The main objective of this thesis is to propose and evaluate two variants of HVAC systems for clean rooms. The proposed system is pressurized. As part of the experimental section in which the data obtained are evaluated - humidity and air temperature.

Le 21ème siècle est marqué par une nouvelle ère du numérique, notamment due au développement d’objets connectés toujours plus nombreux et variés. L’incroyable croissance, du flux de données produites, échangées et stockées au niveau mondial, a permis l’émergence de nouvelles technologies comme la photonique silicium. Cette dernière est cependant limitée par les propriétés intrinsèques du silicium, comme son gap indirect et sa structure cristalline centro-symétrique.En parallèle, la famille des oxydes fonctionnels présente une incroyable diversité de propriétés, comme la ferroélectricité ou la piézoélectricité. Leur intégration en photonique est principalement limitée par l’épitaxie sur silicium. En effet, la différence de paramètre de maille entre la plupart des oxydes et le silicium engendre une grande quantité de défauts et donc une forte dégradation de leurs propriétés. L’oxyde de zirconium stabilisé à l’yttrium (YSZ), qui présente un paramètre de maille intermédiaire, assure la transition entre les réseaux cristallins. Ce travail de thèse s’articule ainsi autour de la croissance d’YSZ et la caractérisation de ses propriétés en optique intégrée.Dans un premier temps, nous avons étudié la croissance d’YSZ par ablation laser pulsé (PLD), ainsi que la fabrication et caractérisation de structures photoniques sur substrat de saphir. Nous avons mis en évidence le rôle du recuit du substrat avant dépôt, sur l’orientation et la qualité du film. L’optimisation du dépôt et le développement d’un procédé de fabrication, a permis la démonstration de guides d’onde à faibles pertes, d’environs 2 dB/cm, et de composants passifs plus complexes comme des structures résonantes en anneau, micro-disques et filtres de Bragg. Nous avons également caractérisé les propriétés optiques non-linéaires du troisième ordre de l’YSZ dont les résultats expérimentaux ont été confirmés par des calculs théoriques. La valeur de l’indice de réfraction non-linéaire n2, de l’YSZ, est comparable à celle du nitrure de silicium (SiN), déjà utilisé comme matériau non-linéaire.En raison de la différence de paramètre de maille et du coefficient d’expansion thermique, l’intégration d’YSZ est susceptible d’induire de larges contraintes dans le silicium, et de briser sa centro-symétrie. De récentes études, expérimentales et théoriques, ont démontré que les contraintes permettent d’exploiter des propriétés optiques non-linéaires d’ordre deux dans le silicium, normalement inexistantes dans ce matériau. Pour caractériser la distribution des contraintes, vues par un mode optique se propageant dans un guide d’onde silicium, nous avons mis en place une nouvelle technique expérimentale basée sur l’effet Raman en optique intégrée. Des signatures d’évolutions de phonons très intéressantes ont été mesurées. Cependant, les modèles théoriques n’ont pas permis de calculer des valeurs de contraintes comparables à celles prévues par les simulations et des études complémentaires sont nécessaires.Finalement l’intégration d’YSZ en photonique silicium a été étudiée selon trois approches. La première et la deuxième consistent au dépôt d’YSZ sur des guides d’onde silicium, encapsulés ou non par une couche de silice. La troisième comprend la fabrication de guides d’onde dans une couche d’YSZ, déposée sur un substrat de silicium non structuré. Nous avons mis en évidence l’absence de contrainte dans chacune des configurations, justifiée par la présence de silice à l’interface entre l’YSZ et le silicium. Les pertes de propagation dans de tels guides hybrides YSZ/Si, initialement supérieures à 250 dB/cm ont été réduites à 7,5 dB/cm par l’optimisation de la croissance et de la géométrie des guides. / 21st century stands out as a new numeric area, particularly due to the development of Internet of Things. The exceptional growth of produced, transmitted and stored data all around the world led to new emerging technologies such as silicon photonics. However, silicon has intrinsic limitations for photonic applications including indirect bandgap and centrosymmetry of its lattice.In parallel, functional oxides family exhibits an impressive panel of properties such as ferroelectricity or piezoelectricity. The epitaxial growth is the main limitation for their integration in silicon photonics. Indeed, the lattice mismatch between most of the oxides and silicon induces high defects density which strongly degrades their properties. Nevertheless, one of these oxides, Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia (YSZ), can be used for the lattice transition. The objectives of the PhD work was then to study the YSZ growth mechanisms and to determine its properties in integrated optics.First, the epitaxial growth of YSZ, using Pulsed-Laser Deposition (PLD), as well as the fabrication and characterization of photonics structures have been developed on sapphire substrate. We reported the role of substrate annealing before deposition, on the orientation and quality of YSZ thin film. The optimization of the epitaxial growth, and the development of a fabrication process, allowed the demonstration of YSZ-based waveguides with propagation losses as low as 2 dB/cm. We also characterized more complex passives structures, in particular ring resonators, micro-disks and Bragg filters. Furthermore, third-order optical nonlinear properties in YSZ waveguides were experimentally determined for the first time. The n2 value, obtained experimentally, is in agreement with theoretical calculation and is in the same order of magnitude than the value reported for silicon nitride SiN, a well-known nonlinear material.Due to lattice mismatch and thermal expansion coefficient difference, the growth of YSZ is expected to induce large strain in silicon, breaking its crystal centrosymmetry. Recent experimental and theoretical studies have demonstrated the possibility to exploit second-order optical nonlinear effects in strained silicon, usually vanishing in this material. To probe the strain distribution, seen by an optical mode propagating in a silicon waveguide, we developed an innovative Raman-based experimental technique for integrated optics. Even if typical phonons behaviors have been revealed, theoretical modeling of experimental data did not lead to strain values comparable to the simulation predictions and complementary studies are required.Finally, three approaches have been tested for the integration of YSZ in silicon photonics. The first and second one include the growth of YSZ on silicon waveguides, buried or not in a silica layer. The third one involves the fabrication of waveguides in a YSZ thin film, deposited on a flat silicon substrate. No strains in the silicon have been observed, justified by the silica interfacial layer between YSZ and silicon. Propagation losses of hybrid YSZ/Si waveguides, initially more than 250 dB/cm, have been reduced to 7.5 dB/cm thanks to YSZ growth optimization and an adapted waveguides geometry.

Orientador: Afonso Lopes / Resumo: Na concepção do projeto e na fabricação de equipamentos, deve-se preocupar com a energia incorporada e com a quantidade de emissão de gases de efeito estufa (GEE), de modo a atender às exigências ambientais, cada vez mais requeridas por organismos internacionais. Este trabalho teve como objetivo calcular a energia incorporada (MJ) e a emissão de GEE (kg CO2e) na fabricação de equipamentos para beneficiamento de algodão, considerando a matéria-prima, a hora trabalhada e a energia elétrica consumida. O trabalho foi realizado na análise de três equipamentos de uma usina de beneficiamento de algodão. Os referidos equipamentos foram fabricados com tecnologia nacional por uma empresa localizada no interior do Estado de São Paulo. O primeiro equipamento, alimentador extrator automático, teve emissão de 6,57 CO2e kg-1 e energia incorporada de, 102,54 MJ kg-1; o segundo equipamento, descaroçador, teve emissão de 6,82 CO2e kg-1 e energia incorporada de 107,64 MJ kg-1; e o terceiro equipamento, prensa hidráulica, teve emissão de 5,05 CO2e kg-1 e energia incorporada de 78,73 MJ kg-1. Verifica-se a relevância dos materiais metálicos, principalmente do aço-carbono e a importância da energia elétrica consumida no cálculo de energia incorporada. O tempo homem/hora não foi relevante nos resultados de emissão de CO2e kg-1 e energia incorporada. / Abstract: In conception of design and manufacturing equipment it must be concerned with the embodied energy and greenhouse gas emissions (GHG), in order to meet the environmental requirements, which are increasingly required by international organizations. This paper aimed to calculate the embodied energy (MJ) and the emission of GHG (kg CO2e) in the manufacture of equipment for cotton processing, considering the raw material, the hour worked and the consumption of electric energy. The study analyzed three equipments of a plant of cotton benefit. These equipments were manufactured with national technology by a company located in the interior of the Brazilian state of São Paulo. The first equipment, automatic extractor feeder, had emission of 6.57 CO2e kg-1 and embodied energy of 102.54 MJ kg-1; the second equipment, ginning machine; had emission of 6.82 CO2e kg-1 and embodied energy of 107.64 MJ kg-1, and the third equipment, hydraulic press; had emission of 5.05 CO2e kg-1 and embodied energy of 78.73 MJ kg-1. Then was verified the relevance of metallic materials, mainly carbon steel and the importance of consumption of electric energy in the calculation of embodied energy. The man/hour time was not relevant in the results of CO2e kg-1 emission and embodied energy. / Doutor

Background: The food industry has become one of the key actors in today’s sustainability equation. Consumers are becoming more conscious than ever before, putting more thought into ingredients and packaging. The number one trend of 2020 is clean label food, thus inviting for research within this specific field.    Purpose: This thesis aims to investigate the role of sustainable consumption in clean label food purchasing. In addition, exploring why consumers purchase clean label food products.    Method: This study follows a deductive interpretivist approach based on ten qualitative semi-structured interviews. The research is based on the Censydiam framework on human motivations, and the results are analyzed, compared, and tailored to this model.    Results: There is a strong implication that those who consume sustainably are also very likely to purchase clean label food products. The main reason why people purchase clean label food products is Expertise. Taking care, Safe Choices, and Boost Energy are also prominent motivations.

Excerpt:The purpose of this article is to present and discuss the phases of the pull that precede the power position, as well as present some suggestions for how to coach these positions...

If these macro inclusions are not detected before the material is put in used, its mechanical properties are greatly affected and this can lead to outrageous consequences in the engineering application.

Thesis (M. Com. (Accounting)) -- University of Limpopo, 2021 / Since 2008, South Africa has been experiencing significant bottlenecks in its energy supply. The transition to renewable energy is no longer just an option but a necessity. In demonstrating the commitment to the Kyoto Protocol, which requires a reduction in greenhouse gases and is a response to the electricity crisis, various mechanisms have been applied to stimulate renewable energy production. This study examines the effect of the influencing factors and enablers on renewable energy generation in selected developing countries. To this end, the study investigated if the amount invested in renewable energy, economic, governance, environmental and social factors have an impact on renewable energy output produced in the selected emerging economies. Secondary data which comprised of the renewable energy output, investment and proxy data for the other factors being tested was used in the investigation. A quantitative research design was used, and panel data for the periods 2000-2016 was analysed. Results of the study revealed that the renewable energy generation is impacted diversely by the elements tested. A positive causal link was found between the dollar amount invested and the production of renewable energy. Additionally, the study found that governance, economic, environmental, and social factors can influence renewable energy output favourably or unfavourably. Results of the study suggest that policymakers should consider the effect of these variables when formulating policies to accelerate the transition to a sustainable energy supply system. Furthermore, the results provide possible solutions for budgetary constraints which have limited the transformation of the energy industries in the selected developing countries. Potential to investigate this study further on a country by country basis as data becomes available exists. Additionally, mixed methods may be applied to explore a qualitative element in the study. Keywords: Renewable Energy, Non-renewable energy, Green energy

<p> Fouling is one of the main problems in the food processing industry. The formation of fouling generates complications that could significantly impact the cost of production due to a reduction in heat transfer capacity or sanitation problems. Fouling formation inside enclosed systems can also lead to the growth of biofilms, causing food safety hazards. The fouling layers are firmly attached to the food contact surface of the equipment in ultra-high temperature (UHT) systems where a food product gets sterilized. Clean in place (CIP) is the most common process for cleaning and removal of fouling as it reduces cleaning time, chemicals, and water consumption compared to a regular cleaning out of place process. While cleaning and solids removal, microbubbles (MB) have shown improvement by enhancing the interaction of the components in the cleaning process with the source of contamination. Therefore, a novel pilot-scale microbubble-based CIP (MBCIP) technology was used for cleaning of fouled surfaces and compared to the traditional CIP process in terms of efficiency and reduction in water usage. The fouling layers attached to the food contact surface of the equipment in UHT was the main area examined. The research evaluated the fouling created at 110ºC in sections of stainless-steel pipes heated in a convection oven and at 121 ºC during regular processing in a UHT with coil heat exchangers system. Reconstituted Non-fat Dry Milk Powder (NFDM) was used as the primary source of protein to evaluate the cleaning efficiency. CIP factors were combined with temperatures at 21.11 ºC, 43.33 ºC, and 76.66 ºC, together with water, alkali, and acid, respectively. The optimal conditions for MBCIP were established and applied to a pilot-scale UHT system representative of a commercial-scale UHT system. The sequence of the CIP was water, alkali, water, acid, and water. The results showed that the acid solution at 76.66 ºC with microbubbles had a significantly higher protein removal compared to the rest of the evaluated conditions, removing 72% of the initial protein content compared to alkali and water which were 10 and <2.55%, respectively during 60 minute of CIP. During the full CIP with the combination of water, alkali, and acid, the effect of alkali was significantly higher than in the rest of the steps performed individually. With the addition of MB overall, CIP removed a considerable amount of protein (>21.5%) in a UHT system compared to the traditional CIP method within the 60 minutes period. CIP chemicals were the main factor contributing to the protein removal, and the gas content was the second most crucial factor in determining the removal. The addition of MB will have a meaningful impact when interacting with cleaning chemicals for industrial CIP. MB also occupies a very small amount of space inside the pipelines representing <0.05% of the volume fraction of the fluid inside the pipes, nevertheless, it can potentially reduce water consumption and provides a sustainable cleaning method for the food industry </p>

Trots ett något befläckat och periodvis kontroversiellt förflutet, har metal och hårdrock blivit en av de större musikgenrer som har fått sin spridning och sitt fäste i stora delar av världen. Denna uppsats är ett stickprov i spontana känslor och reaktioner som metal, skriven som konventionell filmmusik, framkallar i en actionkomedi. I studien har progressiv, instrumental metal komponerats som filmmusik till en scen ur kortfilmen Clean Objective (2022) och sedan översatts till klassisk orkestermusik. Samma scen med de två olika orkestreringar visades för fyra fokusgrupper med varierande bakgrund, för att undersöka respondenternas spontana reaktioner och känslor på metal som filmmusik i jämförelse med orkestermusiken som generellt förekommer oftare än metal i film. Alla respondenter upplevde att metal förstärkte komiken i och med kontrasten mot flera av filmens element, så som det visuella, pauser i musiken, samt mot en annan låt av en annan genre som också fanns med i scenen som studien gjordes på. De flesta respondenter tyckte att orkestern var mer dynamisk, bidrog med seriositet och passade bättre för uppbyggnaden av spänning, men tyckte att metal passade i actionsekvenserna. Respondenterna bidrog även med många olika enskilda åsikter och reaktioner som också presenteras i uppsatsen.

Children are extra sensitive to negative health effects due to development of their immune system and internal organs. Nowadays asthma is the most common chronical disease and affects more than 150 000 children and young adults in Sweden. Inadequate cleaning cause dust which can contain mould, pollen, bacteria and virus. The aim of this study was to investigate if cleaning is sufficient in schools, even if it doesn´t follow general advice from The Public Health Agency (Folkhälsomyndigheten). Contact was taken with two different municipalities in Sweden and inspection reports was reviewed. Thirteen cleaning workers answered a digital survey about cleanability at their workplace. Results shows that cleaning was inadequate in both schools and cleaning frequency is equally important as cleanability to fulfil legal requirements according to the Environmental Code. If cleaning workers aren´t able to do their jobs properly, due to bad interior, dust will settle on surfaces which leads to poor indoor environment for pupils and teachers.