University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities / Department of Chinese

Ce mémoire se veut une réflexion sur la place de l'interprétation dans un travail de traduction d’œuvres poétiques. La réflexion s'articule premièrement autour de l'exemple d'Ezra Pound, traducteur de poèmes chinois classiques. Elle se poursuit par une exploration des possibilités interprétatives contenues dans le langage lui-même, pour se conclure par une expérience subjective de traduction. J'ai choisi de traduire trois poèmes de Xi Chuan, poète chinois appartenant au mouvement de la poésie obscure. La poésie obscure est un courant littéraire contemporain, qui se poursuit encore aujourd'hui sous l'appellation de poésie post-obscure. Les travaux de Xi Chuan sont un exemple de la recherche d'une nouvelle forme d'expression pour les poètes chinois contemporains, soit l'émergence de la voix subjective, phénomène directement relié à une prise de position face au passé traditionnel et au désir d’émancipation et d’autonomie de l’expression littéraire. Cette place qu’occupe le poète obscur entre le nouveau et l'ancien permet à l'individu d’interpréter d’une manière plus personnelle le présent. De la même manière, le traducteur doit rompre avec le passé (soit le texte de départ) pour permettre l’interprétation et la projection du nouveau texte dans l’avenir (soit dans la langue d’arrivée). / This dissertation strives to be a reflection on the importance of interpretation in a translation of poetic language. This reflection takes is point of departure from the example of Ezra Pound, translator of classic Chinese poems. It continues with an exploration of the interpretative possibilities included in language itself, concluding with a subjective experience of translation. I chose to translate three poems by Xi Chuan, a Chinese poet belonging to the obscure poetry movement. Obscure poetry is a contemporary literary movement which still continues today under the name of post-obscure poetry. Xi Chuan’s writings are an example of the search for a new expressive form for contemporary Chinese poets or, in other words, for the emergence of a subjective voice that is directly related to taking a stand with regard to the traditional past while striving for the emancipation and autonomy of literary expression. The place occupied by the obscure poet between the new and the old allows the individual to interpret the present in a manner that is more personal. In the same way, the translator has to break away from the past (in other words, the original text) to allow for interpretation and the projection of the new text into the future (that is, the receiving language).

Quedas no idoso pode ser um evento devastador. Deve ser estimulada a conscientização desse grupo quanto aos benefícios de se manterem ativos. O tai chi chuan é um exercício de prática esportiva moderada que demonstra aumento no equilíbrio, marcha e postura. O objetivo foi avaliar a influência dessa modalidade no equilíbrio, postura e marcha de idosos ativos e saudáveis. Foi realizado um estudo transversal controlado com 76 voluntários, com 51 participantes da atividade para o equilíbrio, idade média de76, 8 anos. Foram utilizados quatro testes do Sistema Balance Master da Neurocom. Para análise dos dados a comparação das idades nos dois grupos utilizou-se o teste de Mann-Whitney (Siegel, 2006). O mesmo teste foi utilizado para todas as comparações entre os dois grupos quanto ao Teste Clínico Modificado da Interação Sensorial para o Equilíbrio (TCISEM), Teste da Caminhada (TC), Teste da Transferência de Sentado para em Pé (TSP) e Teste da avaliação Unipodal (TUP). O grupo do tai chi chuan apresentou valores significativos no equilíbrio e maior capacidade de recuperação. / Falls in the elderly can be a devastating event. Should be encouraged awareness about the benefits of this group to remain active exercises. Tai-chi-chuan is an exercise in sports practice demonstrates that moderate increases in balance, gait and posture. The objective was to evaluate the influence of this modality in the balance, posture and gait of elderly people active and independent. Was conducted a cross-controlled study with 76 volunteers, with 51 participants in the activity for the balance, average age de76, 8 years. We used four tests of the system\'s Balance Master Neurocom.For analysis of the data to compare the two age groups using the Mann-Whitney test (. Siegel, 2006). The same test was used for all comparisons between the two groups on the Modified Clinical Test of Sensory Integration for the balance (TCISEM), the Walk Test (CT), Test of the Transfer of sitting for standing (TSP) and Test of the evaluation Leg (TUP). The group of tai chi chuan showed significant values in the balance and gait.

Thesis (M.A.)--香港中文大學. / Manuscript. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 1-19 (3d group)). / Thesis (M.A.)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue. / Chapter （一） --- 緒論 --- p.1-4 / Chapter （二） --- 關於閩廠的創立背景上若干疑問的討論 --- p.5-31 / Chapter （三） --- 閩廠與中法戰爭有關疑問的討論 --- p.32-58 / Chapter （四） --- 結論 --- p.59-62 / Chapter 附錄 --- 附錄 / Chapter （五） --- 注釋 / Chapter （六） --- 重要參考書目

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2016-11-09T10:49:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Nilton Kamigauti.pdf: 18775249 bytes, checksum: fee2ef8d47303da8ab1ca5ef7a3ef5ce (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-09T10:49:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nilton Kamigauti.pdf: 18775249 bytes, checksum: fee2ef8d47303da8ab1ca5ef7a3ef5ce (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Currently, the high levels of stress pose a challenge to the contemporaneity. Teaching is one of the key professions of our society and which presents one of the highest levels of stress. In this work, it was observed that 65,3% of teachers from two schools of São Paulo suffer from stress. The purpose of this research was to assess the effects of Tai Chi Chuan on the level of stress of teachers. The instruments used were Lipp´s Stress Symptoms Inventory for Adults (ISSL) to measure the stress levels and, to the individuals that practiced Tai Chi Chuan, a questionnaire to evaluate the impressions of such individuals on practicing Tai Chi Chuan was also used. The proceeding for the selection of participants was, initially, to apply the ISSL on the 49 participating teachers. Out of such individuals, 32 presented stress and were divided, equally (based on their level of stress, age and time they have been teaching), into 16 on the control group and 16 on the experimental group. The 16 participants of the experimental group were ministered classes of Tai Chi Chuan (including Chi Kung and meditation); during the period of 2 months, they attended 8 classes of 1 hour each, once a week. At the end of the 2-month period, the 32 participants of the 2 groups were retested with ISSL and the questionnaire to evaluate the impressions of practicing Tai Chi Chuan was applied solely to the experimental group. As a result, we observed that the experimental group presented a decrease in the stress levels in order of 77,16%, while the control group did not present any relevant change. Tai Chi Chuan was proven to be an efficient technique for stress management, being a low cost activity, easily executed within the premises of the schools themselves and that does not require any equipment to be practiced; it presented a good acceptance, probably due to the swiftly achieved positive effects. Therefore, Tai Chi Chuan was effective in the decrease of the stress levels of the participating teachers / Atualmente, os altos níveis de estresse representam um desafio à contemporaneidade. A docência é uma das profissões fundamentais de nossa sociedade a qual apresenta um dos níveis mais altos de estresse. Neste trabalho, constatou-se que 65,3% dos professores de duas escolas de São Paulo sofrem de estresse. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar os efeitos da prática do Tai Chi Chuan no nível de estresse de docentes. Os instrumentos utilizados foram o Inventário de Sintomas de Estresse para Adultos de Lipp (ISSL) para medir os níveis de estresse e, para os que praticaram o Tai Chi Chuan, também foi utilizado o questionário para avaliar as impressões da prática do Tai Chi Chuan. O procedimento para selecionar os participantes foi, incialmente, aplicar o ISSL nos 49 professores participantes. Destes, 32 apresentaram estresse e foram divididos, igualmente (com base no nível de estresse, idade e tempo que lecionam), em 16 no grupo controle e 16 no grupo experimental. Os 16 participantes do grupo experimental tiveram aulas de Tai Chi Chuan (incluindo Chi Kung e meditação); ao longo de 2 meses, participaram de 8 aulas de 1 hora de duração, 1 vez por semana. Ao final dos 2 meses, os 32 participantes dos 2 grupos foram retestados com o ISSL e apenas no grupo experimental foi aplicado o questionário para avaliar as impressões da prática do Tai Chi Chuan. Como resultado, observamos que o grupo experimental apresentou uma queda dos níveis de estresse na ordem de 77,16%, enquanto o grupo controle não apresentou mudança relevante. O Tai Chi Chuan mostrou-se uma técnica eficaz no gerenciamento do estresse, sendo uma atividade economicamente barata, de fácil execução dentro das próprias escolas e que não requer nenhum equipamento para ser praticado; apresentou boa adesão, provavelmente devido aos efeitos benéficos rapidamente alcançados. Assim, o Tai Chi Chuan foi eficiente na baixa dos níveis de estresse nos professores participantes

身處明末清初變亂紛呈的時代中，王夫之面對國土淪亡，異族入主的悲運，時時反映出愛國意識和歷史責任感在他的著作中。對於他的詩歌作品和哲學思想著作，後人巳有充份的闡述。而詞作方面，卻未被廣泛的討論。其實，在他的詞作中，深刻蘊藏著遺民之情與忠愛之思；在慷慨激昂與悲憤執著之後，往往昇華為含蓄蘊藉之美，且常與他的文學理論相結合。所以，本文欲以王夫之《薑薺詩餘》為依據，來探討他身清心明的一片故國情懷，並給予船山詞在詞史上的定位與評價。而章節的安排如下：引言：包含研究動機、研究資料、研究方法、總結前人研究成果。本文共分六章。第一章：緒論。第一節：敘述王夫之的生平大略及著述。第二節：敘述船山的愛國思想及人格特質。其中，船山的民本思想、忠貞特質和遺民情懷是最為深刻而直接的感染其詞作風格的因素，第三節：船山《薑齋詩餘》通論。第二章：王船山詞的創作背景。第一節：歷史背景，從政治環境、社會實況兩方面來考察。第二節：詞壇風貌，主要批判明代中後期浮靡中枵的詞風，並肯定明末忠義詞人的風騷遺旨。第三章：《薑齋詩餘》的題材內容與藝術特色。第一節：《薑齋詩餘》的題材。第二節：《薑齋詩餘》的內涵。第三節：《薑齋詩餘》的技巧第四節：《薑齋詩餘》的章法和篇法。第四章：《薑齋詩餘》的風格。第一節：豪宕。主要從其實際愛國行動及愛國思想中所孕蘊而成的詞作探討。第二節：醇雅。大半是晚年歸隱後的心境，除了醇雅蘊藉之外，還時時流露出老而彌堅的心性。第五章：《薑齋詩餘》與《薑齋詩話》。第一節：情景交融的美學內涵。第二節：群以制怨的含蓄本質。第三節：神理相取、意在言外的文學精神。第六章：結論。將王夫之詞對明末清初詞壇的貢獻及成就加以確定及評價。

川邊，乃四川之邊，其含義可分狹義與廣義兩種，狹義的川邊指的是寧靜山以東至四川邊界，而廣義的川邊指的則包含藏人所稱的「康」部，即丹達山以東至四川邊界皆可稱為川邊。 　　由於川邊的地理位置，使得川邊成為內地中央朝廷經營西藏的重要中間地帶，又由於境內山高水深、地形複雜，致使內地中央朝廷不得不以土司制度加以遙制。十八世紀以後，西方勢力不斷滲入中國，川邊土司制度變得非常不合時宜，改變川邊體制，將其納入中央政府直接管轄，成為當務之急。光緒三十一年(1905)，駐藏幫辦大臣鳳全於入藏途中被殺，在此背景之下，趙爾豐被委以勘亂任務，率兵進駐川邊，自此展開其為期七年的積烈改革。 　　本論文除前言與結語外，計分四章十二節敘述。前言部份敘述研究動機、研究範圍、研究限制、研究方法及檔案介紹。第一章從川邊的歷史及地理說起，分為兩節，說明川邊的自然環境、社會民情，並以內地中央王朝的更迭為時代分際，說明歷代的川邊歷史並兼述與內地的關係。第二章為川邊特別行政區的設置，分為三節，第一節敘述川邊特別行政區設置的背景，第二節討論川邊特別行政區設置的近因～巴塘事件，第三節說明趙爾豐與川滇邊務大臣的設置。第三章為趙爾豐與川邊土司改土歸流，本章依趙爾豐改土歸流的順序分成四節，第一節﹕康南地區的改土歸流(1905～1907)﹔第二節﹕康北地區的改土歸流(1908～1909)﹔第三節﹕金沙江西岸的改土歸流(1909～1910)﹔第四節﹕康東地區的改土歸流(1911～)。第四章討論趙爾豐對川邊的建設，計分三節，第一節說明趙爾豐的政治改革，底下細分為地方行政的改革、對土司、寺廟的限制及其他三個單元。節二節討論趙爾豐的經濟建設，並分成財務、墾務、礦業、手工業、商務、交通等單元。第三節說明趙爾豐的社會改革，分成教育、醫藥衛生、風俗習慣等個三單元。 　　趙爾豐七年的川邊經營，對長期處於閉塞的川邊地區而言，產生極大的衝擊，其保護國家領土完整的初衷順利達成，而對於川邊的經濟、社會所產生的影響則直至現代。

Ethno botanical surveys have revealed that Brunei Darussalam has a rich source of tropical medicinal plants. As 80% of the country's land is covered by tropical rainforest, Brunei Darussalam may have some medicinal plants with unique characteristics of secondary metabolites. Some plants such as Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don and Eurycoma longifolia Jack have long been used by the local communities to treat various disease conditions. However, no research has been done in terms of the constituents or biological activities of the Brunei Darussalam medicinal plants. We have investigated the genetic variability diversity and pharmacological actions of Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees [1] also known as Daun Pahit or Chuan Xin Lian or King of Bitters by an interdisciplinary approach, involving DNA-based RAPD and RFLP analyses, HPLC-based chemical analysis as well as cell culture and tissue-based bioassays. We have demonstrated that Andrographis paniculata extr acts exhibited a range of actions including antioxidant, anti-allergies, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects. Some of the pharmacological actions of Andrographis paniculata are co-related with their active constituents Andrographolide (A) and Dehydroandrographolide (D). The study is valued not only in obtaining experimental evidence for supporting traditional use of native medicinal plants but also in establishing a platform for studying other medicinal plants in Brunei Darussalam.

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Quedas no idoso pode ser um evento devastador. Deve ser estimulada a conscientização desse grupo quanto aos benefícios de se manterem ativos. O tai chi chuan é um exercício de prática esportiva moderada que demonstra aumento no equilíbrio, marcha e postura. O objetivo foi avaliar a influência dessa modalidade no equilíbrio, postura e marcha de idosos ativos e saudáveis. Foi realizado um estudo transversal controlado com 76 voluntários, com 51 participantes da atividade para o equilíbrio, idade média de76, 8 anos. Foram utilizados quatro testes do Sistema Balance Master da Neurocom. Para análise dos dados a comparação das idades nos dois grupos utilizou-se o teste de Mann-Whitney (Siegel, 2006). O mesmo teste foi utilizado para todas as comparações entre os dois grupos quanto ao Teste Clínico Modificado da Interação Sensorial para o Equilíbrio (TCISEM), Teste da Caminhada (TC), Teste da Transferência de Sentado para em Pé (TSP) e Teste da avaliação Unipodal (TUP). O grupo do tai chi chuan apresentou valores significativos no equilíbrio e maior capacidade de recuperação. / Falls in the elderly can be a devastating event. Should be encouraged awareness about the benefits of this group to remain active exercises. Tai-chi-chuan is an exercise in sports practice demonstrates that moderate increases in balance, gait and posture. The objective was to evaluate the influence of this modality in the balance, posture and gait of elderly people active and independent. Was conducted a cross-controlled study with 76 volunteers, with 51 participants in the activity for the balance, average age de76, 8 years. We used four tests of the system\'s Balance Master Neurocom.For analysis of the data to compare the two age groups using the Mann-Whitney test (. Siegel, 2006). The same test was used for all comparisons between the two groups on the Modified Clinical Test of Sensory Integration for the balance (TCISEM), the Walk Test (CT), Test of the Transfer of sitting for standing (TSP) and Test of the evaluation Leg (TUP). The group of tai chi chuan showed significant values in the balance and gait.