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Orientador: José Fernando Durigan / Banca: Ben-Hur Mattiuz / Banca: Ricardo Alfredo Kluge / Banca: Jairo Osvaldo Cazetta / Banca: Marcos David Ferreira / Resumo: Visando prolongar a vida útil da lichia, principalmente quanto à manutenção da cor e da qualidade, executaram-se experimentos para avaliar a eficiência dos tratamentos hidrotérmico e com solução de ácido clorídrico (HCl); do armazenamento sob refrigeração, em atmosfera controlada e em diferentes embalagens plásticas e de coberturas com quitosana. No Experimento I, testou-se a imersão em HCl a 0,087M por 6 minutos; o tratamento hidrotérmico por imersão a 52ºC por 1 minuto, seguido de resfriamento em água a 10ºC por 6 minutos; e o tratamento hidrotérmico com resfriamento em HCl a 0,087M a 10ºC por 6 minutos. O tratamento hidrotérmico seguido de resfriamento em HCl conservou a coloração dos frutos até o 3º dia, e a polpa com qualidade adequada até o 12º dia. No Experimento II, utilizou-se o melhor tratamento do experimento anterior (hidrotérmico com resfriamento em HCl) e testaramse diferentes temperaturas de armazenamento: 2ºC (91% UR); 5ºC (98% UR); 10ºC (80% UR); e 20ºC (70% UR). Os frutos foram analisados após 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, 22 e 25 dias. O armazenamento de lichia a 5 ºC manteve a boa aparência por até 13 dias e a qualidade da polpa até o final do período, 25 dias. O armazenamento a 2 ºC levou a maiores prejuízos na aparência. As temperaturas, de 10 ºC e 20 ºC, não foram efetivas para a manutenção da cor vermelha da casca. No Experimento III, foi testado o efeito da atmosfera controlada, associado aos melhores tratamentos dos experimentos anteriores. Os frutos foram armazenados a 5ºC e 94% UR, em atmosfera controlada contendo 5%, 10%, 20% e 80% de O2, com avaliações após 0 (inicial), 3, 7, 14, 21, 28 dias. As lichias de todos os tratamentos mantiveram a boa qualidade da polpa por até 21 dias, com os frutos sob atmosfera com 5% de O2, apresentando menor escurecimento da casca. As lichias apresentaram escurecimento da casca... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Aiming to extend litchi life, especially regarding to color and quality maintenance, experiments were performed to evaluate the treatment efficiency under heat and using hydrochloric acid solution (HCl), refrigerated storage, controlled atmosphere, different plastic containers, and chitosan coatings. In Experiment I, it was tested immersion in 0,087M HCl for 6 minutes; hydrothermal treatment by immersion at 52ºC for 1 minute, followed by water cooling at 10ºC for 6 minutes; and hydrothermal treatment with 0,087M HCl cooling at 10 ºC for 6 minutes. Hydrothermal treatment followed by HCl cooling preserved fruit color until the 3rd day and adequate pulp quality until the 12th day. In Experiment II, it was used the best treatment in the previous experiment (hydrothermal with HCl cooling) and different storage temperatures were tested: 2ºC (91% RH), 5ºC (98% RH), 10ºC (80% RH), and 20ºC (70% RH). Fruits were analyzed after 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, 22, and 25 days. Storage at 5ºC kept the good fruit appearance for up to 13 days, and pulp quality until the 25th day. The 2ºC led to to ligher losses in appearance. The temperatures of 10ºC and 20ºC, were not effective for maintaining the red color of the skin. In Experiment III, the effects of controlled atmosphere combined with improved treatments of previous experiments were tested. Fruits were stored at 5ºC and 94% RH in a controlled atmosphere containing 5%, 10%, 20% and 80% O2, with evaluations after 0 (initial), 3, 7, 14, 21, 28 days. Litchis in all treatments maintained good pulp quality for up to 21 days, with the fruits under a 5% O2 atmosphere showing a lower skin browning. Litchis showed over 50% skin browning after 7 days. In Experiment IV, different concentrations of CO2 (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%) combined with the best concentration in the previous experiment, 5% O2, were tested... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Das Altern ist ein komplexer biologischer Prozess mit vermehrten Zellschäden und altersbedingten Krankheiten. Diese Studie erforscht das Anti-Aging-Potenzial pflanzlicher Extrakte der Traditionellen Chinesischen Medizin (TCM) anhand des Nematoden Caenorhabditis elegans. Von sieben getesteten Pflanzenextrakten wurden E. ulmoides und C. chinensis ausgewählt, da sie einen Überlebensvorteil in Stresssituationen bei gealterten C. elegans bewirkten. Diese Extrakte verlängerten die Lebensdauer und verbesserten das Überleben nach Hitzestress, oxidativem Stress und pathogenem Stress. Besonders bemerkenswert ist, dass nur der Extrakt von C. chinensis die körperliche Fitness signifikant steigerte, begleitet von Verbesserungen im Kurzzeitgedächtnis und mechanosensorischen Eigenschaften von C. elegans. Zudem unterdrückte dieser Extrakt die Darmautofluoreszenz, einen etablierten Marker für den Alterungsprozess. Chemische Analysen mittels UPLC-MS/MS und transkriptomische Analysen gealterter Würmer, die mit den Extrakten behandelt wurden, zeigten bioaktive Verbindungen, wobei Zingibroside R1 aus C. chinensis die Lebensdauer, das Überleben nach Hitzestress und die Fortbewegung verbesserte. Die transkriptomische Analyse enthüllte eine Immunantwortmodulation bei gealterten Nematoden, die mit C. chinensis behandelt wurden, und eine 150-fache Erhöhung der far-3-Expression, die ein Fettsäure-bindendes Protein kodiert. Interessanterweise zeigte sich, dass C. elegans, die mit dem far-3 RNAi-Stamm und C. chinensis behandelt wurden, keine Verbesserung der Gesundheitsspanne aufwiesen. Zusammenfassend hebt diese Studie die differenzierten Wirkungsweisen der getesteten Pflanzenextrakte hervor. Während E. ulmoides gezielt die physiologische Fitness förderte, erwies sich C. chinensis als umfassender Gesundheitsverlängerer. Die Identifizierung bioaktiver Verbindungen und die Aufdeckung molekularer Mechanismen bieten detaillierte Einblicke in die Anti-Aging-Effekte bei Nematoden. / Aging is one of the most complex biological processes leading to increased cell damage and age-related diseases. In this study, I aimed to uncover the potential anti-aging capacities of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) plant extracts by using the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. E. ulmoides and C. chinensis extracts, chosen from seven tested plant extracts, caused a survival advantage during stress in aged C. elegans by extending lifespan and survival after heat, oxidative and pathogenic stress. However, only C. chinensis could enhance physical fitness, short-term memory, and mechanosensory of C. elegans and suppressed intestinal autofluorescence, a marker of aging. Chemical analysis of the C. chinensis and E. ulmoides extracts using UPLC-MS/MS and transcriptomic analysis of aged worms treated with these extracts were applied. UPLC-MS/MS analysis revealed the presence of several known bioactive compounds. Three of these identified substances, namely astragalin, pinoresinol, and zingibroside R1, were isolated from the C. chinensis extract, and tested. Zingibroside R1 improved the lifespan, survival after heat stress, and locomotion. The transcriptomic analysis revealed a modulation of the immune response in C. chinensis-treated aged nematodes. The expression of far-3, which encodes a fatty acid binding protein, was increased with a 150-fold-change in C. chinensis treated worms, therefore, a far-3 RNA interference (RNAi) strain was created. C. elegans treated with the far-3 RNAi strain and with C. chinensis did not improve healthspan, thus demonstrating the importance of far-3 expression in C. chinensis benefits. In conclusion, this study underlines the different modes of action of the tested plant extracts. E. ulmoides improved specifically the physiological fitness while C. chinensis seems to be an overall healthspan enhancer. Additionally, it provides insights into the components and molecular mechanisms responsible for these anti-aging effects in nematodes.

In an irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) rat model, S. chinensis reversed the exaggerated visceral nocicptive responses (judged by abdominal withdrawal reflex and electromyographic measurement) to colorectal distension induced by neonatal maternal separation. Relief of visceral hypersensitivity by S. chinensis could be related to the decrease of elevated 5-HT level and the reduction in 5-HT3 receptor expression in colon. / In summary, given the modulatory effects on intestinal motility and visceral sensation, Schisandra chinensis would be potentially useful for the treatment of relieving diarrhea and visceral pain symptoms in IBS patients. Schisandra lignans, the major absorbable components, can be regarded as the active ingredients in S. chinensis for the potential treatment of IBS. / Schisandra chinensis, which is named "Wu-Wei-Zi" in Chinese Pin Yin, is widely used in Chinese medicine as an astringent, tonic and sedative agent. Dibenzo[a,c]-cyclooctadiene lignans are the major components of this herb. In the present study, the chemical constituents of S. chinensis were first characterized. A HPLC-DAD method was developed and validated for quantitative analysis of four major Schisandra lignans, namely, schisandrin (SCH-1), gomisin A (SCH-2), deoxyschisandrin (SCH-3) and gamma-schisandrin (SCH-4), in the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of S. chinensis. The ethanolic extract contains higher amount of lignan components than aqueous extract. The HPLC method has also been employed to obtain chromatographic fingerprintings to distinguish S. chinensis from a related species, S. sphenanthera. / The modulatory effects of both S. chinensis extracts and four major lignans on intestinal motility were evaluated using in vitro intestinal motility assays. The tested compounds induced relaxation on guinea pig ileum contracted by acetylcholine, serotonin and electrical field stimulation, as well as on rat colon with spontaneous contractility. While SCH-3 was most potent in inhibiting sensorimotor response in guinea pig ileum, SCH-1 displayed the highest potency of inhibition on spontaneous contraction of rat colon. / The relaxant effect on rat colon induced by SCH-1 has been demonstrated to involve two or more non-adrenergic non-cholinergic mediators. Nitric oxide was likely to be one of the inhibitory transmitters that involved cGMP-dependent pathways, whereas the non-nitrergic component was apamin-sensitive, but probably excluded vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and adenosine. / With the aid of HPLC-DAD-MS for qualitative and quantitative analyses, the absorption of S. chinensis in the rat everted gut sac and human Caco-2 monolayer in vitro models have been profiled. Fifteen Schisandra lignans were identified as the major absorbable components of S. chinensis in these models. Transport study on SCH-1 has shown a passive diffusion pathway with high permeability. In an in vivo study, metabolites of Schisandra lignans could be found in rat plasma after a single oral administration of S. chinensis extract. The plasma pharmacokinetics of S. chinensis in rats was further evaluated using simultaneous quantification of four representative Schisandra lignans (SCH-1, SCH-2, SCH-3 and SCH-4). / Yang, Jiaming. / Adviser: Chun-Tao Che. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 73-03, Section: B, page: . / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 262-283). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [201-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.

Thesis (M. Phil.)--Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 99-121). Also available in electronic version. Access restricted to campus users.

Thesis (M. Phil.)--University of Hong Kong, 2007. / Also available online.

Thesis (M. Phil.)--University of Hong Kong, 2007. / Title proper from title frame. Also available in printed format.

Submitted by Maria Medeiros (maria.dilva1@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-08-21T11:22:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MARCO TÚLLIO LIMA DUARTE - TESE (PPGEP) 2018.pdf: 2250276 bytes, checksum: fbe9c7f829118eade9f7ed9fba1f9644 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T11:22:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MARCO TÚLLIO LIMA DUARTE - TESE (PPGEP) 2018.pdf: 2250276 bytes, checksum: fbe9c7f829118eade9f7ed9fba1f9644 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02 / A lichia (Litchi chinensis) é um fruto nativo da Ásia, sendo considerada a rainha das frutas. No Brasil, sua introdução se deu como planta ornamental e somente a partir da década de 70, teve seu consumo ampliado. Devido ao seu elevado valor comercial, curto período de safra e alta perecibilidade, uma das estratégias de ampliação da sua oferta é a sua desidratação e posterior uso do pó em bebidas lácteas probióticas. Dessa forma, objetivou-se no presente estudo a produção de lichia em pó através da liofilização, avaliando a estabilidade do pó durante o armazenamento e a elaboração de uma bebida láctea probiótica. Foram elaboradas três formulações de maltodextrina, nas concentrações de 15, 20 e 25%. Essas formulações foram previamente caracterizadas, juntamente com a polpa integral, foram avaliados seus comportamentos reológicos e em seguida, liofilizadas na temperatura de –40 °C durante 48 h. Após a caracterização dos pós, a melhor amostra foi submetida a análises de isotermas de adsorção de água, nas temperaturas de 30 e 40°C, analisada em microscopia eletrônica de varredura e armazenada em embalagens laminadas por 60 dias, nas temperaturas de 20, 30 e 40°C, quando foram monitoradas a cada 10 dias suas características, físicas, químicas e físicoquímicas. Adicionalmente, foram processadas bebidas lácteas fermentadas isentas de pó de lichia e nas concentrações de 7, 9 e 11% do pó, que foram caracterizadas quanto aos parâmetros físicos, químicos e físico-químicos. Os resultados obtidos revelaram que as polpas formuladas e desidratadas sofreram alterações quanto aos parâmetros avaliados em todas as amostras, em função da concentração da maltodextrina. A polpa integral e as diferentes formulações exibiram comportamento reológico típico de polpas de frutas, classificando-se como fluido não-newtoniano, de caráter pseudoplástico, cujo melhor ajuste matemático foi com o modelo de Mizrahi-Berk. O processo de liofilização refletiu em alterações dos parâmetros analisados, tendo o pó adicionado de 25% de maltodextrina exibido as melhores características dentre amostras avaliadas. A análise das isotermas de adsorção de água foram determinadas como tipo III e o melhor modelo matemático para descrição dos dados experimentais foi o de GAB, por exibir maiores valores de R2 e menores índices de erros médios relativos. Quanto à análise da microscopia eletrônica, foi constatado que o pó da lichia exibiu estruturas amorfas e aglomerado de partículas, com rugosidades acentuadas e grande porosidade. Durante o período de armazenamento, a maioria dos parâmetros físicos, químicos e físicoquímicos foram alterados, principalmente em função da temperatura de exposição e as bebidas lácteas probióticas demonstraram diferenças significativas em função da elevação da concentração do pó de lichia adicionado como saborizante. / The lychee (Litchi chinensis) is a fruit native to Asia, being considered the queen of the fruit. In Brazil, its introduction was given as an ornamental plant and only from the decade of 70, had its consumption expanded. Due to its high commercial value, short harvest period and high perishability, one of the strategies to expand their offer is your dehydration and subsequent use of powder in probiotic dairy drinks. Thus, the objective of the present study verified the production of lychee powder by lyophilization, evaluating the stability of powder during storage and prepares a probiotic milk drink. In this way, were drawn up three formulations, added maltodextrin, at concentrations of 15, 20 and 25%. These formulations were previously characterized, along with the integral pulp, evaluated their rheological behavior and then freeze at a temperature of - 40 °C for 48 h. The powders obtained were subsequently characterized and the best sample, subjected to analyzes of adsorption isotherms of water at temperatures of 30 and 40 °C, analyzed in scanning electron microscopy and stored in laminated packaging by 60 days at temperatures of 20, 30 and 40 °C, when were monitored every 10 days, its characteristics, physical, chemical and physico-chemical properties. In addition, were processed fermented dairy drinks free of powder of lychee and at concentrations of 7, 9 and 11% of powder, which were characterized according to the physical, chemical and physico-chemical properties. The results obtained showed that the dehydrated pulps formulated and suffered changes regarding the parameters evaluated in all samples, depending on the concentration of maltodextrin. The integral pulp and the different formulations exhibited rheological behavior typical of fruit pulps, classifying it as non- Newtonian fluid, pseudoplastic character, whose best fit was with the mathematical model of Mizrahi-Berk. The lyophilization process reflected in changes of the parameters analyzed, taking the powder added to 25%maltodextrin displayed the best characteristics among samples. The analysis of adsorption isotherms of water were determined as type III and the best mathematical model for description of the experimental data was the GAB, to display larger values of R2 and lower rates of errors average. Regarding the analysis of electronic microscopy, it was noticed that the powder of the lychee exhibited amorphous structures and particleboard, with pronounced roughness and high porosity. During the storage period, most of the physical, chemical and physico-chemical parameters were altered, mainly in function of the temperature of exposure and the probiotic dairy drinks have demonstrated significant differences depending on the elevation of the concentration of powder of lychee added as flavor.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-02-07Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:52:53Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 azevedo_lh_me_jabo.pdf: 773136 bytes, checksum: 2665952a5393ef93ef3a9d7e76de461d (MD5) / A cultura da lichia (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) pode ser severamente danificada pelo ácaro Aceria litchii (Keifer), a principal praga desta cultura no Brasil. Produtores brasileiros de lichia estão preocupados com o severo dano causado por esse ácaro, dadas as poucas opções disponíveis para o seu controle. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar aspectos que poderiam levar ao controle efetivo de A. litchii no Brasil, causando o menor impacto ambiental possível. O trabalho compreendeu atividades de campo e de laboratório. O primeiro estudo se referiu a uma avaliação da dinâmica populacional do ácaro. Este foi realizado durante um ano. Aceria litchii permaneceu em plantas de lichia ao longo do ano, atingindo os níveis mais elevados em novembro de 2011 e junho de 2012. O principal predador a este associado foi Phytoseius intermedius. Este predador e outros da mesma família não foram capazes de evitar os danos causados pela praga, o que não significa que os danos não pudessem ser ainda maiores na ausência destes predadores. O segundo estudo correspondeu à determinação de parâmetros biológicos do predador quando alimentado com A. litchii. Phytoseius intermedius foi capaz de completar seu desenvolvimento e se reproduzir com sucesso alimentando-se desta presa. O terceiro estudo correspondeu a uma avaliação de laboratório do efeito de 11 pesticidas sobre A. litchii e P. intermedius, usando uma torre de Potter. O quarto estudo foi uma continuação do terceiro, avaliando em condição de campo os pesticidas que produziram os melhores resultados no estudo anterior. Enxofre, fenpiroximato e hexitiazoxi mostraram-se os mais eficientes contra A. litchii, enquanto azadiractina, seguida por fenpiroximato e hexitiazoxi, foram os mais seletivos para o predador. Os resultados obtidos são considerados importantes para o estabelecimento de um programa de manejo de A. litchii no Estado de São Paulo. / Litchi crop (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) can be severely damaged by the mite Aceria litchii (Keifer), the major pest of this crop in Brazil. Brazilian litchi growers are currently worried with the high damage caused by this mite, given the limitations of options available for its control. The objective of this work was to determine aspects that could lead to the effective control A. litchii in Brazil, causing as little environmental impact as possible. The work comprised of field and laboratory observations. The first study referred to an evaluation of the mite population dynamics. It was conducted during one year. Aceria litchii remained on litchi plants throughout the year, reaching the highest levels in November 2011 and June 2012. The main predator associated with it was Phytoseius intermedius. This predator and other predators of the same family were not able to prevent damage by the pest, what does not mean that the damage could have been still higher in the absent of those predators. The second study corresponded to the determination of biological parameters of this predator when feeding on A. litchii. It was able to complete its development and reproduce successfully on that prey. The third study corresponded to a laboratory evaluation on the effect of 11 pesticides on A. litchii and P. intermedius, using a Potter tower. The fourth study was a continuation of the third, trying under field condition the pesticides that produced the best results in the previous study . Sulfur, fenpyroximate and hexythiazox were shown as most effective against A. litchii, whereas azadirachtin, followed by fenpyroximate and hexythiazox were the most selective for the predator. The results obtained are considered important for the establishment of a management program of A. litchii in São Paulo state.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-06-12Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:45:30Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 garciaperez_e_dr_jabo.pdf: 647726 bytes, checksum: eb455af0dd5ba755145b951a0ea137bd (MD5) / Colegio de Postgraduados de Mexico / Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT) / O trabalho foi realizado nas Fazendas Santo Antônio e Jurupema, localizadas no Município de Taquaritinga -SP, Brasil, de abril de 2003 a dezembro de 2005, com o objetivo de estudar a influência da temperatura, anelamento e alguns reguladores de crescimento sobre a floração e a produção de lichieiras cultivar Bengal. Foram registrados dados de produção e temperaturas, precipitação e horas acumuladas com temperaturas inferiores a 15,5° C, e correlacionados para entender o grau de interação. Foi realizado anelamento de ramos de diferentes diâmetros, para conhecer o seu efeito sobre a floração e a frutificação. O anelamento não teve efeito sobre a brotação vegetativa após a colheita, mas as maiores concentrações de PBZ reduziram significativamente a brotação vegetativa e o comprimento dos ramos. O uso de ANA provocou queimaduras nas inflorescências e queda de frutos, mas os que permaneceram, não apresentaram alterações nas características físicas e nos sólidos solúveis. Não foi observado efeito significativo da aplicação de GA3, sobre a fixação de frutos. A queda de frutos, a partir de uma massa de 2 g até a colheita, é de 50%. / The work was carried through on Santo Antonio and Jurupema farms, located in Taquaritinga, São Paulo State, Brazil, in the period from April 2003 to December 2005, with the objective to study the influence of temperature, girdling and some growth regulators on the flowering, fruiting and production of lychee trees cultivar Bengal. It was registered production data and temperatures, precipitation and accumulated hours with inferior temperatures to 15.5°C, and correlated to understand the interaction degree. Girdling of branches of different diameters was carried through, to know its effect on the flowering and fruiting. The girdling didn't have effect on the vegetative flushes after the harvest, but the biggest concentrations of PBZ reduce the vegetative flushes and the length of shoots significantly. Spray with NAA provoked burns in the panicles and drop of fruits, but the ones that had remained did not have present alterations in the characteristics and in the soluble solids. Beneficial effect of the application of GA3 on the fruit set was not observed. The drop of fruits, starting from a weight of 2 g to the harvest, is of 50%.