DIC (completely randomized design), with factorial arrangement 4x3 (four copper levels and three irrigation strategies), with five repetitions. It was found that these levels of added Cu in soil does not interfere with the daily water consumption calla lily, obtaining average daily 0.5, 0.8 and 1.2 mm day-1 for the blades 40, 60 and 80% CRA (water retention capacity of the vessel), respectively, and that this species is tolerant crop in this environment. In Chapter II evaluated the development and the water consumption of dianthus and its effect on the culture in ground presenting excess Cu. The test was DIC in factorial 4x3 (four copper levels and three irrigation strategies), with five repetitions. It was found that Cu content added to the soil will not interfere with the daily water consumption dianthus obtaining daily averages 0.42; 0.72 and 0.91 mm day-1 for the blades 40, 60 and 80% CRA, respectively, and the results showed fitorremediativa fitness grapevine species to soils with excess of this metal. Chapter III evaluated the development of chrysanthemum cv. Dark Fiji grown in soil with excess Cu. The test was DIC in factorial 5x2 (five levels of added Cu in soil and two crop cycles), with five repetitions. It was found that the increase of Cu in the soil affect the normal development and growth of the culture, however, it showed tolerance to crop species in soil with excess Cu, accumulating high concentrations of this element in the roots. We conclude so, overall, the three species have tolerance culture in ground presenting excess Cu, highlighting the dianthus as promising phytoremediation soil. / A contaminação do solo é um problema ambiental, social e econômico. Em áreas vitivinícolas, como as da Serra Gaúcha, o uso prolongado de produtos fitossanitários, a base de cobre, contribuiu para o acúmulo deste elemento no solo, quando em excesso é altamente prejudicial ao desenvolvimento das plantas, impactando no seu potencial produtivo. Visando minimizar o efeito nocivo do Cu nos solos destas áreas, o presente trabalho objetivou avaliar o cultivo e o potencial de extração deste elemento em três espécies florícolas: calla lily (Zantedeschia spp.), cravina de jardim (Dianthus chinensis L.) e crisântemo (Dendranthema grandiflora Tzevelev), para desempenhar o papel fitorremediador no solo, buscando uma agricultura de baixo impacto ambiental. Foram realizados três distintos experimentos, no período de outubro de 2013 a dezembro de 2014, em ambiente protegido no Setor de Floricultura da UFSM, Santa Maria, RS. O solo utilizado foi coletado em áreas de vitivinicultura, na Serra Gaúcha. E, os teores adicionados de Cu no solo foram por meio de sulfato de cobre. No capítulo I avaliou-se o desenvolvimento e o consumo hídrico da calla lily submetida a diferentes estratégias de irrigação e teores de cobre no solo. O ensaio foi em DIC (delineamento inteiramente casualizado), com esquema fatorial 4x3 (quatro teores de cobre e três estratégias de irrigação), com cinco repetições. Verificou-se que estes teores do Cu adicionado no solo não interferiram no consumo hídrico diário da calla lily, obtendo médias diárias de 0,5, 0,8 e 1,2 mm dia-1 para as lâminas de 40, 60 e 80% CRA (capacidade de retenção de água no vaso), respectivamente e, que esta espécie apresenta tolerância de cultivo neste ambiente. No capítulo II avaliou-se o desenvolvimento e o consumo hídrico da cravina de jardim e seus efeitos sobre o cultivo em solo apresentando excesso de Cu. O ensaio foi em DIC, em esquema fatorial 4x3 (quatro teores de cobre e três estratégias de irrigação), com cinco repetições. Verificou-se que os teores do Cu adicionados ao solo não interferiram no consumo hídrico diário da cravina de jardim, obtendo médias diárias de 0,42; 0,72 e 0,91 mm dia-1 para as lâminas de 40, 60 e 80% CRA, respectivamente e, os resultados demonstraram aptidão fitorremediativa da espécie para solos vitivinícolas com excesso deste metal. No capítulo III avaliou-se o desenvolvimento do crisântemo cv. Dark Fiji cultivado em solo com excesso de Cu. O ensaio foi em DIC, em esquema fatorial 5x2 (cinco teores adicionados de Cu no solo e dois ciclos de cultivo), com cinco repetições. Verificou-se que o incremento de Cu no solo afetou o crescimento e desenvolvimento típico da cultura, entretanto, a espécie apresentou tolerância ao cultivo em solo com excesso de Cu, acumulando altas concentrações deste elemento nas raízes. Conclui-se de maneira, geral, que as três espécies apresentam tolerância ao cultivo em solo apresentando excesso de Cu, destacando a cravina de jardim como promissora a fitorremediação do solo.

published_or_final_version / abstract / Chinese Medicine / Master / Master of Philosophy

BEZERRA, M. E. J. Estudo da colonização micorrízica arbuscular no desenvolvimento de minirosa em um Neossolo Quartzarênico do município de Eusébio - CE. 2011. 46 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Agronomia/Solos e Nutrição de Plantas) - Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2011. / Submitted by Francisco Lacerda (lacerda@ufc.br) on 2014-09-16T22:37:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_dis_mejbezerra.pdf: 651481 bytes, checksum: 65790caefa4c6c14d290eab82d44af9c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by José Jairo Viana de Sousa(jairo@ufc.br) on 2014-09-23T21:37:21Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_dis_mejbezerra.pdf: 651481 bytes, checksum: 65790caefa4c6c14d290eab82d44af9c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-09-23T21:37:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_dis_mejbezerra.pdf: 651481 bytes, checksum: 65790caefa4c6c14d290eab82d44af9c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / The state of Ceará has been highlighted in the production of flowers and ornamental plants in recent years and has been growing in many ways influencing in the developing the economy of Ceará. However, despite the great economic importance of roses in Ceará as well as in other regions of Brazil, there is a lack of research on these flowers in the country. Information is scarce as, for example, the nutritional requirements of roses under the conditions of production in Brazil, as well as the possible beneficial associations established with edaphic microorganisms. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization on the development of in a Neosoil Quartzarenic in the Eusébio county in Ceará state. The experiment was initially conducted under greenhouse conditions and was continued in field conditions after transplanting. The study was conducted at Exotic Landscaping company in the Eusebio county. The soil collected was used for chemical and microbiological analysis. The cuttings rose miniature, white variety, were planted in trays containing sterile soil or natural soil, where they were kept for a period of 30 days for rooting. These cuttings also received sterile water or natural water during the formation of roots. The rooting phase was conducted in greenhouse conditions. After this period, the seedlings were transplanted to plastic pots containing only natural soil. These plants after transplanting began to receive only natural lake water and two different levels of phosphorus. The experiment was destructive, with two samplings periods, to 60 and 90 days after transplanting, and three replicates for each treatment. A factorial completely randomized design 2 (two phosphorus levels) x 2 (roots in sterile soil or natural) x 2 (irrigation with natural pond water or sterile pond water) with four replicates was adopted. The parameters evaluated were: shoot dry matter, plant height, diameter of stalk, number of roses, determination of P in the plant, arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization, spore density and diversity of AMF species and basal soil respiration. To 90 days after transplanting, the plants that received suboptimal levels of P (P2), the early colonization significantly increased the production of shoot dry matter of plants rooted in natural soil when compared to plants rooted in sterile soil. The FMA may have been stimulated by the low supply of phosphorus. To 90 days after transplanting, increased plant height, influenced by the rooting conditions, may have been promoted by the roots in natural soil, or by the presence of AMF during the formation of roots. To 60 days after transplanting, the plants that received the treatments T5 and T6 were the only plots that there were no roses at the this period both treatments were made up by a factor of rooting in sterile soil, eg. in the absence of AMF. To 90 days after transplanting period, the plants that received the treatments T3 and T4 and therefore were rooted in natural soil (pre-colonized) had the largest number of roses at the time of sampling and subsequent counting of roses. Related to mycorrhizal colonization, in both periods, the P factor was, statistically, the only factor to influence the results. Rooting in natural soil promoted the further development of the rose miniature in soil with less P available. The cuttings of rose miniature when rooted in soil had less lost cuttings, increased survival to transplanting and better growth and vigor when compared to plants grown commercially in powder coconut and rice shell. / O Estado do Ceará vem se destacando na área de produção de flores e plantas ornamentais nos últimos anos e tem apresentado crescimento em vários aspectos, influenciando, dessa maneira, no desenvolvimento da economia cearense. No entanto, apesar da grande importância econômica das rosas no Ceará como também em outras regiões do Brasil, há carência de pesquisas sobre essas flores no país. As informações são escassas quanto, por exemplo, às exigências nutricionais de roseiras nas condições de produção no Brasil, bem como sobre as possíveis associações benéficas estabelecidas com microrganismos edáficos. Objetiva-se neste trabalho avaliar o efeito da colonização micorrízica arbuscular sobre o desenvolvimento de minirosa em um Neossolo Quartzarênico do município de Eusébio no Estado do Ceará. O experimento foi conduzido, inicialmente, em estufa e teve continuidade em condições de campo após o transplantio. O trabalho foi realizado na empresa Exotic Paisagismo, no município de Eusébio-Ce. O solo utilizado foi um Neossolo Quartzarênico o qual foi coletado para análises químicas e microbiológicas. As estacas de minirosa, variedade branca, foram plantadas em bandejas contendo solo estéril ou natural onde foram mantidas por um período de 30 dias para o enraizamento. Estas estacas também receberam água de lagoa estéril ou natural durante o período de formação de raízes. A fase de enraizamento ocorreu em estufa. Após este período, as mudas foram transplantadas para vasos plásticos contendo somente solo natural. Estas plantas, após transplantio, passaram a receber água da lagoa apenas natural e dois níveis de fósforo. O experimento foi destrutivo, com duas épocas de coleta, aos 60 (coleta 1) e 90 (coleta 2) DAT, onde foram retiradas três repetições de cada tratamento para a realização de análises. O experimento obedeceu a um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2 ( dois níveis de fósforo) x 2 (enraizamento em solo estéril ou natural) x 2 (irrigação com água da lagoa natural ou água da lagoa estéril), com 3 repetições. Os parâmetros a serem avaliados foram: massa da matéria seca da parte aérea MSPA, altura da planta, diâmetro do caule, número de rosas, determinação de P da parte aérea, colonização micorrízica arbuscular, densidade de esporos e diversidade de FMA no solo e respiração basal do solo. Na coleta 2, nas plantas que receberam o nível subótimo de P (P2), a colonização precoce aumentou de forma significativa a produção de MSPA de plantas enraizadas em solo natural em relação às plantas enraizadas em solo estéril. Os FMA podem ter sido estimulados pelo menor suprimento de fósforo. Na coleta 2, o aumento da altura das plantas, influenciado pelas condições de enraizamento, pode ter sido promovido pelo enraizamento em solo natural, ou seja, pela presença de FMA durante o período de formação de raízes. Na coleta 1, as plantas que receberam os tratamentos T5 e T6 foram as únicas parcelas a não apresentarem rosas aos 60 DAT, sendo que, ambos os tratamentos foram compostos pelo fator enraizamento em solo estéril, ou seja, na ausência de FMA. Na coleta 2, as plantas que receberam os tratamentos T3 e T4 e que, portanto, foram enraizadas em solo natural (pré-colonizadas) apresentaram o maior número de rosas no momento da coleta e, subseqüente, contagem das rosas. Em relação a colonização micorrízica, tanto na coleta 1 quanto na coleta 2 o fósforo foi, estatísticamente, o único fator a influenciar nos resultados. O enraizamento em solo natural promoveu um maior desenvolvimento da minirosa no solo com menos P disponível. As estacas de minirosas quando enraizadas em solo apresentaram um menor número de estacas perdidas, maior sobrevivência ao transplantio e melhor crescimento e vigor do que as plantas cultivadas, comercialmente, em pó de coco e casca de arroz carbonizada.

The density, diversity, and nest-site selection of riparian breeding birds were studied from 1982 to 1985 in mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa) and tamarisk (Tamarix chinensis) communites along the Colorado River in northern Arizona. Avian density in tamarisk communities was significantly greater (P=0.052 and 0.024 in 1984 and 1985, respectively) than avian density in native mesquite communities with similar vegetative cover and height attributes. Avian diversity was similar in both communities. Breeding bird densities in tamarisk were higher than those reported from other geographic areas. Vegetation structure and shrub species composition were measured at nest sites of eleven species of riparian birds in a tamarisk community to examine avian habitat relationships. Riparian birds exhibited differences in their choice of nesting habitat. Discriminant analysis indicated that Bell's Vireo (Vireo bellii), Yellow Warbler (Dendroica petechia) and Yellow-breasted Chat (Icteria virens) were relative generalists in nest site selection, while Common Yellowthroat (Geothlypis trichas) and Northern Oriole (Icterus galbula) were relative habitat specialists. Bell's Vireo and American Coot (Fulica americana) nested in habitats that were the most different. Willow Flycatcher (Empidonax traillii) and Yellow Warbler nested in habitats that were the most similar. Willow Flycatcher and Yellow Warbler consistently used habitat most similar to that used by all other species. Nest placement preferences of six riparian passerines were examined in the tamarisk community to test the null hypothesis that nest placement in any given species of shrub was random. Ninety-five of 105 nests sampled were located in tamarisk. Five of the six species of passerines exhibited a significant preference for tamarisk for nest placement. A highly significant preference for tamarisk was shown by the four species with the smallest median frequency of tamarisk in their nesting habitat. The usefulness of tamarisk for nest placement was higher than that reported from other areas.

This thesis deals with the content of adaptogens in vegetable Schizandra chinensis. The theoretical part deals with the plant Schisandra chinensis, its occurrence, characteristics, uses and cultivation. Location of plants Schisandra chinensis are classified according to Köppen climate classification and compared with the climate in the Czech Republic, due to possible prediction of growing plants in the country. Further are described adaptogens (bioactive substances) contained in this plant and to methods for their extraction and analysis. The experimental part of the thesis deals with the identification of schisandrin in the plant Schisandra chinensis grown in our conditions. The assessment was performed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and direct injection into tha mass spectrometry (MS). Schisandrin was successfully identified in all the samples.

Thesis (M.Sc. Agriculture (Horticulture)) -- University of Limpopo, 2022 / The most common postharvest limitation of litchi fruit is pericarp browning, which leads to consumer rejection of the solid fruit in the market even when the edible portion is not affected. Previously, sulphur dioxide (SO2) fumigation was used to control the browning and extend shelf life of litchi fruit. However, SO2 fumigation leaves undesirable residues, alters the fruit taste and may results in health hazards for consumers. An alternative method, namely, minimal processing was used to control pericarp browning and curb postharvest losses in litchi. Litchi fruit were harvested at two maturity stages (early harvest; 120 days after full bloom (DAFB), late harvest; 130 DAFB), peeled and immersed for two (2) minutes in three (3) solutions that represented treatments, namely 1) 1% citric acid 2) 1% calcium lactate and 3) a combination of citric acid and calcium lactate both at 1% measure. The untreated arils were dipped in sodium hypochloride (NaOCl) solution for 1 minute and represented the control samples. The treated arils were packed in sterilized clamshell containers and stored at 1±0.5°C and 95% relative humidity for 12 days, then held at 10±0.5°C for 2 days for shelf life study. As a result of the interaction effect of harvest stages and postharvest pre-treatments, least mass loss percentage (1.32%), juice leakage (1.8 ml per 120 g of fruit) and pH (4.18) was observed in litchi arils harvested late and treated with 1% citric acid only under cold storage. Under shelf life study, H2 control samples presented lower mass loss (2.8%) and juice leakage (4.2 ml per 120 g of fruit). At the end of cold storage, litchi arils harvested early and treated with 1% citric acid combined with 1% calcium lactate presented better tissue strength (56.0 N) and radical scavenging activity (36.6 mmol AAE/mL), while those harvested late presented higher ascorbic acid content (72.9 µg/mL), least microbial population and total colour change (3.5). However, at the end of shelf life storage, litchi arils harvested early and treated with 1% citric acid combined with 1% calcium lactate presented lower (3.1) total change in colour. Overall, harvesting the fruit late and treating with citric acid alone or combined with calcium lactate showed the potential of maintaining better aril quality with least microbial population for up to 12 days under 1±0.5°C storage, whereas harvesteing the fruit early and treating with citric acid alone or combined with calcium lactate showed the potential of maintaining better aril quality under shelf life storage. Keywords: Litchi chinesis sonn; calcium lactate; citric acid; maturity; fresh-cut. / Agricultural Research Council (ARC), National Research Foundation (NRF) and Agri-Seta

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