Our thesis project consists of three architectural interventions: The Mushroom, The Gnat and The Snake, fitting into a vision of a Swedish forest managed in a more sustainable way. A future in which the practice of clear-felling has been abandoned in favor of alternative methods falling under the umbrella term Continuous Cover Forestry (CCF). As the biological aspects of forestry is not our area of expertise, we have investigated what this reorganization at large would mean for the Swedish landscape, economy and society. Where it becomes a question for architecture. When the timber industry looses its hegemony over the forest, the forest becomes available to different uses. For life and recreation, and for the production of forest goods other than timber, such as wild game meat, berries, and mushrooms. These activities are able to take place within the same space as forestry, thereby overcoming the spatial separation of functions we see today. Our interventions work by docking onto different points of today’s logistics flow, in order to later replace them. They take into account more of the different values and users of the forest which we have identified. The project follows the flow of goods from the forest as they make their way towards the larger markets. The Mushroom is an outpost in the middle of the productive forest which supplies the surrounding area with the necessary infrastructure in order to extract goods from it, doubling as a recreational dwelling. One of these can be placed every 30 km. The Gnat is a tower structure containing multiple different functions ranging from marking the pick-up spot for the harvested timber, functioning as a hunting tower, shelter and storage. Many of them are placed along forest roads. The Snake is a local processing plant managing small-scale refinement of the goods of the forest close to their site of harvest, thus channeling some of the economical flow back to the communities living of the forest. Together they form a complete series of infrastructure demonstrating how we could organize the future Swedish forest.

Yes / Pier scour has been extensively studied in laboratory experiments. However, scour depth relationships based on data at the laboratory scale often yield unacceptable results when extended to field conditions. In this study, non-uniform gravel bed laboratory and field datasets with gravel of median size ranging from 2.7 to 14.25 mm were considered to predict the maximum equilibrium scour depth at cylindrical piers. Specifically, a total of 217 datasets were collected: 132 from literature sources and 85 in this study using new experiments at the laboratory scale, which constitute a novel contribution provided by this paper. From the analysis of data, it was observed that Melville and Coleman’s equation performs well in the case of laboratory datasets, while it tends to overestimate field measurements. Guo’s and Kim et al.’s relationships showed good agreements only for laboratory datasets with finer non-uniform sediments: deviations in predicting the maximum scour depth with non-uniform gravel beds were found to be significantly greater than those for non-uniform sand and fine gravel beds. Consequently, new K-factors for the Melville and Coleman’s equation were proposed in this study for non-uniform gravel-bed streams using a curve-fitting method. The results revealed good agreements between observations and predictions, where this might be an attractive advancement in overcoming scale effects. Moreover, a sensitivity analysis was performed to identify the most sensitive K-factors.

No description available.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第23763号 / 医博第4809号 / 新制||医||1056(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 中島 貴子, 教授 戸井 雅和, 教授 伊藤 貴浩 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Gu Taiqing 顧太清 (1799-1877) is one of the most famous and prolific female writers in the late Qing. In this thesis, I focus on her poems and lyrics on three important subjects, self-portrayals, plum blossoms, and Qingfengge 清風閣 (Clear Breeze Pavilion), in her two poetry collections, Tianyou geji 天遊閣集 (Collected Poems of Heavenly Travels Studio) and Donghai yuge 東海漁歌 (Songs of the Fisherman of the Eastern Sea), in order to advance the current scholarship on this female author and Ming-Qing women’s writings and reveal the uniqueness of Gu’s poetry. My study addresses how she represents herself, recounts her life experiences, and engages in the poetic tradition established by men. By examining her voices and images embedded in her poems, I argue that she creates her own expressions of female voices as an elite woman, a mother, and a female companion for her friends and her husband through the incorporation of her life experiences, both inside and outside her inner quarters. Most female figures portrayed by male poets are desired, static, subordinate, and longing for their absent lovers in their boudoir. Differentiating from the common women’s image, Gu shows her literary creation and women’s subjectivity by taking an active role, as opposed to a passive one. She describes a self-contented life and creates a delightful atmosphere in the spatial setting of her inner quarters. She also writes about her activities outside her boudoir and narrates her travel experiences as a female poet in her poems, in which she constructs her image as a subject that appreciates nature and is emotionally attached to her family. Moreover, my study discovers the approaches that she takes to negotiate between her reputation as a talented poet and her image as a learned lady, given the high moral standard expected from the late Qing elite women. Constructing her image associated with Confucian morality, she highlights her dedication to womanly learning and suggests that women’s literary talent and virtue are reconcilable.

This project is an investigation of qualitative space, a space that is more subtly defined than by street number or rigidly specified edges. A qualitative space is one that engages the imagination in the act of understanding. This urban room is an open, unrestricted space in the middle of the city, defined on 3 sides by a group of auditoriums. The space maintains and enhances the role of the site within the city, a place that can accomodate festivals and gatherings. / Master of Architecture

No / Orthokeratology (ortho-k) is the process of deliberately reshaping the anterior cornea by utilising specialty contact lenses to temporarily and reversibly reduce refractive error after lens removal. Modern ortho-k utilises reverse geometry lens designs, made with highly oxygen permeable rigid materials, worn overnight to reshape the anterior cornea and provide temporary correction of refractive error. More recently, ortho-k has been extensively used to slow the progression of myopia in children. This report reviews the practice of ortho-k, including its history, mechanisms of refractive and ocular changes, current use in the correction of myopia, astigmatism, hyperopia, and presbyopia, and standard of care. Suitable candidates for ortho-k are described, along with the fitting process, factors impacting success, and the potential options for using newer lens designs. Ocular changes associated with ortho-k, such as alterations in corneal thickness, development of microcysts, pigmented arcs, and fibrillary lines are reviewed. The safety of ortho-k is extensively reviewed, along with an overview of non-compliant behaviours and appropriate disinfection regimens. Finally, the role of ortho-k in myopia management for children is discussed in terms of efficacy, safety, and potential mechanisms of myopia control, including the impact of factors such as initial fitting age, baseline refractive error, the role of peripheral defocus, higher order aberrations, pupil size, and treatment zone size. / The CLEAR initiative was facilitated by the BCLA, with financial support by way of Educational Grants for collaboration, publication and dissemination provided by Alcon and CooperVision.

INTRODUCTION Il existe actuellement de nombreuses options esthétiques de traitement pour corriger orthodontiquement les malocclusions dentaires. Le standard de traitement en chirurgie orthognatique est d’utiliser des boîtiers conventionnels fixes. Récemment, une nouvelle technique gagne en popularité en pratique privée : l’utilisation de coquilles d’alignement transparentes comme alternative esthétique. La littérature actuelle sur ce sujet consiste exclusivement de rapports de cas. Ainsi, il semble raisonnable d’affirmer que davantage de recherche est nécessaire sur ce sujet. OBJECTIFS L’objectif principal de cette étude rétrospective est d’évaluer la qualité des résultats obtenus à la suite de traitements combinés d’orthodontie et de chirurgie orthognatique en utilisant le système Invisalign®, en comparaison avec les boîtiers orthodontiques traditionnels. L’objectif secondaire de comparer la durée de traitement entre les deux systèmes. MATÉRIEL/MÉTHODES Quarante-neuf patients ont été recrutés en provenance de deux pratiques orthodontiques privées (24 Invisalign® / 25 contrôles de boîtiers fixes). Les deux groupes étaient initialement similaires, tel que mesuré par le Discrepancy Index de l’American Board of Orthodontics. Les résultats finaux ont été évalués en utilisant l’outil Phase III (Model Grading System) de l’American Board of Orthodontics. RÉSULTATS Les scores moyens de chaque catégorie du Model Grading System étaient supérieurs pour le groupe Invisalign® et une différence significative existait entre les groupes pour les catégories d’alignement, de contacts occlusaux, d’angulation des racines et de score total. Les durées de la préparation pré-chirurgicale et du traitement total se sont révélées plus courtes pour le groupe Invisalign® (p ≤ 0.05). CONCLUSION Invisalign® a produit des traitements combinés d’orthodontie et de chirurgie orthognatique plus courts que les boîtiers traditionnels. Par contre, des scores du Model Grading System supérieurs ont été répertoriés lorsque comparés avec les boîtiers conventionnels, signifiant la production de résultats de qualité inférieure à la technique traditionnelle fixe. / INTRODUCTION Numerous esthetic orthodontic treatment options currently exist to correct dental malocclusions. The gold standard in orthognathic surgery is to use bonded orthodontic brackets. Recently, clear aligners have been proposed as an alternative. The current available literature on this topic consists exclusively of case reports. Therefore, it seems reasonable to assume that further research is needed on this topic. OBJECTIVE The primary objective of this retrospective study aims to evaluate the quality of the outcomes of combined orthodontic and surgical treatments with Invisalign® when compared with conventional orthodontic treatments. The secondary objective is to compare the duration of treatment between Invisalign® and conventional brackets. MATERIAL/METHODS Forty-nine patients were recruited from two orthodontic private practices (24 Invisalign® / 25 bracket controls). Both groups were initially similar, as per the ABO Discrepancy Index. The results were assessed using the ABO Phase III method (MGS). RESULTS The MGS mean scores were consistently higher for Invisalign® and there was a significant difference between the groups regarding alignment, occlusal contacts, root angulations and total score. The duration of pre-surgical preparation and the total treatment time were shorter for the Invisalign® group (p ≤ 0.05). CONCLUSION Invisalign® provided faster combined orthodontic and orthognathic surgery treatment, yet demonstrated inferior quality of results when compared to conventional brackets using the MGS.

Le carcinome rénal à cellules claires (cRCC) est le principal type histologique de carcinome rénal et l'une des tumeurs les plus résistantes à la chimio et à la radiothérapie. L'absence de biomarqueurs pour la détection précoce et pour le suivi des patients est responsable d'un mauvais pronostic. Il est nécessaire d'identifier de nouveaux biomarqueurs et des cibles thérapeutiques pour améliorer la prise en charge des patients. Les microARNs, des petits ARN non codants de 22 nucléotides, qui ont été précédemment montrés comme favorisant l'initiation et la progression tumoral, semblent être de bons candidats. Nous avons focalisé notre étude sur (i) miR-21 qui est le principal oncomiR surexprimé dans le cRCC et (ii) le récepteur nucléaire PPARα (Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor), l'une des cibles de miR-21.D'une part, sur une cohorte de 99 échantillons de cRCC primaires, nous avons montré que l'expression de miR-21 était plus élevée dans les tissus cancéreux que dans les tissus non tumoraux adjacents. In vitro, miR-21 est également surexprimé dans les lignées cellulaires de carcinomes rénaux comparées à la lignée cellulaire épithéliale HK-2 provenant de tubes proximaux humains. De plus, nous avons également montré que la surexpression de miR-21 augmente les propriétés de migration et d'invasion des cellules cancéreuses rénales ainsi que les voies de signalisation prolifératives et anti-apoptotiques, alors que des résultats opposés ont été observés en utilisant une stratégie d'inhibition anti-miR-21. Enfin, nous avons évalué le rôle du miR-21 dans la chimiorésistance du cRCC et montré, en outre, que l'inhibition de miR-21 augmentait significativement la chimiosensibilité au paclitaxel, au 5-fluorouracile, à l'oxaliplatine et au dovitinib, diminuait l'expression des transporteurs à efflux MRP1-6/ABCC1-6 et augmentait l'expression des transporteurs à influx SLC22A1/OCT1, SLC22A2/OCT2 et SLC31A1/CTR1. Ces résultats ont permis la publication d'un article dans Tumor Biology se trouvant en annexe.D'autre part, dans les tissus de patients atteints de cRCC, nous avons montré pour la première fois que la surexpression de miR-21 est en corrélation avec une perte d'expression de PPARα. In vitro, nous avons montré que miR-21 cible le 3'-UTR de PPARα et diminue son expression protéique et que la surexpression de miR-21 diminue l'activité transcriptionnelle de PPARα. En outre, la surexpression et l'activation de PPARα diminuent l'expression de miR-21. En effet, PPARα interagit avec les facteurs de transcription AP-1 et NF-κB et empêche ainsi leur liaison au promoteur de miR-21 diminuant ainsi sa transcription.En conclusion, nous avons montré que (i) miR-21 est un acteur clé de la progression du cancer du rein et joue un rôle important dans la résistance aux chimiothérapies et (ii) qu'il existe une boucle de régulation négative entre miR-21 et PPARα dans le cRCC. / Renal clear cell carcinoma (cRCC) is the major histological type of renal carcinoma and one of the most chemo- and radio-resistant tumors. The absence of biomarkers for early detection and for monitoring patients is responsible of a poor prognosis. It is necessary to identify new biomarkers and therapeutic targets to improve patient care. MicroRNAs, small noncoding RNAs of 22 nucleotides, which have been previously shown to promote malignant initiation and progression, appear to be good candidates.We focused our study on (i) miR-21 which is the main overexpressed oncomirs in cRCC and (ii) the nuclear receptor PPARα (Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor), one of miR-21 targets.In one hand, by using a cohort of 99 primary cRCC samples, we showed that miR-21 expression in cancer tissues was higher than in adjacent non-tumor tissues. In vitro, miR-21 was also overexpressed in renal carcinoma cell lines compared to HK-2 human proximal tubule epithelial cell line. Moreover, we also showed that miR-21 overexpression increased migratory, invasive, proliferative, and anti-apoptotic signaling pathways whereas opposite results were observed using an anti-miR-21-based silencing strategy. Finally, we assessed the role of miR-21 in mediating cRCC chemoresistance and further showed that miR-21 silencing significantly increased chemosensitivity of paclitaxel, 5-fluorouracil, oxaliplatin and dovitinib, decreased expression of multi-drug resistance genes and increased SLC22A1/OCT1, SLC22A2/OCT2 and SLC31A1/CTR1 platinum influx transporter expression. These results led to the publication of an article in Tumor Biology in annex.In other hand, in cRCC tissue patients, we showed for the first time that miR-21 overexpression correlates with a loss of expression of PPARα. In vitro, we showed that miR-21 targets PPARα 3'-UTR and decreases its protein expression and miR-21 overexpression decreases the transcriptional activity of PPARα. Furthermore, PPARα overexpression and activation decrease miR-21 expression. In fact, PPARα interacts with AP-1 and NF-kappaB transcription factors and thus prevents their binding to the miR-21 promoter thus decreasing its transcription.In conclusion, we have shown that (i) miR-21 is a key actor of renal cancer progression and plays an important role in the resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs and (ii) there is a negative regulatory loop between miR-21 and PPARα in cRCC.

Utilizou-se o modelo hidrológico TOPMODEL, baseado em aspectos físicos e topográficos, em uma das três microbacias do Laboratório de Hidrologia Florestal Eng. Agr. Walter Emmerich, do Instituto Florestal/SP. O laboratório localiza-se na Serra do Mar, junto às cabeceiras do rio Paraibuna, um dos formadores do rio Paraíba do Sul. O modelo usa um índice topográfico que indica as áreas de contribuição para o deflúvio da microbacia e permite simular a vazão e analisar o comportamento hidrológico da microbacia. A primeira parte do trabalho buscou determinar os valores iniciais dos parâmetros de calibração, testar a validade das premissas do modelo, e, principalmente, compreender melhor o funcionamento hidrológico da bacia D. Os resultados indicam uma eficiência maior para as simulações de eventos isolados do que para as de períodos longos. A simulação do comportamento hidrológico em função do corte raso mostrou uma diminuição do tempo de pico e um aumento significativo do volume de vazão simulado: de 17 a 44%, em comparação a bacia D coberta com floresta. Mostram, também, que de 7 a 93% do deflúvio é gerado a partir das áreas variáveis de afluência (A.V.A.). Recomenda-se que o corte raso seja evitado a qualquer custo. Caso seja necessário, as matas ciliares devem ser mantidas; onde elas não existem mais, devem ser recuperadas imediatamente. As áreas com agricultura ou pastagem devem utilizar as melhores técnicas de conservação do solo, de forma que as condições naturais de infiltração não sejam drasticamente alteradas. / A physically based semi-distributed model, TOPMODEL, has been applied to one catchment in Cunha, São Paulo, Brazil. The model uses a topographic index which highlights significant hydrological areas within the catchment. The model simulate streamflow and analyse the behaviour of the catchment. The first part of this paper concerns to the first values of calibration parameters, experiments the validity of the premisses of the model, and, mainly, tries to understand how does the hydrology of D catchment works. The results are more efficient on simulation of isolate events than on events of long period. The simulation of hydrology behaviour subject to clear-cutting has showed a diminution of the time of rise and a significant increase of streamflow simulated: from 17 to 44%, in comparaison to D forest catchment. They also show that from 7 to 93% of the streamflow is generated from saturated contributing areas (sources areas). It\'s advisable to avoid clear-cutting. If necessary, the riparian zone has to be preserved; and where they have been destroyed, they have to be recovered urgently. Agricultural lands or grasslands have to use the best management practices, in order to keep the natural conditions of infiltration.