A dissertação tem por objetivo a investigação, no âmbito da filosofia do direito, do significado da concepção de cidadania, seja ela formulada em termos teóricos ou práticos. A hipótese central é que a cidadania é uma linguagem, semelhante às linguagens naturais, que se modificam ao longo do tempo pelo uso, mas que mantém intacto o núcleo, com as modificações se processando nas camadas que o circundam. No núcleo da linguagem cidadania estão as noções de consenso e utilidade. Consenso entre pessoas significa que elas são socialmente iguais e estão aptas a exporem suas idéias e visões sobre a melhor forma do convívio social harmônico e que serão ouvidas e ouvirão as idéias e visões de seus concidadãos. Da inter-relação dessas idéias e visões estão dispostas a extraírem uma posição comum que reflita o equilíbrio alcançado como resultado do encontro de significados diferentes para a vida social. Mas, igualmente importante, estão dispostas a observarem os princípios a que chegaram em suas vidas cotidianas. A noção de utilidade repousa na necessidade de resolver os problemas que se apresentam na vida em sociedade. A cidadania não é uma noção abstrata desligada dos fatos concretos, mas expressa maneiras de, em igualdade de condições e possibilidades, todos participarem na proposição de soluções e serem capazes de formularem posições que mantenham a coerência e sistematicidade de procedimentos passados, presentes e futuros. Uma concepção de cidadania que seja de aplicação e domínio públicos objetiva evitar que soluções contingentes sejam adotadas sem consideração dos possíveis reflexos nas vidas de outras pessoas e das gerações futuras. A função da teoria assume, então, o papel de ordenação e guia das ações práticas. Na defesa da cidadania enquanto linguagem universal de expressão para sentimentos e aspirações coletivos conjugado com a superação de problemas, grandes narrativas universais, como as concepções formuladas por Aristóteles, Hobbes e as derivadas do contrato social de Rousseau, aliadas às narrativas que configuram o período pós-independência do Brasil são analisadas, principalmente a encontrada na promulgação da Constituição Federal de 1988. Esta encontra sua principal justificativa na eleição da cidadania como fundamento de existência do Estado pela enumeração de direitos valorados como fundamentais para o respeito à vida digna e com padrões mínimos de bem-estar individual e social. Em termos menos abstratos, a Constituição de 1988 define os direitos que configuram o senso de liberdade, rompendo com a heteronímia do cidadão em função do Estado que predominava nas constituições anteriores. / The dissertation takes the investigation as an objective, in the context of the philosophy of the right, of the meaning of the conception of citizenship, be it formulated in theoretical or practical terms. The central hypothesis is that the citizenship is a language similar to the natural languages, which are modified along the time by the use, but the core remains intact, with the modifications taking place in the layers that surround it. In the core of the citizenship language there are the notions of consensus and usefulness. Consensus between persons means that they are socially the equals to each other and are suitable exposing his ideas and visions on the best form of the social harmonic living together and that they will be heard and will hear the ideas and visions of his fellow-citizens. They are able to get from the inter-relation of these ideas and visions a common position that reflects the balance reached as result of the meeting of different meanings for the social life. But, equally important, they are concerned for observing the beginnings that they brought near in his daily lives. The notion of usefulness rests in the necessity of resolving the problems that show up in the life in society. The citizenship is not an abstract notion apart from the concrete facts, but it relates to manners of, in equality of conditions and means, give to every one the change of proposing solutions and formulating positions that maintain the coherence and systematic approach of past, present and future proceedings. A conception of citizenship that is of public application and domain aims to avoid which possible solutions are adopted without consideration of the possible reflexes in the lives of other persons and of the future generations. The function of the theory assumes, then, the paper of ordering and guide of the practical actions. In the defense of the citizenship while universal language of expression for feelings vehicles and aspirations conjugated with the overcoming of problems, great universal narratives, like the conceptions formulated by Aristotle, Hobbes and the derivatives of the social contract of Rousseau, allied to the narratives that shape the period postindependence of healthy Brazil are taken into consideration, mainly the considered one in the promulgation of the Federal Constitution of 1988. This one finds his principal justification in the election of the citizenship like basis of existence of the State for the enumeration of rights judged as meaningful for the respect to the worthy life and with least standards of individual and social well-being. In less abstract terms, the Constitution of 1988 defines the rights that shape the sense of freedom, breaking with the dependent condition of the citizen in function of the State that was predominating in the previous constitutions.

A dissertação tem por objetivo a investigação, no âmbito da filosofia do direito, do significado da concepção de cidadania, seja ela formulada em termos teóricos ou práticos. A hipótese central é que a cidadania é uma linguagem, semelhante às linguagens naturais, que se modificam ao longo do tempo pelo uso, mas que mantém intacto o núcleo, com as modificações se processando nas camadas que o circundam. No núcleo da linguagem cidadania estão as noções de consenso e utilidade. Consenso entre pessoas significa que elas são socialmente iguais e estão aptas a exporem suas idéias e visões sobre a melhor forma do convívio social harmônico e que serão ouvidas e ouvirão as idéias e visões de seus concidadãos. Da inter-relação dessas idéias e visões estão dispostas a extraírem uma posição comum que reflita o equilíbrio alcançado como resultado do encontro de significados diferentes para a vida social. Mas, igualmente importante, estão dispostas a observarem os princípios a que chegaram em suas vidas cotidianas. A noção de utilidade repousa na necessidade de resolver os problemas que se apresentam na vida em sociedade. A cidadania não é uma noção abstrata desligada dos fatos concretos, mas expressa maneiras de, em igualdade de condições e possibilidades, todos participarem na proposição de soluções e serem capazes de formularem posições que mantenham a coerência e sistematicidade de procedimentos passados, presentes e futuros. Uma concepção de cidadania que seja de aplicação e domínio públicos objetiva evitar que soluções contingentes sejam adotadas sem consideração dos possíveis reflexos nas vidas de outras pessoas e das gerações futuras. A função da teoria assume, então, o papel de ordenação e guia das ações práticas. Na defesa da cidadania enquanto linguagem universal de expressão para sentimentos e aspirações coletivos conjugado com a superação de problemas, grandes narrativas universais, como as concepções formuladas por Aristóteles, Hobbes e as derivadas do contrato social de Rousseau, aliadas às narrativas que configuram o período pós-independência do Brasil são analisadas, principalmente a encontrada na promulgação da Constituição Federal de 1988. Esta encontra sua principal justificativa na eleição da cidadania como fundamento de existência do Estado pela enumeração de direitos valorados como fundamentais para o respeito à vida digna e com padrões mínimos de bem-estar individual e social. Em termos menos abstratos, a Constituição de 1988 define os direitos que configuram o senso de liberdade, rompendo com a heteronímia do cidadão em função do Estado que predominava nas constituições anteriores. / The dissertation takes the investigation as an objective, in the context of the philosophy of the right, of the meaning of the conception of citizenship, be it formulated in theoretical or practical terms. The central hypothesis is that the citizenship is a language similar to the natural languages, which are modified along the time by the use, but the core remains intact, with the modifications taking place in the layers that surround it. In the core of the citizenship language there are the notions of consensus and usefulness. Consensus between persons means that they are socially the equals to each other and are suitable exposing his ideas and visions on the best form of the social harmonic living together and that they will be heard and will hear the ideas and visions of his fellow-citizens. They are able to get from the inter-relation of these ideas and visions a common position that reflects the balance reached as result of the meeting of different meanings for the social life. But, equally important, they are concerned for observing the beginnings that they brought near in his daily lives. The notion of usefulness rests in the necessity of resolving the problems that show up in the life in society. The citizenship is not an abstract notion apart from the concrete facts, but it relates to manners of, in equality of conditions and means, give to every one the change of proposing solutions and formulating positions that maintain the coherence and systematic approach of past, present and future proceedings. A conception of citizenship that is of public application and domain aims to avoid which possible solutions are adopted without consideration of the possible reflexes in the lives of other persons and of the future generations. The function of the theory assumes, then, the paper of ordering and guide of the practical actions. In the defense of the citizenship while universal language of expression for feelings vehicles and aspirations conjugated with the overcoming of problems, great universal narratives, like the conceptions formulated by Aristotle, Hobbes and the derivatives of the social contract of Rousseau, allied to the narratives that shape the period postindependence of healthy Brazil are taken into consideration, mainly the considered one in the promulgation of the Federal Constitution of 1988. This one finds his principal justification in the election of the citizenship like basis of existence of the State for the enumeration of rights judged as meaningful for the respect to the worthy life and with least standards of individual and social well-being. In less abstract terms, the Constitution of 1988 defines the rights that shape the sense of freedom, breaking with the dependent condition of the citizen in function of the State that was predominating in the previous constitutions.

This thesis is focused on two phenomena: normative citizenship ideals and onto-logical notions of man. The study is an inductive search for different attributes to describe a variation of these phenomena. The search is conducted from several different perspectives: Current research within citizenship theory, history in a material sense, the history of political ideas, the philosophy of science and thematic analyses of important aspects of the two phenomena. Throughout the thesis attributes are collected and sorted in order to build typologies that can define the variation. In the end the attributes of normative citizenship ideals are sorted into three groups. The ideals are explained in three ways: why they came in to existence, how the transition from one ideal to another took place and how the idealistic content of the ideals were transformed. The attributes of ontological notions of man are sorted into sex types and four of them are defined to have relevance for an existing variation today. Finally the relations between the two typologies are analyzed and ten combinations are found to be possibly useful in studies of contemporary societal contexts. Together, the results are contributing to theories of citizenship. Apart from the results of the study it is argued for a broader definition of politics in political science, for more specific ways to handle egalitarian questions in the field rights of man / citizenship rights and finally against the possibility of a neutral order, for example a neutral state.

This study analyzes Colombia's current process of reintegrating former combatants into civil society. By employing four different citizenship perspectives constructed as ideal types it is shown how issues such as participation, political influence and the relation between rights and obligations are being addressed in the Colombian reintegration program. By relating these findings to current debates on the relation between security and development in DDR research, the study aims to reconcile the hitherto rather separated but yet intimately related discourses of DDR and citizenship. The analysis of the Colombian program gives a multifaceted picture of the country’s reintegration process where several citizenship perspectives are discerned in various and sometimes overlapping ways. Beyond contributing to an enhanced understanding of the Colombian process, the study illustrates the numerous ways in which diverging citizenship perspectives may be incorporated into a wider framework of peace and state-building and the potential tensions that are discerned in different approaches to DDR.

This diploma thesis aims to examine the phenomenon of second-generation immigrant associations in Italy and focuses on their efforts to change the 1992 Citizenship Law between 2005 and 2014. The goal of the thesis is to determine whether the style of their argumentation is nationalistic or multicultural. The nationalistic style would point to their identification with Italy as a classical nation state, reflecting an acceptance of Italy's autostereotypes. The multicultural argumentation style would show that their primary frame of reference is the culture of their parents' country of origin and reflect a desire to see Italian society transformed according to multicultural principles, where all cultures are equally respected and esteemed. Christian Joppke's theory of three-dimensional citizenship (status, rights, identity) serves as an instrument for research. Anne-Marie Thiesse's national identity checklist serves as a guideline for distinguishing between nationalistic and post-nationalistic argumentation style. The analysis shows that the dimension these associations refer to the most is identity, which they use to prove their "Italianicity." They conduct their argumentation in a very classical nationalistic style, using themes such as Italian language, national territory, and national cuisine....

This study investigates the correlation between Millennial workers' sense of belonging and a company’s Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) initiatives. Bearing in mind the gap in academic research on the introspective impact CSR has on a company’s employees, this study aims to explore how the Millennial workers at one of the biggest banking and insurance companies operating in Bulgaria understand and relate to companies’ philanthropic endeavours. To do so, this paper has used a theoretical framework, which combines four pillars that interact with and amplify one another. Two of them are empirical and present CSR and the Millennials as a generation. The other two are theoretical with social identity theory (SIT), which explains the sense of belonging innate to the Millennials, and corporate citizenship and shareholder value theory, which represent the polar opposites of what CSR should be about. As such, the thesis probes the hypotheses that, on one hand, if a company engages in genuine CSR initiatives, this will lead to an increased sense of belonging from the Millennial employees. However, on the other hand, if the company engages in greenwashing instead, this will lead to a diminished sense of belonging in the target group.  The findings infer that the Millennial workers at the banking and insurance company have strong opinions favouring their company utilizing genuine CSR practices. In addition, the majority of them have shared that if the company started utilizing CSR as means of greenwashing, this would lead to their overall disappointment and a diminished sense of association with the employer. However, the data has also shown that there might be different reasons for why people are joining CSR initiatives. These findings were produced with the help of mixed-method research combining quantitative survey plus qualitative semi-structured individual and focus group interviews.

The impact of the law on the lives of homeless people in Queensland has, to date, remained largely unexplored by legal academics and researchers. This is despite the fact that homeless people experience a number of legal difficulties that seriously affect their lives. This thesis by published papers aims to make a significant and original contribution to filling this gap in the research evidence by presenting the results of analyses of the legal, theoretical and practical issues that arise in the context of homeless persons' interactions with the legal system in Queensland. Most notably, it is comprised of three pieces of empirical research which identify those areas of law that impact most on homeless people in Queensland and explore the consequences of the operation of these laws on their lives. In sum, this thesis examines the extent of the law's influence on the lives of homeless people in Queensland, and finds that the consequences of the law's operation on homeless people in Queensland are serious. The thesis first examines the effect on Queensland's homeless people of laws which regulate behaviour conducted in public space. The criminal offences of vagrancy, begging and public nuisance are analysed; their historical origins, the reasons for their retention on modern statute books, and arguments in favour of their repeal are discussed. The impact of 'public space law' on homeless people in Queensland is also explored through a survey of 30 homeless people residing in inner-city Brisbane. This part of the thesis concludes that public space law in Queensland results in breaches of homeless persons' human rights, as well as the contravention of rule of law principles. The thesis then explores the impact of the law on homeless persons' experiences of citizenship. Empirical research and theoretical analysis demonstrate that the application of various laws, particularly public space laws, social security laws and electoral laws, encroaches on homeless persons' citizenship rights. The thesis then reports on the results of a unique survey of Queensland's homelessness service providers. This survey is the most extensive piece of empirical research ever conducted on the extent to which various laws impact on homeless people. Respondents were asked to indicate which areas of law impact most adversely on their homeless clients. Based on the research findings outlined above, the hypothesis was that criminal law issues, particularly public space offences, would be proven to impact particularly adversely on homeless people in Queensland. Somewhat unexpectedly, the findings of the survey indicated that fines law, debt law and family law difficulties are those legal difficulties most often encountered by homeless people in Queensland. Difficulties produced by criminal laws, social security laws and electoral laws, while still generally relevant, rated less highly. However, the survey did demonstrate that experiences differ between sub-groups within the homeless population, for example Indigenous homeless people were reported to be most affected by criminal law issues, while young homeless people were reported to be most affected by social security law issues. Together, the five papers which comprise this thesis make an original and substantial contribution to knowledge by identifying empirically for the first time the various laws that have a significant impact on the lives of homeless people in Queensland, and analysing the consequences of this in terms of their effect on homeless persons' citizenship rights, human rights and rule of law entitlements.