Sistemas estuarinos são locais de transição entre ambientes marinhos e fluviais, cujas forçantes influenciam a dinâmica e a distribuição das propriedades químicas, biológicas e sedimentares. Aproximadamente 60 % de todas as grandes cidades se desenvolveram ao redor de estuários que, por serem ambientes abrigados, favorecem a navegação e instalação de portos. O objetivo geral do trabalho foi de identificar os processos sedimentares atuantes em um trecho do canal de acesso ao Porto de Santos (Trecho 1 do Porto organizado), compreendendo 12 km de comprimento desde a embocadura da baía de Santos até a entrada no Canal do Porto, utilizando um conjunto de dados de diferentes períodos (entre 2010 e 2016), provenientes de diferentes fontes acústicas, visando contribuir para a melhor compreensão da dinâmica sedimentar do Sistema Estuarino de Santos. Foram utilizados dados obtidos com um duplo chirp (frequências entre 2-8 kHz e 10-20 kHz) e dados de batimetria multifeixe. A metodologia consistiu na comparação de levantamentos batimétricos (executados em diferentes períodos) e de forma complementar foram utilizados os dados obtidos com a fonte acústica chirp. As análises proporcionaram a identificação de indícios de erosão e de assoreamento no Trecho 1 do canal do Porto de Santos. Em alguns locais, foi possível relacionar os padrões de erosão e de assoreamento com a hidrodinâmica local e, assim, sugerir tendências nos processos sedimentares atuantes na área de estudo. Sem dragagem a tendência do Trecho 1 do Porto de Santos é de assoreamento. O Trecho 1 foi divido em 2 setores com comportamento distintos. O setor A (próximo à embocadura do canal) é, naturalmente, mais profundo, o sedimento de fundo não é depositado em grande quantidade nesse local devido à intensidade da velocidade das correntes que ocorrem no setor. Há indícios de instabilidade das encostas no trecho mais estreito do canal, da ocorrência de lama fluida e de gás raso nesse local. O setor B era, naturalmente, mais raso em 1960, período em que o canal passou a ter a sua configuração atual, sugerindo a formação de um delta de maré vazante no setor, onde a velocidade das correntes são mais lentas, quando comparadas com o setor A. / Estuarine systems are sites of transition between marine and fluvial environments, whose forcing influences the dynamics and distribution of chemical, biological and sedimentary properties. Approximately 60% of all large cities have developed around estuaries because they are sheltered environments, allowed the navigation and harbors installation. The objective of the study was to identify the sedimentary processes in a section of Santos Harbor channel, comprising 12 km in length from the mouth of the bay to the entrance in the Port Channel. It was used a data set from different periods (2010-2016), from different acoustic sources, aiming to contribute to a better understanding the sedimentary dynamics in the Santos Estuary System. It was used a double chirp data with frequencies between 2-8 kHz and 10-20 kHz and multibeam bathymetry data. The methodology consisted in the comparison of bathymetric surveys performed in different periods and in a complementary way used the data obtained from a double chirp. The analyzes allowed an identification of erosion and silting in Section 1 of Santos Port Channel. It was possible to relate erosion and silting patterns to local hydrodynamics and to suggest trends in sedimentary processes in the study region. Without dredging, the trend of Section 1 from the Santos Harbor was of silting. The Section 1 it was divided into 2 sectors with different behavior. Sector A is naturally deeper; the sediment is not deposited in large quantities at this location because of the currents velocities that occurring there. In this site there is evidence of instability of the slopes in the channel\'s narrowest section, the occurrence of fluid mud and shallow gas. Sector B was naturally shallower in 1960, when the canal became its current configuration, suggesting the formation in this site of an ebb tide delta, where the currents velocities are slower when compared to sector A.

Formatos de modulação com capacidade de ajuste às condições variáveis de propagação são de interesse para uso em redes ópticas reconfiguráveis. Alterações nos níveis de potência e no mapa de dispersão afetam o desempenho de sistemas de transmissão, limitando o alcance e a capacidade de reconfiguração da rede. Fornecer capacidade de ajuste dinâmico ao sinal transmitido, sem usar sistemas complexos de modulação ou de compensação variável de dispersão, é uma solução eficaz para se obter rendimento ótimo nas diversas condições de propagação na rede. Esta característica também é útil na instalação de redes convencionais, poupando tempo e reduzindo custos. Neste trabalho é proposto o formato de modulação NRZ com gorjeio sincronizado com o sinal como alternativa para sobrepujar as limitações impostas pelas redes reconfiguráveis. O sistema proposto tem o atrativo de permitir, além da capacidade de adaptação, a possibilidade de integração dos componentes ópticos do modulador num mesmo substrato. O desempenho do formato de modulação proposto foi analisado em diversas condições de propagação para sistemas a 10 Gbit/s, tanto em sistemas ponto-a-ponto como de longas distâncias. Esta análise foi feita por meio de modelagem matemática, simulações numéricas e experimentos em laboratório. Foi demonstrada a capacidade de ajuste a diversos mapas de dispersão e seus limites, bem como a compensação de efeitos da automodulação de fase causados por alterações no nível da potência do sinal. / Modulation formats with adjustment capability to the variable propagation conditions are of interest in reconfigurable optical networks. Changes in optical power levels and dispersion compensation map affect the transmission system performance, limiting the range and the network reconfiguration capability. To provide dynamical adjustment capability to the transmitted signal, using neither complex modulation systems nor variable dispersion compensation, is an effective solution to obtain optimal performance within the diverse network propagation conditions. This characteristic is also useful during conventional networks installation, saving time and reducing costs. In this work it is proposed the NRZ modulation format with signal synchronized chirp as an alternative to overcome the limitations imposed by the reconfigurable networks. The proposed system has the benefit of allowing, more than adaptation capability, the possibility of integration of the optical modulator\'s components in the same substrate. The proposed modulation format was analyzed under diverse propagation conditions for 10 Gbit/s, in point-to-point as well as long-haul systems. This analyses war performed by mathematical modeling, numerical simulations and laboratorial experiments. It was demonstrated the adjustment capability for diverse dispersion compensation maps and its limits as well as the compensation of the self-phase modulation effects due to changes in optical power levels.

Formatos de modulação com capacidade de ajuste às condições variáveis de propagação são de interesse para uso em redes ópticas reconfiguráveis. Alterações nos níveis de potência e no mapa de dispersão afetam o desempenho de sistemas de transmissão, limitando o alcance e a capacidade de reconfiguração da rede. Fornecer capacidade de ajuste dinâmico ao sinal transmitido, sem usar sistemas complexos de modulação ou de compensação variável de dispersão, é uma solução eficaz para se obter rendimento ótimo nas diversas condições de propagação na rede. Esta característica também é útil na instalação de redes convencionais, poupando tempo e reduzindo custos. Neste trabalho é proposto o formato de modulação NRZ com gorjeio sincronizado com o sinal como alternativa para sobrepujar as limitações impostas pelas redes reconfiguráveis. O sistema proposto tem o atrativo de permitir, além da capacidade de adaptação, a possibilidade de integração dos componentes ópticos do modulador num mesmo substrato. O desempenho do formato de modulação proposto foi analisado em diversas condições de propagação para sistemas a 10 Gbit/s, tanto em sistemas ponto-a-ponto como de longas distâncias. Esta análise foi feita por meio de modelagem matemática, simulações numéricas e experimentos em laboratório. Foi demonstrada a capacidade de ajuste a diversos mapas de dispersão e seus limites, bem como a compensação de efeitos da automodulação de fase causados por alterações no nível da potência do sinal. / Modulation formats with adjustment capability to the variable propagation conditions are of interest in reconfigurable optical networks. Changes in optical power levels and dispersion compensation map affect the transmission system performance, limiting the range and the network reconfiguration capability. To provide dynamical adjustment capability to the transmitted signal, using neither complex modulation systems nor variable dispersion compensation, is an effective solution to obtain optimal performance within the diverse network propagation conditions. This characteristic is also useful during conventional networks installation, saving time and reducing costs. In this work it is proposed the NRZ modulation format with signal synchronized chirp as an alternative to overcome the limitations imposed by the reconfigurable networks. The proposed system has the benefit of allowing, more than adaptation capability, the possibility of integration of the optical modulator\'s components in the same substrate. The proposed modulation format was analyzed under diverse propagation conditions for 10 Gbit/s, in point-to-point as well as long-haul systems. This analyses war performed by mathematical modeling, numerical simulations and laboratorial experiments. It was demonstrated the adjustment capability for diverse dispersion compensation maps and its limits as well as the compensation of the self-phase modulation effects due to changes in optical power levels.

L'échographie est un outil de diagnostic largement utilisé grâce à des vertus telles que l'acquisition / traitement de données en temps réel, la facilité d'utilisation et la sécurité pour le patient / praticien pendant l'examen. Cependant, comparée à d'autres méthodes d'imagerie telles que la tomographie à rayons X et l'imagerie par résonance magnétique, l'échographie présente l'inconvénient de fournir une qualité d'image relativement basse. Dans cette thèse, nous étudions une méthode capable d'augmenter la qualité d'image, permettant ainsi de meilleurs diagnostics échographiques. Afin d'augmenter le rapport signal / bruit des signaux reçus, nous proposons d'utiliser des signaux modulés en fréquence (chirps). Pour éviter l'effet négatif de la bande passante limitée de la sonde, nous modulons en amplitude les signaux d'excitations afin d'augmenter l'énergie du signal dans les bandes de fréquences où la sonde est moins efficace. Pour compresser l'énergie des échos, nous utilisons des filtres de Wiener afin d'obtenir un bon compromis résolution spatiale / stabilité du bruit. Nous combinons cette méthode appelée REC (Resolution Enhancement Technique) avec l’imagerie ultrarapide. Nous montrons des résultats simulés et expérimentaux (in-vitro, ex-vivo et in-vivo) prometteurs. De plus, nous adaptons REC afin de compenser l'effet d'atténuation tissulaire. Cette amélioration est validée expérimentalement sur des phantoms. Nous adaptons également REC à la propagation non linéaire des ondes ultrasonores, en proposant une technique d'inversion d'impulsions qui utilise REC pour fournir une meilleure résolution et un meilleur rapport contraste / bruit. Ensuite, nous appliquons REC à différents schémas d’acquisition tels que les ondes divergentes et la transmission multi-lignes (MLT). Nous montrons également que la qualité d’image peut être augmentée davantage en tenant compte de la réponse impulsionnelle spatiale de la sonde lorsque REC et MLT sont combinés / Ultrasound imaging is a diagnostic tool widely used thanks to such virtues as real-time data acquisition / processing, ease of use and safety for the patient / practitioner during examination. However, when compared to other imaging methods such as X-ray tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging, the echography has the disadvantage to provide relatively low image quality. In this thesis, we study a method that is able to increase the ultrasound image quality, thus paving the way towards improved diagnostics based on echography and novel ultrasound applications. In order to increase the echo signal to noise ratio of the received signals, we propose to use linear frequency modulated signals, also called chirps. To avoid the negative effect of the bandlimited acquisition probe, we apply a pre-enhancement step on the probe excitation signals in order to boost the signal energy in the frequency bands where the probe is less efficient. To compress the echo energy in reception, we use Wiener filters that allow obtaining a good trade-off between the spatial resolution and noise stability. We apply the previously detailed pipeline, also called REC (Resolution Enhancement Technique) on ultrafast imaging schemes. We show promising results in simulation and in-vitro, ex-vivo, in-vivo acquisitions. Furthermore, we adapt REC in such way that the frequency dependent tissue attenuation effect is compensated for. This improvement is validated in simulation and phantom experiments. We also adapt REC to the nonlinear propagation of ultrasound waves, by proposing a pulse inversion technique that uses REC to provide a better image resolution and contrast to noise ratio. Then, we demonstrate the generality of the REC method by applying it to different acquisition schemes such as diverging wave compounding and Multi Line Transmit (MLT). We also show that the image quality can be increased more by taking into account the spatial impulse response of the ultrasound probe when REC and MLT are combined

<div>Target detection, estimation, and discrimination have long been important research issues in the field of radar. Waveform design, analog signal processing, and digital signal processing are some techniques that can improve the detection, estimation, and discrimination ability. In this dissertation, we first address the sidelobe suppression from the waveform design point of view. We synthesize a non-constant modulus waveform for illumination of radar targets by applying a collection of constant modulus (linear frequency modulated (LFM) waveforms with different frequency offsets) waveforms from each transmitting array element in an antenna array, and we show from the ambiguity function that the non-constant modulus waveform has better performance with respect to the larger ambiguity function mainlobe-to-peak-sidelobe ratio than this ratio of a constant modulus (LFM-only) waveform. Furthermore, from the angular resolution point of view, the synthesized non-constant modulus waveform also has better performance than the angular resolution of a constant modulus waveform at the expense of the decrease in the signal energy on targets.</div><div><br></div><div>Secondly, we investigate radar delay-Doppler resolution enhancement from the digital signal processing viewpoint. We introduce the noise-target fringe analysis technique and combine it with the coherent CLEAN algorithm to provide accurate target parameter estimates in terms of delay, Doppler shift and intensity. Furthermore, the accuracy of target parameter estimates can be further improved by applying weighted non-linear least squares estimation.</div><div><br></div><div>Finally, we further aim for the improvement in radar delay-Doppler resolution. Instead of using the matched filter only, we propose a hybrid filter which combines a chirp matched filter and chirp mismatched filters. The hybrid filter output response shows much better performance in delay and Doppler resolution compared to the chirp matched filter output response. Thus, this hybrid filter design has better target identification capability than the original chirp matched filter. Furthermore, from a real implementation perspective, there is no need to significantly increase the hardware and software complexity of the radar, since we only need to mismatch the received waveform to another chirp waveform and perform some additional non-linear processing. Then a chirp radar system with high delay-Doppler resolution and accurate target discrimination ability can be easily achieved.</div>

The flight testing and evaluation of collected data must be efficient during intensive flight-test programs such as the ones conducted during development of new aircraft. The aim of this thesis has thus been to produce a first version of an aerodynamic derivative estimation program that is to be used during real-time flight tests. The program is to give a first estimate of the aerodynamic derivatives as well as check the quality of the data collected and thus serve as a decision support during tests. The work that has been performed includes processing of data in order to use it in computations, comparing a batch and a sequential estimation method using real-time data and programming a user interface. All computations and programming has been done in Matlab. The estimation methods that have been compared are both built on transforming data to the frequency domain using a Chirp z-transform and then estimating the aerodynamic derivatives using complex least squares with instrumental variables.The sequential frequency domain method performs estimates at a given interval while the batch method performs one estimation at the end of the maneuver. Both methods compared in this thesis produce equal results. The continuous updates of the sequential method was however found to be better suited for a real-time application than the single estimation of the batch method. The telemetric data received from the aircraft must be synchronized to a common frequency of 60 Hz. Missing samples of the data stream must be linearly interpolated and different units of measured parameters must be corrected in order to be able to perform these estimations in the real-time test environment.

Master of Science / Department of Physics / Matthias Kling / This thesis consists of two major parts. The first part concerns studies of the orientation dependence of the ionization of diatomic molecules in intense, femtosecond two-color laser fields. The second part is about studies on the ionization mechanisms of the C[subscript]6[subscript]0 molecule in femtosecond near-infrared and ultraviolet laser fields. In the first part, experimental and theoretical results on the asymmetric ion emission of the heteronuclear molecules CO and NO in two-color laser fields are discussed. The two-color fields, which can be tailored by a relative phase, are used to ionize and dissociate CO and NO molecules, both of which are molecules with small polarizabilities. The resulting C[superscript]+, C[superscript]2[superscript]+, N[superscript]+ and O[superscript]+ ions are detected by a velocity map imaging (VMI) setup. The photoelectrons from above-threshold ionization (ATI) of Xe are studied under such a two-color field to assign the phase. For both CO and NO we find that enhanced ionization occurs when the molecule is oriented with the electric field pointing from the C or N atom toward the O atom. This is in agreement with the molecular orbital Ammosov-Delone-Krainov (MO-ADK) theory and the Stark-corrected strong-field-approximation (SFA) calculations. The second part is devoted to the investigation of the ionization mechanism of neutral C[subscript]6[subscript]0 molecules with 30 fs laser pulses at about 800 nm and with 50 fs pulses at about 400 nm. The angular distributions of photoelectrons are measured utilizing VMI. Measurements under different intensities are carried out for the two wavelengths. In our work, thermal electron emission is highly suppressed by the use of short pulses. For near-infrared excitation, photoelectron angular distributions (PADs) that contain six lobes are observed for low energy electrons. This behavior is different from studies for longer pulses of about 120 fs [1]. Further analysis indicates that the PADs might originate from single photon ionization of a super atomic molecular orbital (SAMO), however, a detailed assignment requires further theoretical work. The PADs for the ultraviolet excitation show very similar structures to earlier results [1]. For the near-infrared excitation, we have carried out studies as a function of the chirp of the pulses and find effects on photoelectron spectra and on PADs, which are tentatively explained by sequential multiphoton ionization via “doorway” states.

In Würzburg wird seit 1997 ein Hörscreening unter Verwendung akustisch evozierter Potentiale durchgeführt. Der zu Anfang verwendete Click-Reiz wurde im März 2006 durch den auf dem Cochlea-Modell beruhenden Chirp-Reiz ersetzt. Für diesen Reiz werden auf Grund der Kompensation der Wanderwellenverzögerung der Cochlea größere Potentialamplituden beschrieben. Für diese Arbeit wurden die akustisch evozierten Potentiale von 96 Neugeborenen mit dem Maico-MB11-BERAphon aufgezeichnet. Ausgewertet und verglichen wurden die bei 40 dB HL und 60 dB HL mittels Click und Chirp generierten Potentiale I, III und V hinsichtlich ihrer Auswertbarkeit sowie ihrer Latenzzeiten und Amplitudenwerte. Besonderes Interesse galt den Latenzzeiten des Chirp und dabei der Fragestellung, in wie weit sich die Reizstruktur des Chirps in einer Verkürzung der Latenzzeiten auswirken würde. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass der Chirp im Vergleich zum Click zu einer deutlichen Verkürzung der Latenzen der akustisch evozierten Potentiale führt. Bei allen untersuchten Potentialen ergaben sich beim Chirp kürzere mittlere Latenzen als beim Click. Die Unterschiede erwiesen sich als statistisch signifikant. Der Chirp bewirkt eine Vergrößerung der Antwort-Amplituden. Die Mittelwerte aller Amplituden waren bei Verwendung des Chirp-Reizes größer. Eine Verbesserung der Auswertbarkeit wurde für alle untersuchten Potentiale I, III und V nachgewiesen. Zusammenfassend lässt sich feststellen, dass nach Chirp-Reizung die einzelnen Wellen der akustisch evozierten Potentiale also deutlicher, mit größerer Amplitude und mit kürzerer Latenz zur Darstellung kommen als nach Click-Reizung. Die in dieser Untersuchung im Standard-BERA-Verfahren ermittelten Unterschiede zwischen den Reizen Click und Chirp unterstreichen die Vorteile des Chirp auch für den Einsatz beim Hörscreening und der Hörschwellenbestimmung. Die durch diesen Reiz evozierte Potentialantwort führt bei kürzeren Messzeiten zu deutlich zuverlässigeren Ergebnissen, was eine Verbesserung der Qualität der Hörschwellenbestimmung und der Hörscreening-Untersuchung darstellt. / Since 1997 there is a Hearingscreening established in Wuerzburg which is based on auditory evoked potenials. In March 2006 the formerly used click-stimulus was substituted by a chirp-stimulus based on the cochlea-model. For this stimulus larger amplitudes of the potentials are discribed due to a compensation of travelling wave delay. For this study the auditory evoked potentials of 96 newborns were recorded with the Maico-MB11-BERAphon. Potentials I, III and V were evaluated and compared in terms of evaluability as well as latency and amplitude values. The latencies of the chirp-stimulus and the question, to which extent the structure of the chirp-stimulus would result in a reduction of latency times were of main interest. The results show that compared to the click the chirp-stimulus causes a clear shortening of latencies of auditory evoked potentials. For all examined potentials the chirp-stimulus showed shorter mean-latencies than the click. The differences were statistically significant. The chirp causes an increase in response amplitudes. Mean values of amplitudes were larger when using the chirp stimulus. An improvement of the evaluability was demonstrated for all investigated potentials I, III and V. In summary it can be seen that after Chirp excitation the individual waves of auditory evoked potentials occur more clearly, with greater amplitude and shorter latency than after click excitation. The differences between the click and chirp stimuli identified in these standard ABR procedures also emphasize the benefits of the chirp-stimulus for use in hearing screening and the defining of hearing thresholds. The potential response evoked by this stimulus leads to more reliable results implying significantly shorter measuring times and thus improves the quality of the defining of hearing thresholds and hearing screening examination.

<p>Detailed information on past oceanographic and climatic changes is crucial for our understanding of natural climate variability and for the assessment of future climate variations. Sediments strongly influenced by the North Atlantic Current accumulate at high rates in the northeastern Skagerrak, forming a potential highresolution archive for information on past climatic and oceanographic processes and events. Through a highresolution, multi-proxy study of the 32 meter long core MD99-2286 from the north-eastern Skagerrak, and interpretation of chirp sonar profiles from the coring area, this thesis provides new and detailed insights about the paleoceanographic development of the eastern North Sea region since the deglaciation.</p><p>The chronostratigraphic control of core MD99-2286 relies on 27 radiocarbon dates. Ages are presented in calibrated thousand years before present (abbreviated “kyr”). Core MD99-2286 was correlated to chirp sonar profiles using measured physical properties. This correlation demonstrates that a strong regional acoustic reflector, previously assumed to represent the Pleistocene/Holocene boundary, was formed as a result of rapid ice retreat during the latest Pleistocene. Based on the distribution of ice rafted debris in the core, ice berg calving in the Skagerrak ended at 10.7 kyr. Detailed grain-size analyses of the core were interpreted using a novel 3D-visualization technique. Between 11.3 and 10.3 kyr, clay-rich distal glacial marine sediments were deposited in the northeastern Skagerrak, derived from Baltic melt-water outflow across south-central Sweden through the Otteid-Stenselva strait. As a result of differential isostatic uplift, the route of the major outflow and the associated sediment deposition moved southwards along the Swedish west coast. After 10.3 kyr, sediment deposition in the north-eastern Skagerrak gradually adopted to a fully interglacial normal marine sedimentation dominated by Atlantic inflow and the North Jutland Current.</p><p>The establishment of the modern circulation system in the eastern North Sea is marked by abrupt coarsening of the sediments in core MD99-2286 at 8.5 kyr. This was a result of increased Atlantic inflow, opening of the English Channel and the Danish straits, and formation of the South Jutland Current. Mineral magnetic properties of the core show a distinct relationship reflecting general sediment source variability. After 8.5 kyr, sediments in the northeastern Skagerrak were derived predominantly from the Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea, with varying contributions from the South Jutland Current, the Baltic Current, and the currents along the coasts of western Sweden and southern Norway. Between 6.3 and 3.8 kyr, the eastern North Sea was further developed towards the modern situation by an increase of the South Jutland Current flow. The Skagerrak bottom currents were probably forced by strong Atlantic water inflow between 0.9 and 0.5 kyr, and after that by increased wind stress. The influence of regional climate on the eastern North Sea circulation has increased since the middle of the Holocene.</p>

Detailed information on past oceanographic and climatic changes is crucial for our understanding of natural climate variability and for the assessment of future climate variations. Sediments strongly influenced by the North Atlantic Current accumulate at high rates in the northeastern Skagerrak, forming a potential highresolution archive for information on past climatic and oceanographic processes and events. Through a highresolution, multi-proxy study of the 32 meter long core MD99-2286 from the north-eastern Skagerrak, and interpretation of chirp sonar profiles from the coring area, this thesis provides new and detailed insights about the paleoceanographic development of the eastern North Sea region since the deglaciation. The chronostratigraphic control of core MD99-2286 relies on 27 radiocarbon dates. Ages are presented in calibrated thousand years before present (abbreviated “kyr”). Core MD99-2286 was correlated to chirp sonar profiles using measured physical properties. This correlation demonstrates that a strong regional acoustic reflector, previously assumed to represent the Pleistocene/Holocene boundary, was formed as a result of rapid ice retreat during the latest Pleistocene. Based on the distribution of ice rafted debris in the core, ice berg calving in the Skagerrak ended at 10.7 kyr. Detailed grain-size analyses of the core were interpreted using a novel 3D-visualization technique. Between 11.3 and 10.3 kyr, clay-rich distal glacial marine sediments were deposited in the northeastern Skagerrak, derived from Baltic melt-water outflow across south-central Sweden through the Otteid-Stenselva strait. As a result of differential isostatic uplift, the route of the major outflow and the associated sediment deposition moved southwards along the Swedish west coast. After 10.3 kyr, sediment deposition in the north-eastern Skagerrak gradually adopted to a fully interglacial normal marine sedimentation dominated by Atlantic inflow and the North Jutland Current. The establishment of the modern circulation system in the eastern North Sea is marked by abrupt coarsening of the sediments in core MD99-2286 at 8.5 kyr. This was a result of increased Atlantic inflow, opening of the English Channel and the Danish straits, and formation of the South Jutland Current. Mineral magnetic properties of the core show a distinct relationship reflecting general sediment source variability. After 8.5 kyr, sediments in the northeastern Skagerrak were derived predominantly from the Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea, with varying contributions from the South Jutland Current, the Baltic Current, and the currents along the coasts of western Sweden and southern Norway. Between 6.3 and 3.8 kyr, the eastern North Sea was further developed towards the modern situation by an increase of the South Jutland Current flow. The Skagerrak bottom currents were probably forced by strong Atlantic water inflow between 0.9 and 0.5 kyr, and after that by increased wind stress. The influence of regional climate on the eastern North Sea circulation has increased since the middle of the Holocene.