Orientador: Luiz Fernando de Oliveira e Silva Carvalho / Banca: Maria Cristina Thomaz / Banca: Geraldo Camilo Alberton / Resumo: As infecções urinárias (IU) em porcas estão entre as principais causas de falhas reprodutivas que influem na produtividade do rebanho, proporcionando grandes prejuízos econômicos. No presente trabalho foram testados dois acidificantes urinários - o ácido cítrico e o cloreto de amônio e cloreto de sódio, de modo a comparar a atividade destes produtos, no controle de cistites em matrizes suínas. Utilizaram-se 53 porcas adultas, gestantes ou não, de linhagens comerciais, portadoras ou não de cistite, sendo identificados os animais sadios ou afetados com base nos resultados de urinálises e cultivos bacterianos. O primeiro ensaio foi constituído de duas fases - fase 1 - realizada com 25 fêmeas em início de gestação (20 com cistite e 5 sadias), alimentadas com ração de gestação e fase 2 - realizada com 20 animais em final de gestação (16 com cistite e 4 sadias), alimentadas com ração de lactação. O pH, a densidade e a contagem bacteriana nas amostras de urina foram as variáveis estudadas. No segundo ensaio foram utilizadas 8 porcas, todas com cistite e não gestantes. A quatro delas administrou-se ração com cloreto de amônio e outras quatro receberam ração não suplementada com o produto. Avaliou-se o consumo de água, a produção de urina, os pH da urina e do sangue. Os resultados demonstraram que o ácido cítrico determinou diminuição do número de unidades formadoras de colônias, porém não interferiu no pH e densidade urinária dos animais. O cloreto de amônio reduziu o pH urinário demonstrando ação acidificante mesmo colhendo a urina 24 horas após o arraçoamento, porém não interferiu nas densidade e contagem bacteriana. Com relação o cloreto de sódio (1,5% ou 52,5 g/Kg de ração) não se observou qualquer efeito sobre os parâmetros estudados (pH urinário, densidade e contagem bacteriana). / Abstract: The urinary infections(IU) in sows are among the main causes of reproductive imperfections that influence in the productivity of the flock, providing great economic damages. In the present work two acidifiers were tested out - acid citric and the chloride of ammonium and sodium chloride, in order to compare the activity of these products, in orther to control the cystitis in swine. 53 adult, pregnants and non pregnant sows were used , of tradeable ancestries, bearing, donþt bearing cystitis being identified the healthy or affected animals on the basis of the bacterial results of urinalysis culture. The first assay was carried out into two phases - phase 1 - carried through with 25 females in theirs early gestation (20 with cystitis and 5 healthy ones), fed gestation diet and phase 2 - carried through with 20 animals in gestation end (16 with cystitis and 4 healthy ones), fed with lactation ration. pH, the density and the number of CFUs in the urinary samples were the studied. As the assay 8 sows had been held envolving, all cystitis and not pregnant. Four out of 8 sows were fed with chrolide ammonium based rations. The remnants 4 were fed with no supplemented feed. The consumption of water, urinary output, urinary pH and the blood were also evaluated. The results showed that the citric acid determined a decrease in the CFU. However, it didnþt interfere at both pH and urinary density in the animals. The ammonium chloride reduced the urinary pH showing acidifying action even while collecting the urine after a period of 24 hours after the feeding time. Both density and CFU were not changed. Regarding the sodium chloride (1.5% or 52.5g/kg) nothing was found out within the complying parameters (pH urinary, dendity and CFU). / Mestre

Este trabalho é composto por dois artigos que visam analisar as margens relativas e absolutas de comercialização da indústria de processamento de laranja e a viabilidade econômico-financeira para a implantação deste empreendimento no estado de São Paulo. Embora seja uma cadeia produtiva importante no agronegócio do país, vem sendo constatada uma deterioração das relações entre os citricultores e a indústria processadora de suco de laranja. Após uma breve introdução e fundamentação do problema no primeiro capítulo, analisa-se no segundo capítulo as margens de comercialização da indústria de citros. Contatou-se que a indústria tem operado com margens relativas positivas e elevadas, principalmente, quando é incluída a receita obtida com as exportações dos subprodutos. No segundo artigo (terceiro capítulo desta dissertação), são consideradas três plantas industriais de processamento de citros na análise de investimento, com base no mix de produção, além de incorporar um mecanismo de precificação para a caixa de laranja a ser paga ao citricultor, através do modelo CONSECITRUS. Utilizou-se a metodologia de fluxos de caixa descontados, calculando os indicadores de Valor Presente Líquido - VPL, Taxa Interna de Retorno - TIR, Payback - PB e Payback descontado - PBD para os projetos. Os resultados indicaram que há viabilidade em todos os modelos e cenários analisados. Porém, através da análise probabilística, constatou-se a existência de um risco financeiro elevado, mensurado através do quantil negativo da distribuição do VPL. Embora o risco financeiro seja expressivo, verificou-se que o modelo CONSECITRUS proporcionaria à indústria um grau de risco, moderadamente, menor do que aquele que vigora atualmente. Neste contexto, a citricultura brasileira mostra-se como uma atividade razoavelmente rentável no longo prazo, embora esteja sujeita a um elevado nível de risco. / This study is composed of two articles aimed to analyze the relative and absolute margins of commercialization of orange processing industry and the economic and financial feasibility for the implementation of this venture in the state of São Paulo. Although it is an important agribusiness production chain for the country, it observed a deterioration of relations between citrus fruit growers and the processing industry of orange juice. After a brief introduction and justification of the problem in the first chapter, in the second chapter it is possible to analyze marketing margins of the citrus industry. When the revenue from exports of by-products is included, it was found that the industry has operated with positive and higher relative margins. In the second article (the third chapter of this dissertation), three industrial plants of citrus processing are considered in the financial analysis, based on the mix of production, in addition to incorporate a pricing mechanism for the orange box to be paid to the grower through the CONSECITRUS model. The methodology of discounted cash flows was used for calculating the net present value of indicators - NPV, internal rate of return - IRR, Payback - PB and Payback discounted - PBD for the projects. The results indicated that there is feasibility in all models and scenarios analyzed. However, through the probabilistic analysis it was found that there is a high financial risk, measured through the negative quantile of the NPV distribution. Although the financial risk is significant, it appeared that the CONSECITRUS model would offer the industry a risk, lower than the one currently in effect. In this context, the Brazilian citrus industry proves to be a reasonably profitable activity in the long term, although it is subject to a high level of risk.

A new innovative product, stewsticks, made with beef, pork, spices, and dehydrated vegetables, was developed as a nutritious snack. Lactic or citric acid was added at pH 5.2 or 4.6 to both meatsticks and stewsticks. Meatsticks and stewsticks were prepared by mixing ingredients until a cohesive mass was obtained. This mixture was then extruded into sticks that were cooked to about 50% of original weight. Sticks were then cut to desired length, packaged, and stored. Then meatsticks (beef, pork, and spices) were compared to stewsticks for appearance, texture, flavor, and overall acceptability. The stewsticks had excellent shelf life due to combined hurdles of pH 5.2, water activity of 0.95 or less, salt, and vacuum packaging. Compared to meatsticks, one serving (2 ounces) of stewsticks had less fat (9 vs 11 g respectively), less cholesterol (75 vs 90 mg) and more dietary fiber (4 vs 2 g), carbohydrates (20 vs 4 g), vitamin A (11 vs 2% RDA), and vitamin c {32 vs 1% RDA). The type of acid did not affect panel preference, but the samples at pH 5.2 were preferred over samples at pH 4.6. overall, meatsticks were preferred by the consumer panel over stewsticks although there were 25% of them who rated stewsticks as moderately acceptable or higher.

With growing environmental concerns, efforts are made to replace petroleum based products with renewable alternatives. This is particularly evident in the packaging industry, where replacing synthetic polymers with renewable materials is of considerable interest. Materials for food packaging need to give protection, acting as a barrier against substances that can adversely affect the food quality such as water and oxygen. In this work, barrier dispersion coatings based on starch were used to produce coated papers which act as barrier against water and oxygen. However, since starch is both a hydrophilic and hygroscopic material, this barrier material becomes problematic to use at high relative humidity. In order to reduce this problem and improve the barrier properties enabling starch based barrier materials to be used in food packaging applications, two approaches were studied. Citric acid was utilized as a cross-linker of the starch and it was found to reduce the moisture sorption, the molecular movement and swelling at high relative humidity. It was seen that cross-linking and hydrolysis due to the low pH both affected the barrier properties significantly, but in opposing directions. By controlling these two reactions it was seen that this could lead to reduced gas permeability. It was also seen that cross-linking of starch by citric acid occurs at low temperatures, 70 °C at pH as high as 6.5. Starch nano-composites were produced by incorporating montmorillonite, to the barrier dispersion to improve the barrier properties. It was seen that the suspension viscosity was reduced by poly(ethylene glycol) and citric acid adsorption on the montmorillonite particles. Also, a tendency for improved barrier properties with reduced aggregate volume fraction and reduced swelling was observed. It was also seen that up scaling this formulation to pilot scale was possible and that promising results were achieved. / Baksidestext With growing environmental concerns, efforts are made to replace petroleum based materials with renewable alternatives such as starch. In this work, dispersions based on starch were used to produce coated papers which act as barrier against substances that can adversely affect the food quality such as water and oxygen. However, since starch is both a hydrophilic and hygroscopic material, this barrier material becomes problematic to use at high relative humidity. Citric acid was utilized as cross-linker for starch and it was found to reduce the moisture sorption, diffusion and swelling at high relative humidity. Both cross-linking and hydrolysis due to the low pH affected the barrier properties significantly, but in opposing directions. By controlling these two reactions it was possible to achieve reduced gas permeability. Starch nano-composites were produced by incorporating montmorillonite clay, to the barrier dispersion. It was seen that the suspension viscosity was reduced by poly(ethylene glycol) and citric acid adsorption on the clay. Also, a tendency for improved barrier properties with reduced aggregate volume fraction and reduced swelling was observed. It was also seen that up scaling this formulation to pilot scale was possible and promising results were achieved. / Renewable Functional Barriers

Thiomicrospira crunogena, a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chemolithoautotroph, uses the Calvin-Bensen-Bassham cycle to fix carbon. To meet its biosynthetic needs for oxaloacetate, oxoglutarate, and succinyl-coA, one would expect that this obligately autotrophic Gammaproteobacterium would use a ‘wishbone’ version of the citric acid cycle (CAC) to synthesize the intermediates necessary for biosynthesis, instead of the fully oxidative version to minimize carbon loss as carbon dioxide. However, upon examination of its complete genome sequence, it became apparent that this organism did not fulfill this expectation. Instead of a wishbone pathway, T. crunogena appears to run a fully oxidative CAC. The cycle is ‘locked’ in the oxidative direction by replacement of the reversible enzyme malate dehydrogenase with malate: quinone oxidoreductase, which is capable only of operation in the oxidative direction. Furthermore, oxoglutarate decarboxylation is catalyzed by oxoglutarate: acceptor oxidoreductase. The presence of both oxidoreductases was confirmed via assays on T. crunogena cell extracts. To determine whether this peculiar CAC was novel, complete genome sequences of ~340 Proteobacteria were examined via BLAST and COG searches in the Integrated Microbial Genome database. Genes catalyzing steps in the CAC were collected from each organism and vetted for paralogs that had adopted an alternative, ‘non-CAC’ function through genome context and cluster analysis. Alignments were made with the remaining sequences and were verified by comparing them to curated alignments at Pfam database and examination of active site residues. Phylogenetic trees were constructed from these alignments, and instances of horizontal gene transfer were determined by comparison to a 16S tree. These analyses verified that the CAC in T. crunogena is indeed unique, as it does not resemble any of the canonical cycles of the six classes of proteobacteria. Furthermore, three steps of the nine in its CAC appear to be catalyzed by enzymes encoded by genes that are likely to have been acquired via horizontal gene transfer. The gene encoding citrate synthase, and perhaps aconitase, are most closely affiliated with those present in the Cyanobacteria, while those encoding oxoglutarate: acceptor oxidoreductase cluster among the Firmicutes, and malate: quinone oxidoreductase clusters with the Epsilonproteobacteria.

Thesis (M.Sc.) -- University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury, 1994. / Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Food Science, School of Food Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury, 1994. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.S.)--Oregon State University, 2009. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 53-54). Also available on the World Wide Web.

Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos das soluções QMiX, EDTA 17%, ácido cítrico 10% (AC), ácido peracético 1% (AP), associados à irrigação final com NaOCl 2,5%, na microdureza dentinária, e seus efeitos nos componentes orgânicos, inorgânicos e na erosão da dentina das paredes do canal radicular. Métodos: Sessenta raízes de incisivos inferiores humanos foram usadas neste estudo. Os canais foram preparados sob irrigação com água destilada e as amostras foram divididas aleatoriamente em 6 grupos (n=10): QMiX, EDTA, AC, AP, NaOCl (solução controle) e água destilada (controle negativo). Após a irrigação com as soluções quelantes, uma irrigação final com NaOCl 2,5% foi realizada. Antes e depois dos protocolos de irrigação, as amostras foram submetidas ao Teste de Microdureza de Knoop. Três endentações foram feitas na distância de 100μm e 500μm do lúmen do canal radicular. Os dados da microdureza de cada grupo, em cada distância, antes e após os protolocos de irrigação foram comparados pelo teste de Wilcoxon (α = 0,05). Para a comparação da diferença da microdureza entre os grupos foi utilizado o teste de Kruskall-Wallis, seguido pelo teste de Dunn (α = 0,05). Concluída a análise da microdureza, as amostras foram seccionadas longitudinalmente em duas metades: uma foi desingada para análise de seu componente orgânico (colágeno) em microscopia óptica de luz polarizada (MO) e a outra para análise de seu componente inorgânico e erosão em microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Os dados obtidos pela análise em MO e em MEV foram submetidos ao teste de Kruskall- Wallis, seguido pelo teste de Dunn (α = 0,05). Resultados: Na profundidade de 100μm, todos os protocolos reduziram significativamente a microdureza (P<0,05), enquanto em 500μm, isso ocorreu apenas nos grupos EDTA e QMiX (P<0,05). AC foi o grupo que mais causou erosão nos túbulos dentinários, seguido do AP e do EDTA. QMiX abriu os túbulos, mas não causou erosão dentinária. Em relação à análise do componente orgânico e inorgânico da dentina, os grupos NaOCl e água destilada mostraram uniformidade na rede de colágeno e presença de smear layer obliterando os túbulos dentináros, enquanto o grupo AC apresentou alteração nos componentes orgânicos e inorgânicos. O grupo EDTA não mostrou diferença significativa em relação à alteração no componente orgânico, mas alterou a estrutura inorgânica. Os grupos QMiX e AP não causaram alteração significativa no colágeno e removeram a smear layer sem causar alteração no conteúdo inorgânico, quando os túbulos foram avaliados no sentido longitudinal. Conclusões: Os protocolos de irrigação dos grupos do QMiX e do EDTA 17% apresentaram maior redução da microdureza dentinária em 500μm, sendo que o do QMiX não causou erosão dentinária. As soluções QMiX e AP, seguidas por NaOCl 2,5%, mostraram melhor comportamento em relação às outras soluções testadas, preservando os componentes orgânicos e inorgânicos da dentina radicular humana. / Aim: The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of QMiX, 17% EDTA, 10% citric acid (CA), 1% peracetic acid (PA), associated with a final irrigation with 2.5% NaOCl, on dentin microhardness, and their effects on organic components, inorganic components and erosion of the root canal dentin. Methods: Sixty human mandibular incisors roots were used in this study. The root canals were instrumented under irrigation with destilled water and the samples were randomly divided into 6 groups (n = 10): QMiX, EDTA, CA, PA, NaOCl (control solution) and distilled water (negative control). After the use of chelating solutions, a final irrigation with 2.5% NaOCl was used. Before and after irrigation protocols, dentin microhardness was measured with a Knoop indenter. Three indentations were made at 100μm and 500μm from the root canal lumen. Microhardness data of each group, at each distance, before and after irrigation protocols were compared by Wilcoxon’s test (α = 0.05). Kruskall-Wallis’s test, followed by Dunn’s test, was applied for comparison among groups considering the microhardness difference at each distance. The specimens were longitudinally split and one half of it was designated for organic structure analysis by polarized light microscopy (PLM) and the other for inorganic structure analysis by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. The data obtained by the analyses in PLM and SEM were submitted to the Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by Dunn's test (α = 0.05). Results: At the depth of 100μm, all protocols significantly reduced microhardness (P <0.05); while in 500μm, it occurred only in EDTA and QMiX groups (P <0.05). CA was the group that caused more erosion in the dentinal tubules, followed by PA and EDTA. QMiX opened the tubules, but did not cause dentin erosion. Regarding the analysis of organic and inorganic dentin components, NaOCl and distilled water groups showed uniformity in the collagen network and presence of smear layer obliterating the dentinal tubules, while CA group showed changes in organic and inorganic components. EDTA group did not show significant difference in the organic component alteration, but changed the inorganic structure. QMiX and PA groups did not cause significant modification in collagen and removed the smear layer without causing change in the inorganic component, when the tubules were evaluated in longitudinal direction. Conclusion: QMiX and 17% EDTA protocols presented the greatest microhardness reduction at 500μm and QMiX did not cause dentin erosion. QMiX and PA solutions, followed by 2.5% NaOCl, showed better behavior from the others chelating agents tested, when used as final irrigation, preserving organic and inorganic components (tubules analyzed longitudinally) of human root dentin.

La Côte d’Ivoire connait de très grands succès sur le marché de l’exportation agricole et génère aussi d’importants sous-produits. Dans cette étude, 17 de ses sous-produits agricoles ont fait l’objet d’une valorisation consacrée à l’obtention d’acide citrique avec une caractérisation de la bagasse de pomme de cajou pour la conception d’agromatériaux à partir de cette bagasse. Au niveau des fruits, les pulpes de la papaye (Carica papaya) et de mangue de variété Adams (Mangifera indica) ont donné les meilleures teneurs en acide citrique respectivement de 287,70 g/kg et 137,54 g/kg. Au niveau des amylacés, les épluchures de la patate douce (Ipomoea batatas) ont donné la meilleure teneur (88 g/kg). La pomme de cajou (Anacardium occidentale) a une production moyenne d'acide citrique (90,02 g/kg). Les caractéristiques physico-chimiques (polysaccharides, lipides, protéines et pectines) de la bagasse de pomme de cajou ont permis de montrer que, quelle que soit la variété de la pomme (rouge ou jaune) ou la partie de la bagasse étudiée (peau ou pulpe), la composition lignocellulosique était dominée par les hémicelluloses. Les teneurs dans ces derniers ont de 41,12% ± 0,24% pour la pulpe de la pomme de cajou (P), de 51,65% ± 0,11% pour la pomme de cajou à peau rouge (R) et de 51,1% ± 0,18% pour la pomme de cajou à peau jaune (J). Les résultats de la fraction lipidique ont révélé la prédominance des acides gras insaturés. On note aussi la présence de divers types de phytostérols dans cette avec une teneur doublement importante dans la pulpe que dans la peau de pomme de cajou. Enfin, la conception d’agromatériaux à base de bagasse de pomme de cajou par thermopressage fut réalisée. Des tests d’immersion et de flexion ont permis de trouver le couple température/pression adéquat (170°C/116 bars) pour la conception d’agromatériaux. / Côte d'Ivoire is very successful in the agricultural export market and generates important byproducts. In this study, 17 of its agricultural by-products were the subject of a valuation devoted to obtaining citric acid with a characterization of the cashew bagasse for the design of agromaterials from this bagasse. The pulp of papaya (Carica papaya) and mango variety Adams (Mangifera indica) gave the best citric acid contents respectively of 287.70 g / kg and 137.54 g / kg. In the case of starchy foods, peelings of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) gave the highest content (88 g / kg). The cashew apple (Western Anacardium) has an average production of citric acid (90.02 g / kg). The physicochemical characteristics (polysaccharides, lipids, proteins and pectins) of the cashew apple bagasse have shown that regardless of the variety of the apple (red or yellow) or part of the bagasse studied (skin or pulp), the lignocellulosic composition was dominated by hemicelluloses. The contents in the latter are 41.12% ± 0.24% for the cashew apple pulp (P), 51.65% ± 0.11% for the red-skinned cashew apple (R) and 51.1% ± 0.18% for yellowskinned cashew (J). The results of the lipid fraction revealed the predominance of unsaturated fatty acids. There is also the presence of various types of phytosterols in this with a doubly important content in the pulp than in the cashew skin. Finally, the design of agromaterials based on cashew bagasse by thermopressing was carried out. Immersion and bending tests have found the appropriate temperature / pressure pair (170 ° C / 116 bars) for the design of agromaterials.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-01-30Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:29:32Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 bortolossi_jc_me_jabo_prot.pdf: 1992127 bytes, checksum: 4589472b07077a15576f670c58a3f88c (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O cancro cítrico doença causada pela bactéria gram negativa Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Xac), representa muitos prejuízos para citricultura brasileira e mundial. Em 2002, a Xac teve todo seu genoma seqüenciado. Uma biblioteca de mütantes foi constituída e os mutantes foram analisados por inoculação in planta, deste modo tres mutantes foram selecionados por apresentarem diferenças nos sintomas, quando comparados com a estirpe selvagem Xac. Os genes nocauteados nos mutantes codificam três proteínas diferentes: DGTP pirofosfato tiamina sintase, envolvida na biossíntese de vitamina B 1, a subunidade E da enzima PHA sintase, que atua na síntese de polihidroxialcanoatos. que acumulados na forma de grânulos intracelulares constituem substâncias de reserva da célula, e podem formar biopolímeros e, ainda o terceiro gene nocauteado, que codifica uma proteína hipotética. As curvas de crescimento revelaram que o mutante da DGTP pirofosfohidrolase tiamina sintase não se desenvolve na planta hospedeira. O mutante da PHA sintase cresce menos que a Xac selvagem nos dois primeiros dias de avaliação, já o mutante da proteína hipotética sofre uma fase de declínio a partir do oitavo dia de avaliação experimental. A subunidade E da PHA sintase da Xac, gene codificador desta proteína foi donado em vetor de expressão e a proteína recombinante foi produzida em E.coli na forma solúvel. / The citric canker disease caused for the bacterium gram negative Xantlzomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Xac), presents many damages for Brazilian and world-wide citriculture. In 2002, aiming to know the mechanisms of attack of the disease, the Xac had alI its sequenced genome. A library of mutants was constituted and the mutants had been analyzed by inoculation in plant, three mutants had been isolated for not to show differences in the symptoms when compared with the wild lineage Xac. The mutants codify three different proteins: DGTP pyrophosphate tiamine synthase involved in biosynthesis B 1 vitamin; enzyme PHA synthase subunit E that is involved in the synthesis of polyhydroxyalkanoate, in the intracellular granule f01111, they constitute substances of reserve of the cell an can still to form biopolymer; and hypothetical proteins. The profile of growth of the wild Xac and the mutated Xacs in the three cases of the mutants had been evaluated in order to compare the profile of growth of the bacterial wild and mutant during the infection in citric host. The growth curves showed that the mutant of the DGTP pyrophosphate tiamine synthase does not develop the disease in the host plant. The PHA synthase grows less than the wild Xac in the first days of evaluaction, however the mutant of the hypotetical, shown a decline period for eighth day of the experimental evaluaction. The subunit E the PHA synthase of the Xac, the code gene of this protein was cloned in expression vector and the recombinant protein was produced in E.coli in the soluble form.