Submitted by Geandra Rodrigues (geandrar@gmail.com) on 2018-10-11T14:26:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 rafaelguzelladecarvalho.pdf: 5817882 bytes, checksum: 3cecfbefd0364ef85d5c3183dcbdfc47 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-10-16T14:07:21Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 rafaelguzelladecarvalho.pdf: 5817882 bytes, checksum: 3cecfbefd0364ef85d5c3183dcbdfc47 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-16T14:07:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 rafaelguzelladecarvalho.pdf: 5817882 bytes, checksum: 3cecfbefd0364ef85d5c3183dcbdfc47 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-23 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Glicosaminoglicanos (GAGs) são heteropolissacarídeos lineares ligados a um núcleo proteico dos proteoglicanos (PGs). Condroitim sulfato (CS) é GAG sulfatado composto por unidades dissacarídicas repetidas de ácido D-glucurônico e N-acetil-galactosamina, esse composto possui atividades biológicas associadas à interação com diferentes elementos da matriz. Estas ações têm sido relacionadas às suas características estruturais relativas ao elevado teor de grupos sulfato e carboxila que originam domínios estruturais que são conhecidos por participar de funções fisiológicas específicas. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo a identificação e caracterização estrutural dos GAGs extraídos de diferentes tecidos de lula (Doryteuthis plei) bem como a avaliação da atividade anticoagulante destes compostos. Para isso inicialmente determinamos a técnica de extração dos GAGs dos tecidos de manto, nadadeira, tentáculos e pele utilizando degradação com enzimas proteolíticas e purificação utilizando a técnica de cromatografia de troca iônica. Realizamos a identificação dos GAGs com degradações com liases específicas (chases AC e B de F. heparinum), em que ficou evidenciado que CS é o GAG majoritário dos tecidos de D. plei. Os CS encontrados tiveram peso molecular detectados na faixa de 30-50 kDa. A dosagem química de sulfato demonstrou que estes CS possuíam relação superior a 1,2 sulfato/hexosamina o que nos forneceu o indicativo que estas macromoléculas eram supersulfatadas. Este fato foi confirmado pela análise por FACE dos produtos da digestão de CS de manto e nadadeira com chase AC de A. aurescens em que a maior sulfatação foi relacionada à presença de alta proporção de resíduos di-sulfatados, ΔDi4,6S (≈55%). Técnicas espectroscópicas de Raman e RMN permitiram confirmar a maior substituição e sulfatação nas posições 4- e 6- da GalNAc, respectivamente. Os CS de manto e nadadeira ainda demonstraram atividade anticoagulante associada à inibição da via intrínseca da coagulação sendo detectada inibição dos fatores IIa e Xa. Desta forma concluímos que CS-E é o tipo de glicosaminoglicano constituinte nos tecidos de lula e que ele possui características tecido-específica, desempenhando sua atividade anticoagulante de acordo com o padrão de sulfatação. / Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are linear heteropolysaccharides attached to a core protein of proteoglycans (PGs). Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is sulfated GAG composed of repeating disaccharide units of D-glucuronic acid and N-acetyl-galactosamine, this compound has biological activities associated to their interaction with different components of the extracellular matrix. These activities have been related to their structural characteristics due to the high content of sulfate and carboxyl groups originating structural domains which are known to participate in specific physiological functions. This aim of this study was the identification and structural characterization of glycosaminoglycans extracted from squid different tissues (Doryteuthis plei) as well as evaluation of the anticoagulant activity of these compounds. Initially, we determined the procedures GAGs extraction in mantle tissue, fin, tentacles and skin using degradation with proteolytic enzymes and purification using ion exchange chromatography. We carried out the identification of GAG to degradation with specific lyases (chases AC and B from F. heparinum), wherein we evidenced that CS is the principal GAG of the D. plei tissues. Molecular weight of CS had a range of 30-50 kDa. Quantification of sulfate groups demonstrated that these CS had higher ratio of sulfate/hexosamine (1.2), a indicative that these macromolecules were oversulfated. This fact was confirmed by FACE analysis of CS from mantle and fin after digestion with chase AC from A. aurescens where most sulfation was related to the presence of high proportion of di-sulfated residues, ΔDi4,6S (≈55%). Raman spectroscopic and NMR techniques confirmed the increased substitution and sulfation in positions 4 and 6 of GalNAc, respectively. CS of the mantle and fin demonstrated anticoagulant activity associated with inhibition of the intrinsic coagulation pathway by inhibition of factors Xa and IIa. Thus, we conclude that CS-E is the kind of glycosaminoglycan constituent in squid tissues and it has tissue-specific characteristics, playing their anticoagulant activity according to the sulfation pattern.

Orientador: Fabio Trindade Maranhão Costa / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-29T19:18:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bastos_MarceleFontenelle_D.pdf: 23599395 bytes, checksum: 51577c364bf25d45e672a187e5d0bc4a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Acredita-se que o sequestro de eritrócitos infectados por Plasmodium falciparum (Pf-EIs) na microvasculatura de órgão vitais, contribua para a patogênese de síndromes graves da malária, como a malária cerebral (MC), síndrome da angústia respiratória grave, anemia grave e malária na gravidez. Apesar do tratamento com drogas antimaláricas eficazes, mortalidade significativa ainda é observada em casos graves da doença. Assim, tem sido sugerido o uso de terapias adjuvantes. Nesse sentido, polissacarídeos sulfatados, como a heparina, têm demonstrado capacidade em inibir a citoaderência de P. falciparum a vários receptores do hospedeiro, inibir a invasão de merozoítos e romper rosetas. A heparina foi utilizada no passado como tratamento para malária grave, no entanto o seu uso foi interrompido devido à ocorrência de efeitos colaterais graves, tais como hemorragia. Além disso, muitos desses polissacarídeos sulfatados são derivados de mamíferos, o que aumenta o risco de contaminação por agentes patogênicos, como príons. Apesar de muitos compostos terem sido testados como terapia adjuvante para diferentes aspectos patogênicos da malária grave, nenhum destes demonstrou evidência inequívoca de melhora dos pacientes nos testes clínicos. Sendo assim, nesse estudo, investigamos a ação de dois polissacarídeos sulfatados extraídos de invertebrados na citoadesão e desenvolvimento de P. falciparum. Já foi demonstrado que esses compostos; o condroitim sulfato fucosilado (FucCS), extraído do pepino-do-mar Ludwigothurea grisea, e o análogo da heparina (heparam sulfato), extraído do molusco bivalve Nodipecten nodosus; possuem ação anticoagulante e antitrombótica, porém em menor escala do que a heparina comercial. Além disso, apresentam efeito anti-inflamatório e antimetastático. Aqui, nós mostramos que o FucCS e o heparam sulfato (HS) de molusco foram eficazes em inibir a citoadesão de P. falciparum em condições estáticas e de fluxo a células endoteliais de pulmão humano (HLECs). Eles também foram capazes de inibir o desenvolvimento parasitário por interferir na invasão de merozoítos. Além de romper rosetas eficientemente. Ainda, o FucCS inibiu a adesão de Pf-EIs a criocortes de placenta. Finalmente, a remoção das cadeias de fucose sulfatadas presentes na estrutura do FucCS praticamente aboliu o efeito inibitório do composto, evidenciando a importância dessas cadeias para sua atividade. Sendo assim, sugerimos o FucCS e o HS de molusco como candidatos promissores a terapia adjuvante no tratamento da malária grave e na prevenção ao agravamento da doença, além de abrir perspectivas para continuação e aprofundamento do estudo desses compostos no tratamento da malária / Abstract: It is believed that sequestration of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes (Pf-iEs) in the microvasculature of vital organs, contributes to the pathogenesis of severe malaria syndromes such as, cerebral malaria (CM), severe respiratory distress, severe anemia and malaria in pregnancy (MiP). Despite treatment with effective antimalarial drugs, high mortality is still observed in severe cases of the disease. Thus, the use of adjuvant therapies has been suggested. Accordingly, sulfated polysaccharides, such as heparin, have been shown to prevent P. falciparum cytoadherence to several host receptors, inhibit merozoite invasion and disrupt rosettes. Heparin was used in the past as treatment for severe malaria, however its use was abandoned due to the occurrence of serious side effects such as bleeding. Moreover, many of these compounds are derived from mammals, which increase the risk of contamination by pathogens, such as prions. Although many compounds have been tested as adjunct therapy to different pathophysiological features of severe malaria, none of them showed clear evidence of patients¿ improvement in clinical trials. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the action of two sulfated compounds extracted from invertebrates in P. falciparum cytoadhesion and development. It has been shown that these compounds; chondroitin sulfate fucosylated (FucCS), extracted from the sea cucumber Ludwigothurea grisea, and the heparin analogue (heparan sulfate), extracted from the bivalve mollusk Nodipecten nodosus; have anticoagulant and antithrombotic action, but on a smaller scale than the commercial heparin. They also have anti-inflammatory and antimetastatic effect. Here, we show that FucCS and mollusk heparan sulfate (HS) were effective in inhibiting P. falciparum cytoadhesion, under static and flow conditions to human lung endothelial cells (HLECs). They were also able to block parasite development by interfering with merozoite invasion, and to disrupt rosettes efficiently. In addition, FucCS inhibited Pf-iEs adhesion to placenta cryosections. Finally, removal of sulfated fucose branches on the FucCS molecule virtually abolished its inhibitory effect, indicting a central role played by these structures. Then, we suggest FucCS and mollusk HS as promising candidates for adjunct therapy in the treatment of severe malaria and in preventing disease worsening. Also, we open new avenues to understand the mechanisms of action of these compounds in malaria treatment / Doutorado / Imunologia / Doutora em Genética e Biologia Molecular

No description available.

Le CS fait partie de la famille des SYSADOA (SYmptomatic Slow Acting Drugs for OsteoArthritis) et est utilisé par les patients avec de l’ostéoarthrose de façon chronique pour ses propriétés anti-inflammatoires. Étant donné que ces patients reçoivent d’autres médicaments, il était intéressant de documenter les effets du CS sur le cytochrome P450 et la NADPH-réductase (NADPH). Pour cette étude, deux modèles ont été utilisés: des lapins témoins (LT) et des lapins avec une réaction inflammatoire (LRI) afin de diminuer l’activité et l’expression du CYP. Six groupes contenant chacun cinq lapins ont été utilisés: un groupe sans CS et deux groupes qui ont pris oralement dans l’eau approximativement 20.5 mg/kg/jour de CS pendant 20 et 30 jours; les lapins des trois groupes restants ont pris du CS comme décrit plus haut, mais ont reçu 5 ml sous-cutanées de térébenthine afin de produire une réaction inflammatoire aseptique (RIA) deux jours avant leur sacrifice, c’est-à-dire aux jours -2, 18 et 28. Les hépatocytes ont été isolés pour évaluer l’activité et l’expression du CYP3A6, CYP1A2 et NADPH et aussi le ARNm de ces protéines. In vitro, nous avons étudié l’effet de différentes concentrations de CS-disaccharides sulfatés, 4S, 6S, et 4,6S de CS, sur l’activité et l’expression du CYP1A2 et du CYP3A6. Pour documenter la présence de la réaction inflammatoire, nous avons mesure les mucoprotéines, dans le sérum des lapins avec une réaction inflammatoire. Aussi nous avons mesuré la présence de l’oxide nitrique (NO) chez les hépatocytes de lapins contrôles et chez les hépatocytes des lapins avec une réaction inflammatoire. La translocation nucléaire du NF-κB a été etudiée par fluorescence chez les hépatocytes. Par comparaison aux lapins témoins, l’administration du CS pendant 20 et 30 jours n’affecte pas l’activité du CYP3A6 et du CYP1A2. La RIA a augmenté les mucoprotéines à 95,1±5,7 vs 8,4±1,6 mg/dl dans les lapins témoins (p<0,05). La RIA a diminué l’activité du CYP3A6 de 62% et l’activité du CYP 1A2 de 54%. Le CS n’empêché pas la diminution du CYP1A2 produite par la RIA. Par ailleurs, le CS n’affecte pas l’activité ni l’expression de la NADPH. La translocation nucléaire de NF-κB a été empêche par l’administration chronique de CS aux lapins avec RIA; en plus, la concentration de l’oxide nitrique n’a pas démontré une augmentation en présence de CS; par contre, CS n’empêche pas l’augmentation des séromucoïdes. Au contraire, CS affecte la diminution du CYP3A6 en fonction de temps et secondaire à la RIA. Dans ce group, CS a rétabli le niveau des protéines du CYP3A6 observé dans le group de lapins témoins. Pourtant cette croissance été independante de mRNA qui garde un niveau trés bas. Le plus remarcable a été la manière dont CS a augmenté la protéine du CYP3A6, sans avoir rétabli l’activité de cet isoforme. Finalement, in vitro, CS et ses trois disaccharides sulfatés (4S, 6S et 4,6S) n’affectent ni l’activité ni l’expression de CYP1A2, CYP3A6 et de la NADPH. En conclusion, l’administration chronique de CS n’affecte pas l’activité ni l’expression du CYP1A2, ou la diminution du CYP1A2 produite par la réaction inflammatoire. Le CS n’affecte pas l’activité ni l’expression du NADPH. Cependant, CS empêche la diminution du CYP3A6 en fonction de temps et secondaire à la RIA. / In rabbits, an acute inflammatory reaction induced by the injection of turpentine causes a decrease in cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms activity and expression. Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a Symptomatic Slow Acting Drug for OsteoArthritis (SYSADOA) that elicits anti-inflammatory effects. Since patients take CS over long periods, it was of interest to assess whether CS modulates the activity of cytochrome P450 isoforms. In order to determine the effect of CS on the cytochrome P450, CS was administered in vivo to two animal models, e.g. chronic intake of CS in control rabbits, and chronic intake of CS in rabbits with a CYP down-regulated by an inflammatory reaction (IR). We used six groups of five rabbits: three to assess the effect of CS on cytochrome P450, one without CS and two receiving orally about 20 mg/kg/day CS for 20 and 30 days; and the remaining three groups of rabbits received turpentine s.c. to generate an aseptic IR (AIR) 48 h before their sacrifice, e.g. days -2, 18 and 28, while exposed to CS for 0, 20 or 30 days, respectively. In order to verify the presence of inflammation we measured the seromucoids in serum of rabbits with an AIR. Another marker of inflammation, e.g. nitric oxyde (NO.) production, was assessed in control hepatocytes (Hcont) and in hepatocytes from rabbits with an AIR (Hinfla). In addition, the effect of CS on the nuclear translocation of NF-κB was studied by fluorescence in hepatocytes. Finally, in hepatocytes (both Hcont and Hinfla) the CYP3A6, CYP1A2 and NADPH P450 reductase (NADPH) activity, expression and mRNA were measured. In vitro, the effect of different concentrations of CS, 4S-, 6S- and 4,6S-sulfated disaccharides of CS on the cytochrome P450 was documented. Compared with control rabbits, 20 and 30 days CS did not affect the activity of CYP3A6 and CYP1A2. The AIR increased seromucoids from 8.4±1.6 mg/dl in controls to 95.1±5.7 (p<0.05), as well as the nuclear translocation of NF-κB, and nitric oxide concentrations. The AIR reduced CYP3A6 activity by 62% and CYP1A2 activity by 54%, decrease associated to a reduction in protein expression and in mRNA, e.g. pre-transcriptional down-regulation. The nuclear translocation of NF-κB was prevented by the administration of CS to rabbits with an AIR, moreover CS impeded the increase of the concentrations of nitric oxide; however CS did not prevent the increase in seromucoids. CS did not prevent the down-regulation of CYP1A2 produced by the inflammatory reaction. CS prevented the time-dependent down-regulation of CYP3A6 in control rabbits and in rabbits with an inflammatory reaction. In this last group, CS restored the amounts of CYP3A6 protein to levels observed in control rabbits, however this increase was independent of the mRNA that remained very depressed. It is noteworthy that even if CS increased CYP3A6 protein, its activity was not recovered. CS did not affect NADPH activity or expression. Finally, in vitro, CS, 4S-, 6S and 4,6S-sulfated disaccharides of CS did not change the activity and expression of the two isoforms of CYP, and of NADPH. It is concluded that CS does not affect the activity or expression of CYP1A2, nor prevents CYP1A2 AIR-induced down-regulation. However, CS prevents the down-regulation of CYP3A6 time dependently and following the AIR but does not prevent the decrease of catalytic activity.

Each neuron needs to maintain a careful balance between the changes implicit in experience, and the demands of stability required by its function. This balance tips depending on the neuronal system, but in any role, disease or neural disorders can develop when the regulatory mechanisms involved in neuronal stability fail. The objective of this thesis was to characterize mechanisms underlying neuronal stability and activity maintenance, in the hopes that further understanding of these processes might someday lead to novel interventions for neurological disorders. The pyloric circuit of decapod crustaceans controls the rhythmic contractions of the foregut musculature, and has long been recognized as an excellent model system in which to study neuronal network stability. Recent experimental evidence has shown that each neuronal cell type of this circuit exhibits a unique set of positive linear correlations between ionic membrane conductances, which suggests that coordinated expression of ion channels plays a role in constraining neuronal electrical activity. In Aim 1, we hypothesized a causal relationship between expressed conductance correlations and features of cellular identity, namely electrical activity type. We partitioned an existing database of conductance-based model neurons based on various measures of intrinsic activity to approximate distinctions between biological cell types. We then tested individual conductance pairs for linear dependence to identify correlations. Similar to experimental results, each activity type investigated had a unique combination of correlated conductances. Furthermore, we found that populations of models that conform to a specific conductance correlation have a higher likelihood of exhibiting a particular feature of electrical activity. We conclude that regulating conductance ratios can support proper electrical activity of a wide range of cell types, particularly when the identity of the cell is well-defined by one or two features of its activity. The phenomenon of pyloric network recovery after removal of top-down neuromodulatory input--a process termed decentralization--is seen as a classic model of homeostatic change after injury. After decentralization, the pyloric central pattern generator briefly loses its characteristic rhythmic activity, but the same activity profile is recovered 3-5 days later via poorly understood homeostatic changes. This re-emergence of the pyloric rhythm occurs without the full pre-decentralization set of fixed conductance ratios. If conductance ratios stabilize pyloric activity before decentralization as we showed in Aim 1, then other mechanisms must account for the return of the pyloric rhythm after network recovery. Based on vertebrate studies demonstrating a role for the extracellular matrix (ECM) in activity regulation, we hypothesized in Aim 2 that the ECM was participating in activity maintenance in the stomatogastric nervous system. We used the enzyme chondroitinase ABC (chABC) to degrade extracellular chondroitin sulfate (CS) in the stomatogastric ganglion while in organ culture. Our results are the first to demonstrate the presence of CS in the crustacean nervous system via immunochemistry. Furthermore, we show that while ongoing activity is not disrupted by chABC treatment, recovery of pyloric activity after decentralization was significantly delayed without intact extracellular CS. Our results are the first to show that CS has a role in neuronal activity maintenance in crustaceans, and suggest that CS may be involved in initiating or directing activity maintenance needed in times of neuronal stress.

Cartilage regeneration is one of the most widely studied areas in tissue-engineering. Despite significant progress, most efforts to date have only focused on generating homogenous tissues whose bulk properties are similar to articular cartilage. However, anatomically and functionally, articular cartilage consists of four spatially distinct regions: the superficial, transitional, deep, and calcified zones. Each zone is characterized by unique extra-cellular matrix (ECM) compositions, mechanical properties, and cellular organization. The ECM is primarily composed of type II collagen and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), whose relative concentrations vary between zones and therefore lead to distinctive mechanical properties. One of the major unsolved challenges in engineering cartilage has been the inability to regenerate tissue that mimics the zonal architecture of articular cartilage. Recent studies have attempted to imitate this spatial organization using zone-specific chondrocytes isolated from donor animal cartilage. Directed differentiation of a single stem population into zonally organized native-like articular cartilage has not yet been reported. This dissertation reports that hydrogels, incorporating both synthetic and natural polymers as well as cell-induced degradability, are suitable for generating zone-specific chondrogenic phenotypes from a single MSC population. Specifically, cues provided from the unique combinations of chondroitin sulfate (CS), hyaluronic acid (HA), and MMP-sensitive peptide (MMP-pep) within a PEG-based hydrogel, direct the chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs. The findings of this dissertation demonstrate the capability of creating native-like and mechanically relevant articular cartilage consisting of zone specific layers. This ability provides a new direction in cartilage tissue engineering and could be invaluable for cartilage repair if incorporated with current minimally invasive surgical techniques. / text

Le CS fait partie de la famille des SYSADOA (SYmptomatic Slow Acting Drugs for OsteoArthritis) et est utilisé par les patients avec de l’ostéoarthrose de façon chronique pour ses propriétés anti-inflammatoires. Étant donné que ces patients reçoivent d’autres médicaments, il était intéressant de documenter les effets du CS sur le cytochrome P450 et la NADPH-réductase (NADPH). Pour cette étude, deux modèles ont été utilisés: des lapins témoins (LT) et des lapins avec une réaction inflammatoire (LRI) afin de diminuer l’activité et l’expression du CYP. Six groupes contenant chacun cinq lapins ont été utilisés: un groupe sans CS et deux groupes qui ont pris oralement dans l’eau approximativement 20.5 mg/kg/jour de CS pendant 20 et 30 jours; les lapins des trois groupes restants ont pris du CS comme décrit plus haut, mais ont reçu 5 ml sous-cutanées de térébenthine afin de produire une réaction inflammatoire aseptique (RIA) deux jours avant leur sacrifice, c’est-à-dire aux jours -2, 18 et 28. Les hépatocytes ont été isolés pour évaluer l’activité et l’expression du CYP3A6, CYP1A2 et NADPH et aussi le ARNm de ces protéines. In vitro, nous avons étudié l’effet de différentes concentrations de CS-disaccharides sulfatés, 4S, 6S, et 4,6S de CS, sur l’activité et l’expression du CYP1A2 et du CYP3A6. Pour documenter la présence de la réaction inflammatoire, nous avons mesure les mucoprotéines, dans le sérum des lapins avec une réaction inflammatoire. Aussi nous avons mesuré la présence de l’oxide nitrique (NO) chez les hépatocytes de lapins contrôles et chez les hépatocytes des lapins avec une réaction inflammatoire. La translocation nucléaire du NF-κB a été etudiée par fluorescence chez les hépatocytes. Par comparaison aux lapins témoins, l’administration du CS pendant 20 et 30 jours n’affecte pas l’activité du CYP3A6 et du CYP1A2. La RIA a augmenté les mucoprotéines à 95,1±5,7 vs 8,4±1,6 mg/dl dans les lapins témoins (p<0,05). La RIA a diminué l’activité du CYP3A6 de 62% et l’activité du CYP 1A2 de 54%. Le CS n’empêché pas la diminution du CYP1A2 produite par la RIA. Par ailleurs, le CS n’affecte pas l’activité ni l’expression de la NADPH. La translocation nucléaire de NF-κB a été empêche par l’administration chronique de CS aux lapins avec RIA; en plus, la concentration de l’oxide nitrique n’a pas démontré une augmentation en présence de CS; par contre, CS n’empêche pas l’augmentation des séromucoïdes. Au contraire, CS affecte la diminution du CYP3A6 en fonction de temps et secondaire à la RIA. Dans ce group, CS a rétabli le niveau des protéines du CYP3A6 observé dans le group de lapins témoins. Pourtant cette croissance été independante de mRNA qui garde un niveau trés bas. Le plus remarcable a été la manière dont CS a augmenté la protéine du CYP3A6, sans avoir rétabli l’activité de cet isoforme. Finalement, in vitro, CS et ses trois disaccharides sulfatés (4S, 6S et 4,6S) n’affectent ni l’activité ni l’expression de CYP1A2, CYP3A6 et de la NADPH. En conclusion, l’administration chronique de CS n’affecte pas l’activité ni l’expression du CYP1A2, ou la diminution du CYP1A2 produite par la réaction inflammatoire. Le CS n’affecte pas l’activité ni l’expression du NADPH. Cependant, CS empêche la diminution du CYP3A6 en fonction de temps et secondaire à la RIA. / In rabbits, an acute inflammatory reaction induced by the injection of turpentine causes a decrease in cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms activity and expression. Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a Symptomatic Slow Acting Drug for OsteoArthritis (SYSADOA) that elicits anti-inflammatory effects. Since patients take CS over long periods, it was of interest to assess whether CS modulates the activity of cytochrome P450 isoforms. In order to determine the effect of CS on the cytochrome P450, CS was administered in vivo to two animal models, e.g. chronic intake of CS in control rabbits, and chronic intake of CS in rabbits with a CYP down-regulated by an inflammatory reaction (IR). We used six groups of five rabbits: three to assess the effect of CS on cytochrome P450, one without CS and two receiving orally about 20 mg/kg/day CS for 20 and 30 days; and the remaining three groups of rabbits received turpentine s.c. to generate an aseptic IR (AIR) 48 h before their sacrifice, e.g. days -2, 18 and 28, while exposed to CS for 0, 20 or 30 days, respectively. In order to verify the presence of inflammation we measured the seromucoids in serum of rabbits with an AIR. Another marker of inflammation, e.g. nitric oxyde (NO.) production, was assessed in control hepatocytes (Hcont) and in hepatocytes from rabbits with an AIR (Hinfla). In addition, the effect of CS on the nuclear translocation of NF-κB was studied by fluorescence in hepatocytes. Finally, in hepatocytes (both Hcont and Hinfla) the CYP3A6, CYP1A2 and NADPH P450 reductase (NADPH) activity, expression and mRNA were measured. In vitro, the effect of different concentrations of CS, 4S-, 6S- and 4,6S-sulfated disaccharides of CS on the cytochrome P450 was documented. Compared with control rabbits, 20 and 30 days CS did not affect the activity of CYP3A6 and CYP1A2. The AIR increased seromucoids from 8.4±1.6 mg/dl in controls to 95.1±5.7 (p<0.05), as well as the nuclear translocation of NF-κB, and nitric oxide concentrations. The AIR reduced CYP3A6 activity by 62% and CYP1A2 activity by 54%, decrease associated to a reduction in protein expression and in mRNA, e.g. pre-transcriptional down-regulation. The nuclear translocation of NF-κB was prevented by the administration of CS to rabbits with an AIR, moreover CS impeded the increase of the concentrations of nitric oxide; however CS did not prevent the increase in seromucoids. CS did not prevent the down-regulation of CYP1A2 produced by the inflammatory reaction. CS prevented the time-dependent down-regulation of CYP3A6 in control rabbits and in rabbits with an inflammatory reaction. In this last group, CS restored the amounts of CYP3A6 protein to levels observed in control rabbits, however this increase was independent of the mRNA that remained very depressed. It is noteworthy that even if CS increased CYP3A6 protein, its activity was not recovered. CS did not affect NADPH activity or expression. Finally, in vitro, CS, 4S-, 6S and 4,6S-sulfated disaccharides of CS did not change the activity and expression of the two isoforms of CYP, and of NADPH. It is concluded that CS does not affect the activity or expression of CYP1A2, nor prevents CYP1A2 AIR-induced down-regulation. However, CS prevents the down-regulation of CYP3A6 time dependently and following the AIR but does not prevent the decrease of catalytic activity.

Acquiring knowledge of the morphological, molecular, and functional changes that occur to neurons following axotomy is a key step for a comprehensive understanding of the nervous system and how it reacts to injury. Propriospinal commissural interneurons (PCIs or CINs) are a class of neuron with axons that project through the ventral commissure to the contralateral spinal cord. My goal was to examine the morphological, molecular, and functional changes that occur to adult feline PCIs following a proximal axotomy. We first determined whether proximally axotomized PCIs develop de novo axons from their dendrites. C3 PCIs were proximally axotomized and several weeks later we stained PCIs and prepared the tissue for histological evaluation. Two primary classes of axotomized PCI were identified: those with a very short axon (called permanently axotomized) and those with an axon that projected across the injury site. Permanently axotomized PCIs had processes with morphological features typical of axons that emerged from their distal dendrites. These axonal processes of the distal dendrites also had GAP-43 (an axonal marker) and lacked MAP2a/b (a dendritic marker). We concluded that permanently axotomized PCIs develop de novo axons from distal dendrites. We then determined whether the axons that crossed the lesion site were representative of spontaneous functional regeneration. First, we showed that PCI axons regenerate through an environment that is typically highly inhibitory to regenerating axons. Second, we established that the regenerated axons conduct action potentials. Finally, we found that regenerated PCI axons form functional synaptic connections with neurons in the contralateral spinal cord. Collectively, these data indicated that spinal interneurons are capable of spontaneous functional regeneration through an injured spinal cord. PCI growth cones are complex and unlike growth cones previously described in the literature. The final study of the thesis examines the morphologies of PCI growth cones within spinal cord injury sites. We found that PCI growth cones have a wide range of morphologies that is independent of their location within the lesion site. Taken together, these data indicate that PCIs have a remarkable capacity for axonal elongation and contribute to remodelling of spinal circuitry following spinal injury. / Thesis (Ph.D, Physiology) -- Queen's University, 2009-12-07 11:21:47.036

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Ce travail de thèse a eu pour thème principal le protéoglycane syndecan-1 au cours du myélome multiple, une hémopathie maligne caractérisée par la présence d'un clone de plasmocytes tumoraux au sein de la moelle osseuse. Syndecan-1 est un élément majeur de la physiopathologie du myélome multiple, ce protéoglycane étant au coeur d'un réseau complexe d'interactions moléculaires conditionnant le devenir des cellules plasmocytaires tumorales.Les chaînes de glycosaminoglycanes présentes sur le core protéique de syndecan-1sont responsables d'une grande partie de son activité. Nous avons ainsi caractérisé, par une approche transcriptomique, 100 gènes codant les protéines impliquées dans la synthèse et la modification de ces chaînes. Nous avons de cette manière identifié des cibles moléculairesen vue de moduler, voire d'inhiber leur activité.Dans le but d'identifier les métalloprotéinases des familles ADAM et ADAMTS susceptibles d'interagir avec syndecan-1, nous avons réalisé l'étude du profil d'expression des gènes codant ces reprolysines et leurs inhibiteurs dans les cellules de la différentiation lymphocytaire B, les cellules plasmocytaires normales et tumorales ainsi que dans l'environnement médullaire.Dans une dernière partie, nous avons évalué l'efficacité d'une approche d'inhibitiondes chaînes héparanes sulfates via l'utilisation de l'héparine. Nous observons que certaines lignées myélomateuses sont inhibées par l'héparine et ses dérivés et que ces mêmes lignées sont stimulées par l'antidote de l'héparine, le sulfate de protamine. Les mécanismes mis enjeu sont en relation avec la modulation de la biodisponibilité des facteurs permettant la croissance des cellules. / Multiple myeloma is a hematological malignancy characterized by the expansion of aclone of malignant plasma cells in the bone marrow compartment. Syndecan-1 is a majorproteoglycan involved in a complex network of molecular interactions in multiple myelomaphysiopathology. As heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate chains are the bioactive components ofsyndecan-1, we first analysed the signature of genes encoding 100 proteins involved in thesynthesis of these chains, from precursor uptake to post-translational modifications, usingAffymetrix microarrays.In order to identify the metalloproteinases belonging to ADAM and ADAMTS familiespotentially implicated in the interactions with syndecan-1, we performed a gene expressionprofile focused on the genes encoding these reprolysines and their inhibitors.In a last part, we evaluated the efficacy of an inhibitory approach based on theutilization of heparin in human myeloma cell lines in vitro, inhibitory effects being in relationwith a modulation of the biodisponibility of heparin-binding factors.This work led us to identify targets of interest in relation with syndecan-1 biology inmultiple myeloma. They could be used to design new therapeutic strategies.