A osteocondrite dissecante (OCD) é uma doença que surge nos equinos durante a fase de desenvolvimento sendo caracterizada pela presença de fragmento osteocondral intra-articular. Pouco se sabe sobre a condição da articulação doente em animais mais velhos, principalmente nos casos assintomáticos, que são operados muitas vezes com a finalidade de comercialização posterior ou para impedir a progressão da doença. A finalidade deste estudo, portanto, foi analisar as articulações tíbio-társicas de equinos com idade superior a um ano apresentando OCD na crista intermédia da tíbia, e comparar animais saudáveis (grupo controle) com animais acometidos de OCD nas formas sintomática e assintomática, empregando análise física; contagem de células totais, dosagem de proteína total, análise de glicosaminoglicanos (GAGs) e da proteína oligomérica da matriz cartilagínea (COMP) no líquido sinovial; análise dos GAGs urinários e análise histológica da membrana sinovial e fragmento osteocondral. Os eqüinos utilizados foram divididos em três grupos. No Grupo I foram utilizados eqüinos clinicamente sadios, livres de doença na articulação tíbiotársica. Os Grupos II e III foram constituídos por animais portadores de OCD nas formas sintomática e assintomática respectivamente, atendidos e operados no Serviço de Cirurgia de Grandes Animais do Hospital Veterinário FMVZ-USP. A presença de sinais clínicos esteve mais relacionada com a presença de múltiplos fragmentos do que com a de fragmento osteocondral único, independente de seu tamanho. O sinal clínico mais observado nos animais do Grupo III foi a efusão articular. As principais alterações encontradas no líquido sinovial foram: o aumento na concentração de condroitim sulfato (CS) no Grupo II (P<0,01) e no Grupo III (P<0,001) em relação ao Grupo I; o aumento na concentração de ácido hialurônico associado à diminuição da viscosidade nos animais do Grupo III; e a redução na presença de fragmentos de alto peso molecular associado ao aumento de fragmentos de baixo peso molecular de COMP nos animais dos Grupos II e III. A análise dos GAGs urinários evidenciou aumento na proporção de CS nos animais dos Grupos II e III em relação ao Grupo I. Na análise histológica dos fragmentos osteocondrais foram observadas alterações na integridade da cartilagem articular, associada a proliferação de condrócitos e a redução na presença de proteoglicanos tanto no Grupo II como no Grupo III. As amostras de membrana sinovial do Grupo I apresentaram presença discreta de vilos e sinoviócitos. No Grupo II houve aumento moderado nas vilosidades sinoviais, e na maior parte das amostras avaliadas no Grupo III, além da presença moderada a severa de vilosidades sinoviais, foi observada proliferação intensa de sinoviócitos. Os resultados obtidos no presente estudo demonstram que a OCD na articulação tíbio-társica de equinos com idade superior a um ano representa processo ativo, com degradação da MEC da cartilagem articular, independente da presença de sinais clínicos, e que o tratamento cirúrgico é indicado, mesmo em animais assintomáticos, buscando interromper o processo de degradação cartilagínea e prevenir o desenvolvimento de doença articular degenerativa, particularmente em equinos que irão iniciar treinamento atlético esportivo. / Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) is an orthopedic disease that appears in foals during growth phase and is characterized by the presence (occurrence???) of an osteochondral fragment in the articular space. There are few studies in the literature concerning the follow up of the disease in adult horses, mainly those without clinical signs, which are submitted to surgical treatment to commercial proposes or to prevent the progression of the disease. The objective of the present study was to analyze tibiotarsal joints of horses older than one year with OCD in the intermediate ridge of distal tibia and compare healthy animals (control group) with OCD horses, either with or without clinical signs. Synovial fluid was analyzed to total cell count, total protein concentration, and cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) fragmentation. The synovial fluid and urine glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) were evaluated. The synovial membrane and osteochondral fragment were analyzed by istological assessment. Horses were divided in three groups: healthy horses without joint disease (Group I), horses with OCD without clinical sings (Group II) and horses with OCD and clinical signs (Group III). Horses of Groups II and III were admitted to the Large Animal Surgery Session of the Veterinary Hospital FMVZ USP. The presence of clinical signs was more related with multiple articular fragments than with one fragment, irrespective of the size. The most common clinical sign observed in Group III was joint effusion. The main changes in synovial fluid were: increase in chondroitin sulfate (CS) in Groups II (P<0,01) and III (P<0,001) when compared with Group I; increase in hyaluronic acid (HA) concentration associated with decrease in the viscosity in Group III; and the decrease of COMP fragments of higher molecular weight associated with increase of fragments of low molecular weight in Group II and III. The proportion of urinary CS was increased in Group II and III when compared with Group I. Alterations in the articular cartilage integrity associated with chondrocytes proliferation and loss of proteoglycan were observed in the histological analysis of the osteochondral fragments. In Group I the presence of synovial vilos and synoviocytes in the synovial membrane samples was discreet. In Group II samples there were a moderate increase in the presence of synovial vilos and synoviocytes. In almost samples analyzed in Group III the presence of synovial vilos was moderate to severe and synoviocytes proliferation was intense. Our results indicate that OCD in tibiotarsal joint of horses older than one year represents an active process, with degradation of the extra cellular matrix of the articular cartilage, regardless the presence of clinical signs, indicating surgical treatment, even in assymptomatic horses, avoiding the progression of cartilage degradation process and preventing the development of degenerative joint disease, mainly in horses that are going to begin athletic training.

Trauma to the central nervous system (CNS) results in an irreversible disruption of axon tracts, often leading to lifelong functional deficits. Despite a large body of research into the mechanisms that underlie the lack of axonal regeneration after CNS injury, there are currently no effective treatments. One major obstacle involves the presence at injury sites of CNS growth-inhibitory molecules, such as myelin proteins and astrocyte-derived chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs), which act as environmental barriers to axonal regeneration. Our lab recently described the identification and characterization of a novel compound, F05, which promotes growth on inhibitory substrates in vitro. I show that F05 improves regeneration in vivo after acute sensory axon transection as well as after optic nerve crush injury. F05 does not target known signaling molecules involved in CSPG or myelin mediated inhibition but does affect growth cone microtubule dynamics, suggesting a potentially novel mechanism of growth promotion. Using a protein microarray, I show that apoptotic signaling pathways may underlie glial-derived inhibition and its relief by F05. In addition, I employed a comparative gene microarray to show that F05 induces similar changes in gene expression as antipsychotics of the piperazine phenothiazine structural class (PhAPs). Indeed, PhAPs share F05’s ability to overcome glial-derived inhibition of cultured CNS neurons and do so through a mechanism dependent on antagonism of calmodulin. These studies have led to the identification of potentially novel clinical treatments for CNS injury as well as a better understanding of environmentally derived growth-inhibitory signaling mechanisms.

The cell surface is an active area where extracellular molecules meet their receptors and affect the cellular fate by inducing for example cell proliferation and adhesion. Syndecans and integrins are two transmembrane molecules that have been suggested to fine-tune these activities, possibly in cooperation. Syndecans are proteoglycans, i.e. proteins with specific types of carbohydrate chains attached. These chains are glycosaminoglycans and either heparan sulfate (HS) or chondroitin sulfate (CS). Syndecans are known to influence cell adhesion and signaling. Integrins in turn, are important adhesion molecules that connect the extracellular matrix with the cytoskeleton, and hence can regulate cell motility. In an attempt to study how the two types of glycosaminoglycans attached to syndecan-1 can interact with integrins, a cell based model system was used and functional motility assays were performed. The results showed that HS, but not CS, on the cell surface was capable of regulating integrin-mediated cell motility. Regulation of intracellular signaling is crucial to prevent abnormal cellular behavior. In the second part of this thesis, the aim was to see how the presentation of glycosaminoglycan chains to the FGF signaling complex could affect the cellular response. When attached to the plasma membrane via syndecan-1, CS chains could support the intracellular signaling, although not promoting as strong signals as HS. When glycosaminoglycans were attached to free ectodomains of syndecan-1, both types of chains sequestered FGF2 from the receptors to the same extent, pointing towards functional overlap between CS and HS. To further study the interplay between HS and CS, their roles in the formation of pharyngeal cartilage in zebrafish were established. HS was important during chondrocyte intercalation and CS in the formation of the surrounding extracellular matrix. Further, the balance between the biosynthetic enzymes determined the ratio of HS and CS, and HS biosynthesis was prioritized over CS biosynthesis. The results presented in this thesis provide further insight into the regulation of HS biosynthesis, as well as the roles of both HS and CS on the cell surface. It is evident, that in certain situations there is a strict requirement for a certain HS structure, albeit in other situations there is a functional overlap between HS and CS.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease which has yet no complete treatment with medication. Doxycycline, a well-known antibiotic, has been shown to prevent matrixmetallopreoteinases-MMPs, indicating potency on OA treatment. However, long term systemic use can cause side effects on other tissues. This study aimed to develop controlled drug delivery systems of doxycycline/doxycycline-chondroitin sulfate (D/D-CS) in the form of PCL microspheres for providing a better and new treatment approach via local application. After optimization studies for size, loading efficiency, surface/structure and release properties, microspheres of low Mw PCL (14 kDa) was decided to be more suitable than those of high Mw (65 kDa). The release profile of former was also more compatible with diffusion model than that of latter. The bio-effectiveness of the microspheres was evaluated with three-dimensional in vitro model / osteoarthritic-rabbit chondrocytes embedded in agarose and subjected to interleukin-1&beta / throughout incubations. In vitro treatments with D/D-CS microspheres showed significant reduction in MMP-13 activity compared with untreated OA controls for 15 and 24-day incubations. Although collagen and GAG analysis results showed no enhancement of synthesis with MS treatments, significant decrease in GAG and collagen release from D/D-CS MS treated groups and from D MS treated ones respectively. Overall evaluations of the efficacy using in vivo rabbit OA model showed better radiographic scores and histological outcomes for D/D-CS MS groups compared to only hyaluronan injected and/or untreated controls in 8 weeks. The ex-vivo biomechanical properties of cartilages demonstrated improved hardness with values comparable to healthy group upon application of D-CS MS.

Injury to the central nervous system (CNS) results in the formation of a highly inhibitory glial scar consisting mainly of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs). CSPGs are comprised of a protein core with covalently attached chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycan (CS-GAG) side chains. CSPGs and CS-GAGs have been implicated in the regenerative failure of the CNS, though the mechanism underlying inhibition is unclear. Sulfation affects both the physical and chemical characteristics of CS-GAGs and, therefore, it has been hypothesized that certain sulfation patterns are more inhibitory than others. To investigate this hypothesis, specific chondroitin sulfate sulfotransferases (CSSTs), the enzymes responsible for CS-GAG sulfation, were knocked down in vitro using siRNA. C4ST-1, C4ST-2, and C46ST were chosen as targets for gene knockdown in this study based on their expression in neural tissue and the extent of inhibition caused by their respective CS-GAG. It was hypothesized that transfection of primary rat astrocytes with siRNAs designed to prevent the expression of C4ST-1, C4ST-2, and C46ST would decrease specific sulfation patterns of CSPGs, resulting in improved neurite extension in a neurite guidance assay. Through optimization of siRNA dose, astrocyte viability was maintained while successfully knocking down mRNA levels of C4ST-1, C4ST-2, and C46ST and significantly reducing total levels of secreted CS-GAGs. However, no increase in the incidence of neurite extension was observed using conditioned media collected from siRNA transfected astrocytes compared to non-transfected controls. These data suggest that sulfation does not contribute to CSPG-mediated neurite inhibition, though further investigation is necessary to confirm these findings. Significantly, this work has established a paradigm for investigating the role of CSPG sulfation patterns in CNS regeneration.

A inexistência de um agente terapêutico único satisfatório para o tratamento do melanoma metastático e a potencialidade do quimioterápico 5FU (5-fluorouracil) motivou esta pesquisa, a qual teve por objetivo o desenvolvimento tecnológico de sistemas carreadores micro-/ e nanoestruturados contendo 5FU a fim de aumentar sua eficácia terapêutica e reduzir a toxicidade por meio da administração pulmonar. Duas formulações pulverulentas foram desenvolvidas com polímeros naturais, sulfato de condroitina e hidroxipropil-metil-celulose, denominadas 5FU-MS e 5FU-NS, utilizando as técnicas de aspersão e atomização vibracional piezoelétrica, respectivamente. Ambas as formulações foram avaliadas quanto às características físicas e químicas, perfil toxicológico in vivo (C. elegans e em ratos Wistar), e penetração e biodisponibilidade no tecido pulmonar pela quantificação da fração livre de fármaco por microdiálise pulmonar. A análise físico-química revelou a obtenção de partículas micrométricas para 5FU-MS e submicrométricas para 5FU-NS, com diâmetros médios de partícula de 2,546 ± 0,07 m e 0,652 ± 0,03 m, e fração respirável (FR%) de 55,12 ± 2,98 e 76,84 ± 0,07, respectivamente. Ambas demonstraram características e propriedades adequadas para administração pulmonar, com capacidade de deposição nas porções média e profunda. A toxicidade das formulações avaliada em C. elegans considerou o percentual de morte, desenvolvimento, DL50 e produção de ROS para os nematodos sob tratamento agudo e crônico. Os resultados evidenciaram redução significativa da toxicidade proporcionada pela redução da taxa de morte e maior desenvolvimento dos grupos tratados com as formulações 5FU-MS e 5FU-NS em comparação ao fármaco livre, sugerindo perfis de segurança satisfatórios para administração. Além disso, 5FU-MS revelou-se um agente pró-oxidante, representando um diferencial promissor deste sistema, podendo alcançar maior sensibilização das células tumorais com menores doses. A toxicidade pulmonar aguda foi avaliada pela análise de LDH e proteínas totais no fluido de lavagem bronco-alveolar (BALF) após a administração combinada das formulações 5FU-MS e 5FU-NS para administração como um sistema terapêutico único (5FU-MS/NS), e análise de dano tecidual pulmonar em ratos. Os resultados da análise bioquímica e histológica indicaram o baixo potencial de indução de lesão tecidual a partir da administração pulmonar combinada das formulações, em relação ao fármaco livre. A análise do perfil farmacocinético por microdiálise pulmonar evidenciou o êxito no desenvolvimento dos sistemas carreadores, tornando possível duplicar o t1/2 do 5FU e aumentar significativamente a biodisponibilidade no tecido pulmonar. Os resultados obtidos indicam a eficiência das formulações 5FU-MS e 5FU-NS em alcançar os benefícios terapêuticos do fármaco 5FU com menores doses e maiores intervalos de administração. Este trabalho de tese apresenta uma abordagem promissora na terapia de neoplasias com recorrência de metástase pulmonar. / The absence of a single therapeutic agent suitable for the treatment of metastatic melanoma and the potential of 5FU chemotherapy (5-fluorouracil) motivated this study, which aimed the development of carrier systems based on micro-/ and nanostructures containing 5FU to increase the therapeutic efficacy and reduce toxicity of this drug by pulmonary administration. Two different formulations of dry powders were developed with natural polymers, chondroitin sulfate and hydroxypropyl-methyl-cellulose, denomined 5FU-MS and 5FU-NS, using the spray-drying and vibrational piezoelectric atomization techniques, respectively. Both formulations were evaluated in terms of physico-chemical characteristics, in vivo toxicological behaviors (C. elegans and in Wistar rats), bioavailability and penetration in the lung tissue by quantifying of drug free fraction by lung microdialysis. The physicochemical analysis showed that were obtained as micrometric (5FU-MS) and submicron particles (5FU-NS), with average diameters of particle 2.546 ± 0.07 m and 0.652 ± 0.03 m, and respirable fraction (FR%) of 55.12 ± 2.98 and 76.84 ± 0.07, respectively. Both showed suitable characteristics and properties for pulmonary delivery, with deposition capacity in the middle and deep lung portions. The toxicity of the formulations evaluated in C. elegans considered the death rate, body development, DL50 and production of ROS to nematodes under acute and chronic treatment. The results showed significant reduction of toxicity, reducing the death rate and greater development of the groups treated with 5FU-MS and 5FU-NS formulations compared to the free drug, suggesting satisfactory safety profile for administration. In addition, 5FU-MS proved to be a pro-oxidant agent, representing a promising differential of this system which can achieve greater sensitization of tumoral cells with lower doses. Acute pulmonary toxicity was evaluated by analyzing LDH, and total protein in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) after combined administration of 5FU-MS formulations and 5FU-NS for administration as a single therapeutic system (5FU-MS/NS) and analysis of lung tissue damage in rats. The results of biochemical and histological analysis indicated the low potential to induce tissue damage from the pulmonary administration of combined formulations, compared to free drug. Analysis of the pharmacokinetic profile for pulmonary microdialysis showed the successful development of carrier systems, making it possible to double the t1/2 of 5FU and significantly increase bioavailability in lung tissue. The results indicate the effectiveness of the formulations 5FU-MS and 5FU-NS in achieving the therapeutic benefits of the drug 5FU at lower doses and higher dosing intervals. This thesis work presents a promising approach to cancer therapy with lung metastasis recurrence.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:46:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 2724286 bytes, checksum: dfc4a98088cd85fae126679628671081 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-28 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The aim of this research was to evaluate the influence of chondroprotective veterinary supplement (nutraceutic) composed of glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate in the repair of osteochondral defects induced in femoral lateral condyle of dogs, by clinical, radiographic, macroscopic, histologic and morfometric analysis. We also aimed to test the safety of the supplement with tests of blood glucose, blood count, liver and kidney function, activated partial tromboplastine and time prothrombin time. Fortyeigth adult dogs with body weight ranging from 10 kg to 25 kg were used. They were divided into four treatments (I, II, III and IV), according to the postoperative period of evaluation (15, 30, 60 and 90 days) and each containing six animals. Within each treatment, six animals (GI) received the supplement daily, while the other six formed the control group (GII). No significant differences were observed between groups for each treatment. Therefore, the conditions in which this study was conducted, the chondroprotective did not cause adverse effects and the treated group did not differ from the control on the repair process of such defects. / O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a influência de um suplemento condroprotetor (nutracêutico) veterinário comercial, à base de sulfato de condroitina e glucosamina, na reparação de falhas osteocondrais induzidas no côndilo femoral lateral de cães, por meio de análises clínica, radiográfica, macroscópica, histológica e morfométrica. Objetivou-se ainda testar a segurança do produto, por meio dos exames de glicemia, hemograma, funções hepática e renal, tempo de tromboplastina parcial ativada e tempo de protombina. Foram utilizados 48 cães adultos, entre 10 e 25 kg de peso corporal e sem raça definida, distribuídos aleatoriamente entre quatro tratamentos (I, II, III e IV), de acordo com o período de pós-operatório (15, 30, 60 e 90 dias) e contendo cada um deles 12 animais. Dentro de cada tratamento, seis animais (GI) receberam diariamente o condroprotetor, enquanto os outros seis constituíram o grupo controle (GII). Não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos de cada tratamento e, portanto, nas condições em que o presente estudo foi realizado, o condroprotetor não ocasionou efeitos adversos e o grupo tratado não diferiu do controle quanto ao processo de reparação dos defeitos.

A inexistência de um agente terapêutico único satisfatório para o tratamento do melanoma metastático e a potencialidade do quimioterápico 5FU (5-fluorouracil) motivou esta pesquisa, a qual teve por objetivo o desenvolvimento tecnológico de sistemas carreadores micro-/ e nanoestruturados contendo 5FU a fim de aumentar sua eficácia terapêutica e reduzir a toxicidade por meio da administração pulmonar. Duas formulações pulverulentas foram desenvolvidas com polímeros naturais, sulfato de condroitina e hidroxipropil-metil-celulose, denominadas 5FU-MS e 5FU-NS, utilizando as técnicas de aspersão e atomização vibracional piezoelétrica, respectivamente. Ambas as formulações foram avaliadas quanto às características físicas e químicas, perfil toxicológico in vivo (C. elegans e em ratos Wistar), e penetração e biodisponibilidade no tecido pulmonar pela quantificação da fração livre de fármaco por microdiálise pulmonar. A análise físico-química revelou a obtenção de partículas micrométricas para 5FU-MS e submicrométricas para 5FU-NS, com diâmetros médios de partícula de 2,546 ± 0,07 m e 0,652 ± 0,03 m, e fração respirável (FR%) de 55,12 ± 2,98 e 76,84 ± 0,07, respectivamente. Ambas demonstraram características e propriedades adequadas para administração pulmonar, com capacidade de deposição nas porções média e profunda. A toxicidade das formulações avaliada em C. elegans considerou o percentual de morte, desenvolvimento, DL50 e produção de ROS para os nematodos sob tratamento agudo e crônico. Os resultados evidenciaram redução significativa da toxicidade proporcionada pela redução da taxa de morte e maior desenvolvimento dos grupos tratados com as formulações 5FU-MS e 5FU-NS em comparação ao fármaco livre, sugerindo perfis de segurança satisfatórios para administração. Além disso, 5FU-MS revelou-se um agente pró-oxidante, representando um diferencial promissor deste sistema, podendo alcançar maior sensibilização das células tumorais com menores doses. A toxicidade pulmonar aguda foi avaliada pela análise de LDH e proteínas totais no fluido de lavagem bronco-alveolar (BALF) após a administração combinada das formulações 5FU-MS e 5FU-NS para administração como um sistema terapêutico único (5FU-MS/NS), e análise de dano tecidual pulmonar em ratos. Os resultados da análise bioquímica e histológica indicaram o baixo potencial de indução de lesão tecidual a partir da administração pulmonar combinada das formulações, em relação ao fármaco livre. A análise do perfil farmacocinético por microdiálise pulmonar evidenciou o êxito no desenvolvimento dos sistemas carreadores, tornando possível duplicar o t1/2 do 5FU e aumentar significativamente a biodisponibilidade no tecido pulmonar. Os resultados obtidos indicam a eficiência das formulações 5FU-MS e 5FU-NS em alcançar os benefícios terapêuticos do fármaco 5FU com menores doses e maiores intervalos de administração. Este trabalho de tese apresenta uma abordagem promissora na terapia de neoplasias com recorrência de metástase pulmonar. / The absence of a single therapeutic agent suitable for the treatment of metastatic melanoma and the potential of 5FU chemotherapy (5-fluorouracil) motivated this study, which aimed the development of carrier systems based on micro-/ and nanostructures containing 5FU to increase the therapeutic efficacy and reduce toxicity of this drug by pulmonary administration. Two different formulations of dry powders were developed with natural polymers, chondroitin sulfate and hydroxypropyl-methyl-cellulose, denomined 5FU-MS and 5FU-NS, using the spray-drying and vibrational piezoelectric atomization techniques, respectively. Both formulations were evaluated in terms of physico-chemical characteristics, in vivo toxicological behaviors (C. elegans and in Wistar rats), bioavailability and penetration in the lung tissue by quantifying of drug free fraction by lung microdialysis. The physicochemical analysis showed that were obtained as micrometric (5FU-MS) and submicron particles (5FU-NS), with average diameters of particle 2.546 ± 0.07 m and 0.652 ± 0.03 m, and respirable fraction (FR%) of 55.12 ± 2.98 and 76.84 ± 0.07, respectively. Both showed suitable characteristics and properties for pulmonary delivery, with deposition capacity in the middle and deep lung portions. The toxicity of the formulations evaluated in C. elegans considered the death rate, body development, DL50 and production of ROS to nematodes under acute and chronic treatment. The results showed significant reduction of toxicity, reducing the death rate and greater development of the groups treated with 5FU-MS and 5FU-NS formulations compared to the free drug, suggesting satisfactory safety profile for administration. In addition, 5FU-MS proved to be a pro-oxidant agent, representing a promising differential of this system which can achieve greater sensitization of tumoral cells with lower doses. Acute pulmonary toxicity was evaluated by analyzing LDH, and total protein in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) after combined administration of 5FU-MS formulations and 5FU-NS for administration as a single therapeutic system (5FU-MS/NS) and analysis of lung tissue damage in rats. The results of biochemical and histological analysis indicated the low potential to induce tissue damage from the pulmonary administration of combined formulations, compared to free drug. Analysis of the pharmacokinetic profile for pulmonary microdialysis showed the successful development of carrier systems, making it possible to double the t1/2 of 5FU and significantly increase bioavailability in lung tissue. The results indicate the effectiveness of the formulations 5FU-MS and 5FU-NS in achieving the therapeutic benefits of the drug 5FU at lower doses and higher dosing intervals. This thesis work presents a promising approach to cancer therapy with lung metastasis recurrence.

Orientador: Fabio Trindade Maranhão Costa / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T20:47:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bastos_MarceleFontenelle_M.pdf: 15905703 bytes, checksum: b7c6bc673961fdae05225ebe3ac50346 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: 0 seqüestro de eritrócitos infectados par Plasmodium falciparum (Pf-Els) na microvasculatura de varies órgãos envolve uma seqüência de eventos que acredita­se contribuir para a patogênese da malaria grave. Apesar do tratamento com drogas antimaláricas serem eficazes, mortalidade significativa ainda é vista nos casos graves da doença, particularmente no prazo de 24 horas da admissão hospitalar. Acredita-se que o uso de terapias anti-adesivas nesse período poderia minimizar as complicações causadas pelo P. falciparum. Nesse sentido, polissacarídeos sulfatados, como a heparina e a condroitina-sulfato-A (CSA), têm mostrado capacidade em inibir a citoaderência de Pf-Els a receptores endoteliais. A heparina foi usada no passado no tratamento da malaria grave, mas deixou de ser recomendada, devido a ocorrência de sérios efeitos colaterais, como hemorragias. Além disso, esses compostos são derivados de mamíferos, o que aumenta o risco de contaminação por agentes patogênicos. De fato, embora muitos compostos tenham sido testados, nenhum demonstrou evidência inequívoca de melhora nos testes clínicos para prevenção e tratamento da malária grave. 0 condroitim sulfate fucosilado (FucCS) é um polissacarídeo altamente sulfatado extraído do pepino-do-mar Ludwigothurea grisea, composto por uma base estrutural de condroitim sulfato de mamífero, e substituído na posição 3 dos resíduos de acido ß-D-glucurônico com cadeias de fucose sulfatadas. Nesse estudo, mostramos que o FucCS apresenta baixa toxicidade, e é um potente inibidor da citoaderência parasitária em células endoteliais de pulmão humano (HLEC) e da reinvasão de eritrócitos por merozoítos de P. falciparum. Em ambos os casos, a inibição ocorre de maneira dose dependente, e o composto mostrou ser eficiente na inibição de diferentes fenótipos parasitários. A remoção das cadeias de fucose sulfatadas do FucCS praticamente aboliu o efeito inibitório, sugerindo um papel central desempenhado por essas cadeias na ocorrência do processo inibitório. 0 composto também mostrou ser capaz de reverter a citoadesão parasitária em sistema que mimetiza o fluxo sangüíneo. Além disso, o tratamento com o FucCS (1 mg/kg/animal/dia) demonstrou retardar a morte de camundongos infectados com Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA), modelo experimental de malária cerebral. Assim, sugerimos o FucCS como um candidato promissor a terapia adjuvante no tratamento da malária grave e na prevenção ao agravamento da doença / Abstract: Sequestration of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes (Pf-EIs) in the microvasculature of several organs involves a sequence of events that contributes to the pathogenesis of severe malaria. Despite treatment with effective antimalarial drugs, significant mortality is still observed in severe cases of disease, particularly within 24 hours of hospital admission. It is believed that the use of anti-adhesive therapies in this period could reduce complications caused by P. falciparum. Accordingly,sulfated polysaccharides such as heparin and chondroitin sufate A (CSA) have shown ability to inhibit the cytoadherence of Pf-EIs to endothelial receptors. Although heparin was used in the past as treatment for severe malaria, its use was discontinued due to the occurrence of serious side effects such as bleeding. Moreover, given that these compounds are obtained from mammals, potential risk of contamination has to be considered. In fact, although many compounds have been tested, none demonstrated unequivocal evidence of improvement in clinical trials for prevention and treatment of severe malaria. The fucosylated chondroitin sulfate (FucCS) is a highly sulfated polysaccharide extracted from sea cucumber Ludwigothurea grisea, composed of a chondroitin sulfate backbone substituted at the 3-position of the ß-D-glucuronic acid residues with sulfated fucose branches. In this study, we show that FucCS presents low toxicity and is a potent inhibitor of parasite cytoadherence in human lung endothelial cells (HLEC) and reinvasion of erythrocytes by P. falciparum merozoites. In both cases, inhibition occurs in a concentration-dependent manner, and the compound showed to be effective in inhibiting different parasite phenotypes. Removal of the sulfated fucose branches on the FucCS practically abolished the inhibitory effect, suggesting a central role played by these branches in the occurrence of the inhibitory process. The compound also showed ability to reverse parasite cytoadhesion under flow conditions. Furthermore, treatment with FucCS at 1 mg/kg/animal/day improved survival of C57BL/6 ice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA), an experimental model for cerebral malaria. Thus, we suggest FucCS as a promising candidate for adjunct therapy in the treatment of severe malaria and in prevention of severe malaria outcomes / Mestrado / Imunologia / Mestre em Genética e Biologia Molecular

Submitted by isabela.moljf@hotmail.com (isabela.moljf@hotmail.com) on 2017-05-12T12:43:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 andreluizdacunha.pdf: 5996425 bytes, checksum: b2672b9464385b63d7ce5aa90c90c7eb (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-05-12T15:45:22Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 andreluizdacunha.pdf: 5996425 bytes, checksum: b2672b9464385b63d7ce5aa90c90c7eb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T15:45:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 andreluizdacunha.pdf: 5996425 bytes, checksum: b2672b9464385b63d7ce5aa90c90c7eb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-07-31 / Condroitim sulfato é um glicosaminoglicano sulfatado composto por unidades dissacarídicas formadas por ácido D-glucurônico e N-acetil-galactosamina. Este polissacarídeo é utilizado no Brasil em combinação com outros fármacos para tratamento de osteoartrite. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade do insumo farmacêutico condroitim sulfato de sódio utilizado em farmácias de manipulação. Para isso foi necessário estabelecer uma técnica de eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida para análise de açúcares (FACE), bem como produzir enzimas específicas para a digestão de condroitim sulfato. Diferentes dissacarídeos insaturados, monossacarídeos sulfatados e açúcares neutros derivatizados com 2-aminoacridona foram separados por FACE, usando dois sistemas tampão distintos. Fracionamos por cromatografia de interação hidrofóbica três condroitinases de F. heparinum – condroitinase AC, C e B. Por FACE caracterizamos a atividade dessas enzimas e identificamos contaminação de condroitinase AC por sulfatase específica para hexosamina sulfatada na posição 4, que foi inibida por fluoreto de sódio (10 mM). Glucuronidase com atividade específica para dissacarídeo não sulfatado e 6-sulfatado foi detectada em condroitinase C, e sacarolactona (10 mM) foi capaz de impedir somente a degradação de ΔDi0S. Dosagem de condroitim sulfato em amostras farmacêuticas foi realizada por eletroforese em gel de agarose e por titulação fotométrica. Teor superior a 80% foi encontrado em apenas cinco matériasprimas. O peso molecular médio do condroitim sulfato nessas amostras variou entre 16 e 26 kDa, e análise dissacarídica por FACE revelou proporções próximas entre dissacarídeo 4-sulfatado e 6-sulfatado. Onze amostras apresentaram teor inferior a 20%, e análise por FACE demonstrou presença de contaminação por lactose ou polímeros de glicose com diferentes pesos moleculares. Concluímos neste estudo que há grande distorção entre os resultados reportados no certificado de análise de onze insumos analisados e os resultados obtidos nesse trabalho. Torna-se necessário, portanto, maior fiscalização e regulação do comércio deste produto. / Chondroitin sulfate is a sulfated glycosaminoglycan composed of alternate sequences of D-glucuronic acid and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine. This polysaccharide is widely recommended for treatment of osteoarthritis in Brazil, in association with other drugs. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the quality of chondroitim sulfate raw material used for pharmaceutical recipes. A polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis method for carbohydrate analysis (FACE) was established, so as the production of specific enzymes able to digest chondroitin sulfate. Different unsaturated disaccharides, sulfated monosaccharides and neutral sugars derivatized with 2-aminoacridona were resolved by FACE, using two distinct buffer systems. F. heparinum chondroitinase AC, C and B were fractioned by hydrophobic interaction chromatography, and the activity of these enzymes was characterized by FACE. Chondroitinase AC demonstrated contamination by a sulfatase specific for sulfation at position 4 of hexosamine, which was inhibited by 10 mM sodium fluoride. Glucuronidase contamination with specific activity against non sulfated and 6-sulfated disaccharide was detected in chondroitinase C, and 10 mM D-saccharic acid-1,4-lactone inhibited the degradation of only non sulfated disaccharide. Chondroitin sulfate content in pharmaceutical raw materials was determined by agarose gel electrophoresis and by photometric titration. Only five samples showed content greater than 80%. Chondroitin sulfate average molecular weight in these samples varied from 16 to 26 kDa, and disaccharide analysis by FACE revealed similar proportions between 4-sulfated and 6-sulfated disaccharide. Eleven samples showed less than 20% of chondroitin sulfate, and contaminant analysis by FACE detected the presence of lactose or different polymers of glucose. We concluded that there is a large distortion between the data reported at the certificate of analysis of eleven products and the results obtained in this work. Stricter regulation of this raw material should be enforced.