Urban decline is one of the most important factors dealing with the creation of urban ills and formation of slums in the city centers. This study investigates the roots of urban decline in urban areas. In order to do so, symptoms, types, causes and participant factors dealing with the process of urban decline are investigated. Also functional decline, as one of the most important triggers of urban decline, is introduced and its force that results in low quality of urban places is explored. The scale of participant factors in the process of functional decline is various. These factors are observed from changes in the global political trends and economy till the regulation changes in local scale. Moreover the ways of talking with urban and functional decline, that is classified into four major category of political considerations, economic financing, planning policy and enhancing the quality of places are explored. Finally the forces of urban and functional decline that have lead to low quality of place in the case of Salipazari, Istanbul are examined. As the scale of study area is in the neighborhood scale, the most important concern will be on the low quality of place in exploring decline in this area.

Today, it is observed that shopping centers that are increasingly growing in number, especially in metropolitan cities, are used as public spaces by many urban inhabitants. Shopping centers have become places where social life is experienced and leisure time is spent through a wide range of activities offered besides shopping. On the other side, city centers that can be regarded as the most essential public spaces of urban areas are in a process of deterioration both in terms of physical quality and functional features. These two developments are essential indicators of a change and transformation concerning the public space&rsquo / s role and its features like openness to everyone&rsquo / s use, high accessibility and social integration. Within this context, in this study, finding the direction of this transformation and the extent that shopping centers possess the characteristics of public space are aimed. In this respect, after a literature review about public space, city center and shopping center within the context of the aim, the development of city centers and public spaces of Ankara is examined. After the development of shopping centers that flourished within the last ten-fifteen years in Ankara and their socio-spatial effects upon the city are discussed, hypothesis is tested through the findings of the questionnaire survey made in Migros Akk&ouml / pr&uuml / Shopping Center. Lastly, findings and conclusions are summarized and interpretations for future and policy proposals are made concerning the changing functions and uses of public spaces and shopping centers.

This thesis examine the problems in the transformation process of Kaziki&ccedil / i Bostanlari, which was planned as a &ldquo / central development area&rdquo / after 1970&rsquo / s, in terms of the Ankara city center problematic. For Kaziki&ccedil / i Bostanlari, which shows the transition zone character, decisions were taken by three Master Plans to be new Central Business District and for the application a Development plan was prepared. But starting from the 1970&rsquo / s the area has been going on its development according to its inner dynamics. In this thesis, first, theories about CBD are analyzed. Then, general characteristics of Ankara city center and Kaziki&ccedil / i Bostanlari and interventions to Kaziki&ccedil / i Bostanlari in respect to the CBD transformations are discussed. Finally, Kaziki&ccedil / i Bostanlari and its current situation in terms of transition zone characteristics, and threats and opportunities concerning the CBD transformation are evaluated.

Ao longo das últimas três décadas a região central de Porto Alegre passou por importantes transformações que alteraram de forma significativa o uso de seus espaços, o perfil de seus freqüentadores e a relação mantida entre ela e o restante da cidade. As atividades residenciais, empresariais, comerciais e de lazer associadas aos segmentos de alta renda vêm progressivamente deixando a região em prol de novos bairros emergentes na cidade, abrindo espaço para o desenvolvimento de um amplo universo de comércio e serviços associados aos segmentos populares que passaram a se apropriar da região com mais intensidade. A presença evangélica é parte desse processo e será aqui utilizada para explorá-lo. Por serem historicamente associadas no Brasil à população de baixa renda e residente em bairros periféricos, sua presença cada vez mais intensa na região central da cidade surge como um fenômeno pertinente para avaliar as dinâmicas contemporâneas da região e suas transformações. / In the last three decades Porto Alegre city center passed for important transformations that modified the use of its spaces, the profile of people that frequent it, and the relation kept between it and other parts of the city. The residential, professional, commercial and leisure activities associated with high classes had gradually leave the region in favor of new emergent quarters in the city, opening space for the development of an ample universe of economic activities associate to the lower classes that had passed to assume of the region with more intensity. The evangelical presence is part of this process and it will be used to explore it. Historically associated in Brazil with the poor people that live in outlying areas, it’s more and more intense presence in the city center appears as a pertinent phenomenon to evaluate the contemporaries dynamic of the e region its transformations.

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Francisco de Assis Comarú / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Planejamento e Gestão do Território, 2016. / O presente trabalho visa analisar e suscitar reflexões teóricas do processo de gentrificação. Buscamos com a conceitualização e a evolução do termo - por intermédio dos principais acadêmicos dos estudos marxista e culturalista - o debate entre as teorias e com isso, identificar as similaridades nos projetos de intervenção nas áreas centrais da cidade do Recife, Rio de Janeiro e Salvador, assim como identificar os possíveis sinais do processo de segregação urbana, mesmo com as peculiaridades de cada uma das capitais estudadas. O trabalho se desenvolve com a análise da concorrência entre cidades no mercado global, da mercantilização e consumo da cultura. A finalidade é identificar nas três cidades abordadas como se configura o processo de gentrificação através das intervenções urbanas de revitalização em suas áreas centrais. / The aim of present work is the analysis and theoretical reflections on the gentrification process. We employed Marxist and culturalist tools, developed for prominent authors, to study and debate the conceptualization and evolution of term: gentrification. We identify the similarities between the intervention projects in the city center of Recife, Rio de Janeiro and Salvador. We also identify the possible indicators of the urban segregation process, even with the peculiarities of the culture consumption and the merchandization. Our purpose is to identify how the urban revitalization into the city center structured the gentrification process in the three cities studied.

Ao longo das últimas três décadas a região central de Porto Alegre passou por importantes transformações que alteraram de forma significativa o uso de seus espaços, o perfil de seus freqüentadores e a relação mantida entre ela e o restante da cidade. As atividades residenciais, empresariais, comerciais e de lazer associadas aos segmentos de alta renda vêm progressivamente deixando a região em prol de novos bairros emergentes na cidade, abrindo espaço para o desenvolvimento de um amplo universo de comércio e serviços associados aos segmentos populares que passaram a se apropriar da região com mais intensidade. A presença evangélica é parte desse processo e será aqui utilizada para explorá-lo. Por serem historicamente associadas no Brasil à população de baixa renda e residente em bairros periféricos, sua presença cada vez mais intensa na região central da cidade surge como um fenômeno pertinente para avaliar as dinâmicas contemporâneas da região e suas transformações. / In the last three decades Porto Alegre city center passed for important transformations that modified the use of its spaces, the profile of people that frequent it, and the relation kept between it and other parts of the city. The residential, professional, commercial and leisure activities associated with high classes had gradually leave the region in favor of new emergent quarters in the city, opening space for the development of an ample universe of economic activities associate to the lower classes that had passed to assume of the region with more intensity. The evangelical presence is part of this process and it will be used to explore it. Historically associated in Brazil with the poor people that live in outlying areas, it’s more and more intense presence in the city center appears as a pertinent phenomenon to evaluate the contemporaries dynamic of the e region its transformations.

Ao longo das últimas três décadas a região central de Porto Alegre passou por importantes transformações que alteraram de forma significativa o uso de seus espaços, o perfil de seus freqüentadores e a relação mantida entre ela e o restante da cidade. As atividades residenciais, empresariais, comerciais e de lazer associadas aos segmentos de alta renda vêm progressivamente deixando a região em prol de novos bairros emergentes na cidade, abrindo espaço para o desenvolvimento de um amplo universo de comércio e serviços associados aos segmentos populares que passaram a se apropriar da região com mais intensidade. A presença evangélica é parte desse processo e será aqui utilizada para explorá-lo. Por serem historicamente associadas no Brasil à população de baixa renda e residente em bairros periféricos, sua presença cada vez mais intensa na região central da cidade surge como um fenômeno pertinente para avaliar as dinâmicas contemporâneas da região e suas transformações. / In the last three decades Porto Alegre city center passed for important transformations that modified the use of its spaces, the profile of people that frequent it, and the relation kept between it and other parts of the city. The residential, professional, commercial and leisure activities associated with high classes had gradually leave the region in favor of new emergent quarters in the city, opening space for the development of an ample universe of economic activities associate to the lower classes that had passed to assume of the region with more intensity. The evangelical presence is part of this process and it will be used to explore it. Historically associated in Brazil with the poor people that live in outlying areas, it’s more and more intense presence in the city center appears as a pertinent phenomenon to evaluate the contemporaries dynamic of the e region its transformations.

Este projeto busca articular visualmente as paisagens urbanas, as ocupações de edifícios abandonados e as grafias do centro de São Paulo com a linguagem fotográfica: mediante intervenções gráficas sobre as fotografias propõe-se uma reflexão a respeito das transformações que vem sofrendo a visualidade do centro antigo. Isto é, o colapso de um tipo de urbanismo, o derretimento da \"utopia\" moderna e da visão cartão postal da cidade fazem parte de um mesmo contexto de crise, em que também se questiona a fotografia como representação realista. O trabalho final é um livro de fotografia com uma linguagem híbrida com outros meios de representação. / This project aims to visually articulate urban landscapes, empty buildings occupations and graphic symbols of Sao Paulo\'s city center, using photography. A reflection based on graphic interventions about the changes undergone in the old city center\'s visuality and in the photographic language is proposed. That is, the collapse of a kind of urbanism, the melting of modern \"utopia\" and city postcard view are part of the same crisis context, which also questions realism in photography. The outcome is a photo book that uses hybrid language and other forms of representation.

För många ansedda som mindre städer i Sverige, benämnda i den här uppsatsen somsmåstäder, förekommer ett starkt hot i form av externhandeln. Småstad definieras i våruppsats som en till folkmängden mindre ort med karaktäristiska drag av en stad, det finnssåledes en huvudgata i staden och ett utmärkande centrum. Stadskärnor runt om i landet harunder decennier tömts på både organisationer och befolkning i relation till att marknaden harflyttats utanför staden. Detta har bidragit till att stadskärnorna löper stor risk att dö ut. För attreducera denna risk har en stor satsning gjorts på samverkan i flera delar av landet och även isamarbete med Norge. Kommuner har gått samman för att arbeta externt tillsammans medandra städer och internt för att få olika aktörer i stadskärnan att samarbeta med varandra.Tidigare forskning pekar på att samverkan ses som en vital ingrediens för att kunna stärka enstadskärna och det lyfts fram att alla parter som har ett intresse av stadskärnan måstesamverka. Det krävs då att både den offentliga- och privata sektorn ingår i ett samarbetevilket i denna uppsats benämns som ett offentligt-privat partnerskap. I den här studienundersökte vi bland annat samverkans roll i stadskärnors arbete för ökad attraktivitet. Vårtsyfte med studien är att undersöka hur organisationer arbetar för fortsatt överlevnad i enstadskärna. Granskningar gjordes på det arbete som utförts av två stadskärnor i Sverige.Deras tillvägagångssätt studerades för att se hur de har undvikit eller besegrat de hot somcirkulerar. För att uppnå vårt syfte har vi genomfört en kvalitativ studie där vi har granskatoch tolkat det empiriska material vi samlade in genom två djupintervjuer med trerespondenter som arbetar med centrumutveckling i de städer vi granskade. Vår teoretiskareferensram är baserad på vetenskapliga artiklar och presenterar aktuell forskning samtteorier kring centrumutveckling och metoder för att uppnå framgångsrik utveckling. Detempiriska underlaget i studien är baserat på två intervjuer som vi har genomfört med trerespondenter vars yrkesroller är gällande centrumutveckling. En av våra respondenter ärprojektledare och arbetar med projekt inom centrumutveckling, en är näringsutvecklare för enkommun i Sverige och den tredje har en yrkesroll som centrumutvecklare. Den teoretiskareferensramen och empirin är utgångspunkterna för vår analys samt tolkningar. Det är sedanutav detta som vi har kunnat dra slutsatser kring centrumutveckling och dess metoder förframgång. Samverkan är nödvändigt för att en stadskärna ska kunna nå ökad attraktivitet. Detär inte tillräckligt att olika stadskärnor samverkar med varandra för att nå en lyckadcentrumutveckling och ökad attraktionskraft till staden. Det är vitalt att stadskärnornas inresamarbetar med varandra och med det menar vi att stadens egna handlare, fastighetsägare,kommun, politiker, boende, konsumenter, besökare etc. samarbetar mot gemensamma mål.De två mest vitala faktorerna för samverkan som vi kunde avläsa var engagemang och engemensam målbild. Genom studien kan det konstateras att de två faktorerna är avgörande församverkans del i att reducera risken att stadskärnor utarmas. / For a lot of small cities in Sweden, mentioned in this paper as small towns, there is a strongthreat in terms of external trade. Small cities is defined in our essay as a smaller town withthe characteristic features of a city, so there is a main street in the city and a distinguishingcenter. City centers around the country have been emptied for both organizations andpopulations for decades in relation to the fact that the market has moved outside the city. Theresult of that is the fact that the city centers are at high risk of extinction. In order to reducethis risk, a major effort has been made on cooperation in several parts of the country and alsoin cooperation with our neighboring country Norway. Townships has cooperated to workexternally with other cities and internally to get different actors in the city center to cooperatewith each other. Previous research shows that cooperation is seen as a important ingredient instrengthening of a city center, and it is emphasized that all parties that has an interest in thecity center must cooperate. It is then required that both the public and private sector is a partof the cooperation, which in this paper is called a public-private partnership. In this study, weinvestigated the role of united action in city centers work for increased attractiveness. Ourpurpose of the study is to investigate how organizations work for continued survival in a citycenter. Examinations were made on the work carried out by two small towns in Sweden.Their approach was studied to see how they have avoided or defeated the threat that encirclesthem. In order to achieve our purpose we have conducted a qualitative study where we haveexamined and interpreted the empirical material we collected through the two interviews thatwere made with three respondents who work with center development in the cities wereviewed. Our theoretical reference framework is based on scientific articles and presentscurrent research as well as theories about town center management and methods forachieving successful development in city centers. The empirical basis of the study is based onthe two interviews that we have made with respondents in a career in center development.One of our respondents is a project manager and work with projects in center development,one is a business developer for a municipality in Sweden and the third has a professional roleas a center developer. The theoretical reference framework and empiricism are the startingpoints for our analysis and interpretations. It is because of that we have been able to drawconclusions about city center development and its methods of success. Collaboration isnecessary for a city center to achieve increased attractiveness. It is not enough that differentcity centers collaborates with each other in order to achieve successful city centerdevelopment and increased attractiveness to the city. It is vital that the inner core of the citycooperates with each other, and by that we mean that the city's own trader, property owner,municipality, politicians, residents, consumers, visitors, etc., work together towards commongoals. The two most important factors for collaboration that we could read were commitmentand a common goal. Thanks to the study it is clear that the two factors are crucial forcooperation in reducing the risk of urban deaths.

The topic of my diploma thesis is an urbanistic and architectural study of the reconstruction of a city block near Masaryk Square in Kyjov. The block is located between the main square and the bus station. Currently, some parts of the block are used not enough or not used at all. The urbanistic study deals with the completion of the block and the creation of new public spaces with a newly designed traffic road. The architectural study deals with the study of an apartment building with parking next to the Panorama cinema in the western part of the city block. The aim of the proposal is to complete the gap, rebuild and return the housing function to the city center.