京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(経済学) / 甲第18757号 / 経博第508号 / 新制||経||272(附属図書館) / 31708 / 京都大学大学院経済学研究科経済学専攻 / (主査)教授 植田 和弘, 教授 神事 直人, 教授 柴田 章久 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Economics / Kyoto University / DGAM

Este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar os sistemas de gestão ambiental em cinco indústrias petroquímicas no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, com foco no gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos e líquidos, gerados no processo produtivo, considerando-se a legislação brasileira aplicada ao meio ambiente. Acompanhando a evolução do sistema de gestão ambiental adotado pelos diferentes segmentos produtivos, observa-se cada vez mais a importância da adequação do processo a condições que permitam a sustentabilidade ambiental. As indústrias em questão são consideradas como referência no setror petroquímico de transformação, com atividades altamente impactantes ao meio ambiente. O objetivo geral deste estudo é conhecer a metodologia empregada por cada uma destas indústrias, na busca da melhoria contínua de gestão, face aos desafios de utilização de recursos renováveis e não renováveis, tratamentos de seus resíduos sólidos e líquidos, em compatibilidade com melhores e mais eficientes resultados de produção, bem como, a sustentabilidade do negócio. Para o desenvolvimento deste trabalho procedeu-se à Pesquisa Aplicada e em seguida ao Estudo de Caso. Primeiramente foram realizadas visitas às indústrias, utilizando-se um questionário para avaliar questões relativas ao gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos e líquidos do processo produtivo. Como Estudo de Caso selecionou-se uma das indústrias, que não possui todas as certificações relativas às normas ambientais e também não apresenta estação de tratamento de água e de efluentes na sua unidade industrial. Esta empresa foi comparada ás demais como referência para a identificação das iniciativas que as indústrias petroquímicas vem adotando, relacionadas com a preservação dos recursos naturais e minimização da geração de resíduos. Esta análise comparativa permitiu incluir neste estudo recomendações para implementação ou melhoria em aspectos do processo considerados impactantes ao meio ambiente e que, porventura, ainda não se encontravam em conformidade com atendimento às leis ambientais, e/ou, que não tenham atingido um nível de minimização de resíduos de forma a promover sua sustentabilidade ambiental. / This research has the aim of evaluating environmental management systems of five petrochemical industries in the State of Rio de Janeiro. This studys main focus is on the management of solid and liquid wastes which are generated during producing processes and the commitment with Brazilian laws applied to environmental protection. Following the development on environmental management systems used by different producing market segments, it is noticed that more and more importance is given to adapt a production process to limits and conditions that allows its environmental sustainability. The five above-mentioned studied industries are reference in the transformation sector, with productive activities which may cause critical impacts on the environment. The general target of this study is to give a closer look on the methodology used by each of those industries on their efforts for continuous management improvement, facing the challenges of the use of renewable and not renewable resources, solid and liquid waste treatment, in agreement with more efficient production results, as well as the business sustainability. For the development of this study it was divided in two parts: Applied Research and Case Study. First, the industries were visited and the questionnaire was applied to evaluate issues concerning management of solid and liquid waste generated during the process. One of the five industries was selected as Case Sudy, once it does not have all the certifications complying environmental norms and also it does not have wastewater treatment at its facility. This industry was compared to the others as a reference to identify the efforts that are being followed by petrochemical industries, concerning natural resources preservation and residues minimization. This comparative analysis allowed recommendations to improve process steps considered highly harmful to the environment, and, by the way are not still accomplishing to Brazilian environmental laws, and/or that have not yet achieved an accepted waste minimization level in order to assure its environmental sustainability.

Este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar os sistemas de gestão ambiental em cinco indústrias petroquímicas no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, com foco no gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos e líquidos, gerados no processo produtivo, considerando-se a legislação brasileira aplicada ao meio ambiente. Acompanhando a evolução do sistema de gestão ambiental adotado pelos diferentes segmentos produtivos, observa-se cada vez mais a importância da adequação do processo a condições que permitam a sustentabilidade ambiental. As indústrias em questão são consideradas como referência no setror petroquímico de transformação, com atividades altamente impactantes ao meio ambiente. O objetivo geral deste estudo é conhecer a metodologia empregada por cada uma destas indústrias, na busca da melhoria contínua de gestão, face aos desafios de utilização de recursos renováveis e não renováveis, tratamentos de seus resíduos sólidos e líquidos, em compatibilidade com melhores e mais eficientes resultados de produção, bem como, a sustentabilidade do negócio. Para o desenvolvimento deste trabalho procedeu-se à Pesquisa Aplicada e em seguida ao Estudo de Caso. Primeiramente foram realizadas visitas às indústrias, utilizando-se um questionário para avaliar questões relativas ao gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos e líquidos do processo produtivo. Como Estudo de Caso selecionou-se uma das indústrias, que não possui todas as certificações relativas às normas ambientais e também não apresenta estação de tratamento de água e de efluentes na sua unidade industrial. Esta empresa foi comparada ás demais como referência para a identificação das iniciativas que as indústrias petroquímicas vem adotando, relacionadas com a preservação dos recursos naturais e minimização da geração de resíduos. Esta análise comparativa permitiu incluir neste estudo recomendações para implementação ou melhoria em aspectos do processo considerados impactantes ao meio ambiente e que, porventura, ainda não se encontravam em conformidade com atendimento às leis ambientais, e/ou, que não tenham atingido um nível de minimização de resíduos de forma a promover sua sustentabilidade ambiental. / This research has the aim of evaluating environmental management systems of five petrochemical industries in the State of Rio de Janeiro. This studys main focus is on the management of solid and liquid wastes which are generated during producing processes and the commitment with Brazilian laws applied to environmental protection. Following the development on environmental management systems used by different producing market segments, it is noticed that more and more importance is given to adapt a production process to limits and conditions that allows its environmental sustainability. The five above-mentioned studied industries are reference in the transformation sector, with productive activities which may cause critical impacts on the environment. The general target of this study is to give a closer look on the methodology used by each of those industries on their efforts for continuous management improvement, facing the challenges of the use of renewable and not renewable resources, solid and liquid waste treatment, in agreement with more efficient production results, as well as the business sustainability. For the development of this study it was divided in two parts: Applied Research and Case Study. First, the industries were visited and the questionnaire was applied to evaluate issues concerning management of solid and liquid waste generated during the process. One of the five industries was selected as Case Sudy, once it does not have all the certifications complying environmental norms and also it does not have wastewater treatment at its facility. This industry was compared to the others as a reference to identify the efforts that are being followed by petrochemical industries, concerning natural resources preservation and residues minimization. This comparative analysis allowed recommendations to improve process steps considered highly harmful to the environment, and, by the way are not still accomplishing to Brazilian environmental laws, and/or that have not yet achieved an accepted waste minimization level in order to assure its environmental sustainability.

Submitted by Edileide Reis (leyde-landy@hotmail.com) on 2013-04-10T17:44:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Maerbal.pdf: 1051504 bytes, checksum: 65271b79838a2523ffe0b62b1b906620 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Meirelles(rodrigomei@ufba.br) on 2013-04-22T19:34:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Maerbal.pdf: 1051504 bytes, checksum: 65271b79838a2523ffe0b62b1b906620 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-04-22T19:34:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maerbal.pdf: 1051504 bytes, checksum: 65271b79838a2523ffe0b62b1b906620 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2001 / Esta dissertação consiste em uma revisão crítica da literatura sobre a prevenção da poluição na fonte geradora. Teve como objetivos: compor uma fonte adicional de informação sobre o tema, em língua portuguesa, uma vez que as disponíveis são muito limitadas, e discutir as implicações da incorporação ou não da prevenção, em função de seus resultados ambientais e econômicos e das diferenças de possibilidades entre os países. Inicialmente, analisa-se as discussões relativas à sustentabilidade, vulnerabilidade e incertezas ambientais, que situam o problema e ressaltam a necessidade de prevenir a poluição. Em seguida, discute-se as correntes intituladas Produção Mais Limpa e a Ecologia Industrial: conceitos e tecnologias; vantagens ambientais e econômicas; resultados já obtidos e dificuldades encontradas; instrumentos que induzem a adoção da prevenção; convergências e divergências entre as proposições. Por último, discute-se a orientação das leis ambientais brasileiras em relação a prevenção da poluição e as possíveis implicações para os países em desenvolvimento, como conseqüência da incorporação ou não das tecnologias mais eficientes de prevenção. Conclui-se que a Produção Mais Limpa e a Ecologia Industrial podem ser complementares e que a consideração das duas alternativas, acresce opções ao complexo problema da busca da sustentabilidade. Conclui-se, ainda que, ante a lógica econômica predominante, as vantagens ambientais e econômicas proporcionadas pela lógica da prevenção, tendem a aumentar as diferenças entre os países desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento. Mas que as diferenças serão ainda maiores em relação àqueles que se atenham aos procedimentos menos eficientes de fim de linha. Que os países em desenvolvimento precisam identificar possibilidades de incorporação da lógica da prevenção e buscar a ampliação do seu acesso às novas tecnologias. / Salvador

Abstract Fertilizer industry often generates phosphorous rich wastewaters containing heavy metals. While phosphorous is a valuable compound for the industry, heavy metals hinder the recovery of phosphorous due to their detrimental effects on human health and the environment. Consequently, heavy metals must be removed from the wastewaters. In this study the use of micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration (MEUF) was evaluated for the removal of cadmium, copper, zinc and nickel from phosphorous rich wastewaters. This study has been conducted following a systematic methodology from single metal synthetic wastewaters to more complex synthetic and real wastewaters. The experimental work was conducted in a laboratory scale stirred cell using 3, 5 and 10 kDa regenerated cellulose membranes and in a cross flow semi-pilot scale equipment using a 10 kDa spiral wound polyethersulphone membrane. Statistical design of experiments was used as the research methodology to evaluate the effect of factors on the MEUF process performance as well as for finding optimal conditions. The factors studied were heavy metal, phosphorous and surfactant feed concentrations, pH, membrane nominal molecular weight limits, transmembrane pressure and cross flow velocity. The membrane performance was characterized by the heavy metal retention/rejection coefficients and the permeate flux. The experimental results showed that the removal of heavy metals from single synthetic wastewaters by MEUF is more efficient for more diluted systems. In complex systems containing phosphorous, simultaneous removal of heavy metals was successfully achieved obtaining rejection coefficients up to 80%. Phosphorous was not retained by the membrane showing the potential applicability of MEUF to purify phosphorous rich wastewaters. The study of metal complex formation and heavy metal competition has been shown to be very important in order to predict the MEUF results. Concentration polarization phenomenon was insignificant in the synthetic wastewaters but it was more severe when applying MEUF to real wastewaters. In addition, with real wastewaters SDS leakage was insignificant. This study has provided new and valuable knowledge regarding the applicability of MEUF to industrial wastewater treatment. / Tiivistelmä Lannoiteteollisuus tuottaa usein jätevesiä, jotka sisältävät huomattavia määriä fosforia, sekä pieniä määriä raskasmetalleja. Vaikka fosfori on tärkeä raaka-aine lannoiteteollisuudelle, jätevesissä olevat raskasmetallit kuitenkin estävät sen hyötykäyttöä fosforin lähteenä. Raskasmetallit ovat haitallisia sekä luonnolle että ihmisten terveydelle, joten niiden erottaminen jätevesistä on tärkeää. Tässä työssä tutkittiin miselliavusteisen ultrasuodatuksen (MEUF) käyttöä kadmiumin, kuparin, sinkin ja nikkelin poistamiseen fosforipitoisista jätevesistä. Väitöskirjatyössä tutkittiin systemaattisesti synteettisiä jätevesiä, jotka sisälsivät joko yhtä tai useita raskasmetalleja, sekä lannoitetehtaalta kerättyjä jätevesiä. Kokeet tehtiin laboratoriomittakaavan sekoituskennolla, jossa käytettiin 3, 5 ja 10 kDa:n regeneroituja selluloosakalvoja, sekä semi-pilot -mittakaavan spiraalielementillä, jonka materiaalina oli 10 kDa:n polyeetterisulfonikalvo. Väitöskirjatyössä hyödynnettiin tilastollista koesuunnittelua, jonka avulla arvioitiin muuttujien vaikutuksia MEUF-prosessin käyttäytymiseen. Koesuunnittelua hyödynnettiin myös optimiolosuhteiden määrittelemisessä. Koesuunnitelmien muuttujina olivat raskasmetallien, fosforin ja pinta-aktiivisen aineen pitoisuudet, pH, suodatuskalvojen katkaisukoot, paine sekä ristikkäisvirtauksen nopeus. Kalvon käyttäytymistä arvioitiin raskasmetallien erotustehokkuuden ja permeaattivuon avulla. Koetulokset osoittivat raskasmetallien erotuksen olevan tehokkainta synteettisistä, yhtä metallia sisältävistä jätevesistä, joiden raskasmetallipitoisuus oli pieni. Fosforia sisältävistä monimetalliliuoksista saavutettiin 80 %:inen raskametallien poistotehokkuus. Kalvoerotuksessa fosforipitoisuus ei muuttunut merkittävästi, mikä osoittaa MEUF:n olevan potentiaalinen menetelmä raskasmetallien poistamiseen fosforipitoisista jätevesistä. Metallikompleksien muodostumisen ja raskasmetallien välisen kilpailun ymmärtäminen osoittautuivat erittäin tärkeiksi MEUF-tuloksien ennustamisessa. Konsentraatiopolarisaatioilmiö ei ollut merkittävä käsiteltäessä synteettisiä jätevesiä, mutta teollisten jätevesien käsittelyssä ilmiöllä oli huomattava vaikutus permeaattivuohon. Kuitenkin teollisen jätevesien käsittelyssä SDS:n vuotaminen kalvon läpi oli merkityksetöntä. Tämä tutkimus on antanut uutta ja merkittävää tietoa MEUF:n soveltuvuudesta teollisten jätevesien käsittelyn.

<p dir="ltr"><a href="" target="_blank">The electrification of the transportation sector is pivotal in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and decreasing dependence on fossil fuels. Central to this transition are battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and other clean energy technologies, which rely heavily on critical materials (CMs) such as cobalt, lithium, neodymium, and nickel. </a>These materials are essential for the performance of batteries, advanced electronics, and other components in BEVs. <a href="" target="_blank">However, the limited availability of these CMs poses potential constraints on the widespread adoption of such technologies.</a></p><p dir="ltr">This research delves into the implications of widespread BEV adoption on the demand for CMs in the United States, with a focus on both light-duty vehicles (LDVs) and medium- and heavy-duty vehicles (MHDVs). Various market penetration scenarios were analyzed, revealing that while MHDVs require more CMs per vehicle, the sheer volume of LDV sales drives the overall CM demand, particularly in a scenario with 100% BEV adoption. Key findings highlight that cobalt, graphite, lithium, neodymium, and nickel are critical for BEVs, whereas palladium and rhodium are more crucial for internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs). Also explored is the impact of lightweighting on LDVs, revealing that while substituting steel with aluminum increases the total CM quantity per vehicle, it reduces the vehicle's mass, operational energy consumption, and the demand for high-concern battery-related CMs. Additionally, changing the battery cathode chemistry from NMC622 to LFP significantly reduces CM use but increases the demand for strategic materials like copper and phosphorus due to the lower energy density of LFP-based batteries.</p><p dir="ltr">The research also highlights the importance of rare earth permanent magnets (REPMs), <a href="" target="_blank">particularly Neodymium-Iron-Boron (NdFeB) magnets, in clean energy technologies such as electric vehicles and wind turbines.</a> Neodymium, a critical material, faces supply chain risks. To lessen these risks, circular economy strategies have been proposed, including the recovery of needed materials from end-of-life (EoL) products. <a href="" target="_blank">A dynamic material flow analysis (MFA) model was developed to forecast such EoL flows for products containing REPMs and assess the recoverable neodymium from these EoL products. </a>The results indicate that even a modest recycling efficiency of 15% could meet 12% of the Nd demand for EVs by 2050, with reuse meeting up to 70% of the demand.</p><p dir="ltr">With the dynamic MFA model showing that circular economy principles could meet up to 70% of future neodymium demand in 2050, the next step was to investigate the techno-economic feasibility of recycling REPMs. A techno-economic assessment model was developed for establishing a magnet-to-magnet recycling facility for REPMs. Results revealed a net present value (NPV) of $8,867,111 over 20 years, a payback period of 3 years, and an internal rate of return (IRR) of 53%, providing a compelling case for investment in recycling infrastructure. Sensitivity analyses point to the selling price of recycled magnets, feedstock purchase price, facility throughput, and labor costs as the most influential factors on profitability.</p><p dir="ltr"><a href="" target="_blank">Additionally, this research explored the challenges and opportunities in the disassembly and recycling of EoL EV components, particularly traction motors containing REPMs. The complexity of disassembly, driven by varying component sizes and designs, is identified as a significant barrier. By evaluating manual disassembly times and proposing potential automation solutions, the study aims to streamline the disassembly process, thus facilitating more efficient recycling and remanufacturing operations.</a></p><p dir="ltr">The key contributions of this research are summarized as follows:</p><p dir="ltr">· Evaluated the vehicle CM demand of ICEVs and BEVs for LDVs and MHDVs and explored the impact of lightweighting and changing the battery cathode chemistry from NMC622 to LFP on CM demands.</p><p dir="ltr">· Developed a dynamic material flow analysis (MFA) model to forecast end-of-life (EoL) flows of products containing REPMs and assess the recoverable neodymium from these EoL products.</p><p dir="ltr">· Developed a techno-economic assessment (TEA) model to evaluate the viability of a magnet-to-magnet recycling facility.</p><p dir="ltr">· Performed disassembly analysis to assess the ease with which EoL BEV transmissions can be disassembled with a specific focus on the retrieval of traction motors (which house the REPMs) for potential reuse or remanufacturing.</p>