In our increasingly complex and interactive world, it becomes ever more difficult to isolate and map the cultural identity of any given region, as bounded and contained cultural places have become a rare occurrence. To further complicate the matter, perspectives, loyalties, and identities shift with time, and appear to shift with circumstance. While cultural conflict per se was not the subject of this study, the ability to quantify differing cultural profiles in one location relative to another may be the beginning of the development of a tool for assessing degrees of difference in neighboring regions, and thus diagnosing the potential for conflict escalation. The Compass System, a holistic model that uses eight archetypal categories to observe and evaluate complex systems, was used for this study. In this exploratory study, 33 restaurants in 5 cities in Chile were rated in these eight categories as perceived by a team of outsider observers. The predominant qualities of each city sampled, determined solely from the sampling of its restaurants, did match, in a general sense, qualities of the city that were otherwise observable. This matching indicates that a tool such as the Compass System can be used to gather a collective regional profile from small sampling, such as an area’s restaurants. Potential uses for further research and development could include conflict management and assessing risk for social instability or escalation of violence.

The impact of nutritional intervention on affective states has largely been ignored in the exercise-affect literature. For decades the impact of such interventions on perceptions of exertion has been well documented. However, Hardy and Rejeski (1989) assert that `what' a person feels, as measured by the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) scale, may be very different from `how' they feel, and that on its own the RPE provides limited information about the subjective experiences of individuals during exercise. This thesis describes a series of studies that assess the influence of various fluid ingestion regimes on both `how' and `what' a person feels. Seven studies were undertaken, incorporating a variety of exercise modes, including prolonged running (Study 1,3 & 7), prolonged cycling (Study 2& 4) and prolonged intermittent, high intensity exercise (Study 5,6 & 7). The relationship between fluid ingestion during exercise and affective states during and following exercise proved to be a complex one. The initial investigation (Study 1) showed that the ingestion of water during prolonged running resulted in an overall improvement in valence during the recovery period. A significant increase in activation was also noted in the water trial only, from pre to post exercise. Furthermore, subjective ratings of energy post-exercise were higher in the water trial, compared to the no water trial. In study 2 the beneficial effects observed in study 1 were not so apparent. In this instance the only significant change of interest was in energetic arousal, which was found to be higher 5 min post exercise in the water trial compared to the no water trial. When the ingestion of a CHO solution during exercise was compared to a placebo or flavoured water solution (Studies 3-7) the findings also varied. However, the observation of an enhanced affective profile following CHO ingestion in Study 4 and Study 5 highlights the importance of considering nutritional status and intervention when investigating the exercise-affect relationship. These studies have highlighted some important aspects in our understanding of the exercise-affect relationship alone. Firstly, a robust finding across all the studies was the observation of an almost uniformly positive shift in valence from the final within-exercise assessment to the post exercise assessments. Thus emphasising the dynamic nature of affect and the importance of repeated within exercise assessments. Secondly, moderate intensity exercise of a fixed duration was marked by highly variable inter-individual differences in the response of participants to the valence and activation dimensions. However, exercise to fatigue elicited a homogenous valence response as participants came closer to reaching their exercise capacity.

abstract: As methods for measuring the relationship between personality and behavior have become more sophisticated, so too has the interest in better explaining the role that environments play in this relationship. Recent efforts have been made to clarify the hypothesized moderating role of environments on this relationship and Cooper and Withey (2009), in particular, have provided evidence for the paucity of empirical research that explains the ways in which strong and weak situations may differentially affect the relationship between personality and behavior. They contend, through a thorough review of the literature, that the intuitive nature of the theory provides promise and that there is likely some substantive basis for the assertion that environmental strength should moderate the relationship between personality and theoretically relevant behaviors. The current study was designed to test the moderating influence of interpersonal environment on the relationship between interpersonal personality and interpersonal behavior, specifically whether the evidence exists for the hypothesis that moderation differentially exists for strong and weak environments. No evidence was provided for the moderating role of environments. Evidence was provided for the predictive utility of traits in all models. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Counseling Psychology 2016

This study aimed at investigating the relationship between Salutogenic constructs (Sense of Coherence, Locus of Control and Self-Efficacy) and Interpersonal Styles. In addition it sets out to examine whether there are any differences between both aforementioned variables and selected individual and organisational variables, specifically, gender, race, age and tenure. A significant positive relationship was found to exist between Salutogenic constructs and Interpersonal Styles classified as Friendly, while significant negative relationships were found between Salutogenic constructs and Interpersonal Styles classified as Hostile and Hostile-Submissive. Salutogenic constructs were found to have no significant relationships with the remaining five Interpersonal Styles namely Dominant, Dominant-Friendly, FriendlySubmissive, Submissive and Hostile-Dominant. Salutogenic constructs showed no significant differences with regards gender and race, but significant differences with regards age and tenure. Interpersonal Style showed significant differences with regard to race, age and tenure, but not with gender with the exception of the Hostile-Submissive, Hostile and Friendly styles / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / M.A. (Industrial and Organisational Psychology)

This study aimed at investigating the relationship between Salutogenic constructs (Sense of Coherence, Locus of Control and Self-Efficacy) and Interpersonal Styles. In addition it sets out to examine whether there are any differences between both aforementioned variables and selected individual and organisational variables, specifically, gender, race, age and tenure. A significant positive relationship was found to exist between Salutogenic constructs and Interpersonal Styles classified as Friendly, while significant negative relationships were found between Salutogenic constructs and Interpersonal Styles classified as Hostile and Hostile-Submissive. Salutogenic constructs were found to have no significant relationships with the remaining five Interpersonal Styles namely Dominant, Dominant-Friendly, FriendlySubmissive, Submissive and Hostile-Dominant. Salutogenic constructs showed no significant differences with regards gender and race, but significant differences with regards age and tenure. Interpersonal Style showed significant differences with regard to race, age and tenure, but not with gender with the exception of the Hostile-Submissive, Hostile and Friendly styles / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / M.A. (Industrial and Organisational Psychology)

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No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Carolina de Fátima Guimarães - 2015.pdf: 1274038 bytes, checksum: 6c6d540e1bd592639767a33f0b2f3f52 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-15 / For an organization to have satisfactory results it needs to have on satisfied employees and with good performance. Thus, the professional of personnel selection area has sought to investigate aspects related to interpersonal relationship and personality, as these characteristics have relation to job performance and success of the selection process. The personality assessment has been a challenge for psychologists considering that there are different ways to understand and evaluate this construct. In this perspective, the present study aimed to discuss aspects of personality assessment applied in personnel selection and had 108 participants. To this end two studies were conducted. The first aimed to evaluate the circular structure of the Checklist of Interpersonal Transactions – II (CLOIT-II) when applied in the personnel selection. Therefore, an investigation of the adequacy of CLOIT-II data to quasi-circumplex model was made considering the criteria of two-dimensional and constant radius. To test structure was used confirmatory multidimensional scaling (MDS with Proxcal algorithm). Furthermore, the locations of scales have been established in Euclidean space and calculated the Phi de Tucker coefficient and normalized raw stress. In order to evaluate the constant radius criterion was applied Fisher test. The results showed the presence of a two-dimensional model and an appropriate variation the CLOIT-II replicates the quasi-circumplex structure which points to the usefulness of this measure in the context of people management, particularly in the selection process. The second study aimed to (1) map the personality characteristics and interpersonal interactions of successful and failed candidates in the personnel selection; (2) compare the groups of candidates approved and reproved as the interpersonal profile and projected personality; (3) evaluate the perception formulated by the interview about the interpersonal characteristics of the candidates; (4) relate projective and interpersonal self-report methods to assess personality. To achieve these goals we used the Checklist of Interpersonal Transactions – II and Palográfico Test. To estimate interpersonal profiles assumed and perceived by the interview and also projected personality profile were calculated means and standard deviations of the variables. In order to compare the groups approved and reproved wascalculated the U Mann Whitney Test and to verify the relationship between projected measure of personality and self-report was estimated the Spearman correlation coefficient and them there was corrected for attenuation. The results showed that the two groups of candidates had very similar characteristics, therefore differed only in relation to the isolation position. In addition, the selectors were unable to assess the candidates’ interpersonal characteristics during the job interview. Already on the relationship between the two measures of personality, we found that certain characteristics, such as aggression and insecurity, people tend to project them and not take them. / Para que uma organização tenha resultados satisfatórios é preciso que ela conte com funcionários satisfeitos e com bom desempenho. Com isso, os profissionais da área de seleção de pessoal tem buscado investigar aspectos relacionados ao relacionamento interpessoal e à personalidade, pois essas características apresentam relação com desempenho no trabalho e com aprovação nos processos seletivos. A investigação da personalidade tem sido um desafio para os psicólogos tendo em vista que existem diferentes maneiras de se conceber e avaliar a tal constructo. Nessa perspectiva, a presente pesquisa teve como objetivo discutir aspectos da avaliação da personalidade para a seleção de pessoal e contou com 108 participantes. Para isto foram realizados dois estudos. O primeiro objetivou avaliar a estrutura circular do Checklist de Relações Interpessoais quando aplicado no âmbito da seleção de pessoal. Logo, foi feita uma investigação da adequação dos dados do CLOIT-II ao modelo quasi-circumplexo, considerando os critérios de bidimensionalidade e raio constante. Para testar a estrutura foi utilizado o Escalonamento multidimensional confirmatório (MDS com algoritmo Proxcal). Além disso, foram estabelecidos os lugares das escalas no espaço euclidiano e calculados o coeficiente Phi de Tucker e o normalized raw stress. Com vistas a avaliar o critério de raio constante foi aplicado o teste de Fisher. Os resultados apontaram para a presença de um modelo bidimensional e uma variação adequada do tamanho dos raios das variáveis. Desse modo, quando aplicado no contexto da seleção de pessoal o CLOIT-II replica a estrutura quasi-circumplexa o que aponta para a utilidade da medida no contexto da gestão de pessoas, em especial nos processos seletivos. O segundo estudo se propôs a (1) mapear as características de personalidade e de interações interpessoais dos candidatos aprovados e reprovados na seleção; (2) comparar os grupos de candidatos aprovados e de reprovados quanto ao perfil interpessoal e de personalidade projetada (3) avaliar a percepção formulada pelo entrevistador acerca das características interpessoais dos candidatos; (5) relacionar método projetivo e de autorrelato interpessoal para avaliar a personalidade. Para atingir tais objetivos foram utilizados o Checklist de Relações Interpessoais II (CLOIT-II) e o Teste Palográfico. Para estimar os perfis interpessoais assumidos e os percebidos pelo entrevistador e também o perfil de personalidade projetada foram calculados as médias e os desvios-padrões das variáveis. Com vistas a comparar os grupos de aprovados e reprovados calculou-se o Teste U de Mann Whitney e para verificar a relação entre medidas de personalidade projetadas e de autorrelato foi estimado o coeficiente de correlação de Spearman e em seguida houve correção para atenuação. Os resultados mostraram que os dois grupos de candidatos apresentaram características bastante semelhantes, pois se diferenciaram apenas em relação à posição de isolamento. Além disso, os selecionadores não conseguiram avaliar as características interpessoais dos candidatos durante as entrevistas de emprego. Já sobre a relação entre as duas medidas de personalidade, foi possível verificar que certas características, tais como de agressividade e insegurança, os sujeitos tendem a projetá-las e não assumi-las.

在電子商務中，評論會影響消費者的購買決策，透過評論幫助性可以篩選出關鍵的評論，以利消費者進行決策。本研究以推敲可能性模式作為研究架構，透過文字探勘挖掘評論的文本特性來探討影響幫助性之要素，中央線索除了評論長度與可讀性外，利用LDA主題模型衡量評論主題廣度；周邊線索則是透過環狀情緒模型進行情感分析，並透過評論者排名來衡量來源可信度，利用亞馬遜商店中的資料進行驗證分析。結果發現，消費者在判斷評論幫助性時，會參考中央以及周邊線索。具備高論點品質的中央線索將有效提升評論幫助性；周邊線索整體而言，證實了社會中存在負向偏誤，具備喚起度的負向情感較容易提升評論幫助性，而評論是否被認為有幫助確實會受到評論者的排名所影響。進階分析結果顯示，周邊的情感效果會受到評論者排名高低的影響，前段評論者應保持中立避免帶有個人情緒；中段評論者的評論幫助性會隨著情緒喚起度而增加；後段評論者則需要增加自身的負向情感，才能夠對於評論幫助性有正向影響。 / Online reviews are important factors in consumers’ purchase decision. The helpfulness of reviews allows consumers to quickly identify useful reviews. The purpose of this study is to investigate the nature of online reviews that affect their helpfulness through the lens of the elaboration likelihood model. For the central cues, we adopt latent dirichlet allocation to measure review breadth in addition to review length and review readability. For the peripheral cues, we use the sentiment analysis based on the circumplex model to catch the emotion effect and use the ranking of the reviewers to measure the source credibility. We used a dataset collected from Amazon.com to evaluate our model. The result suggests that consumers focus both central and peripheral cues when they read reviews. Consumers care about the length, breadth and readability of reviews associated with the central route, and the emotional effects associated with the peripheral route. In the advanced research, we split our sample into 3 groups by their ranking of the reviewers. We found that the top reviewers should keep neutral and avoid personal feelings to make their reviews more helpful; the middle reviewers can use more arousal words to improve their review helpfulness; the bottom reviewers must increase their emotional valence strength, especially the negative emotion to higher the perceived review helpfulness.

Much of the current academic literature on the practice of homeschooling has revolved around the individual academic, social, and psychosocial outcomes of homeschooled youth. As such, the relational and systemic implications of homeschooling have been neglected in the current body of research, thus leaving the practice’s long-term outcomes on family and relational functionality up to heuristic assumption by homeschooling families and the general public. The current study sought to address this gap in the literature by introducing a family systems perspective to the assessment of homeschooling families and homeschooler’s relational functionality. Comparisons between homeschooled (<i>n</i> = 145) and non-homeschooled (<i>n</i> = 147) adults found that, after controlling for demographic differences, homeschooled adults reported that their families had higher levels of unbalanced Enmeshment and Rigidity, along with lower levels of unbalanced Disengagement, than non-homeschooled participants within the Circumplex Model of Marital and Family Functioning. Homeschoolers also displayed greater levels of Differentiation-of-Self in the domains of Emotional Reactivity and I-Position taking than non-homeschoolers. These results, however, were found to be closely connected to homeschooled participants’ reports of how many years they were homeschooled, the degree of structure in their homeschooling environment, as well as the strength of several different common rationales they believe motivated their family to choose to homeschool, with certain factors emerging as significant predictors of whether homeschoolers reported a more functional family environment and higher Differentiation-of-Self. The clinical and research implications, limitations, and future directions for studies of this kind, are discussed.