Nas últimas décadas, os governos municipais vêm adotando abordagens participativas em diversas políticas públicas setoriais, estimulados pelas esferas governamentais superiores que passaram a vincular a transferência de recursos financeiros ou a habilitação para exercer determinada atividade à criação e pleno funcionamento de instituições participativas. Por indução governamental, financiamento de órgãos internacionais ou pela autonomia jurídica que lhes foi concedida pela Constituição de 1988, os municípios brasileiros criaram ou reproduziram diversas instâncias de participação social: conselhos municipais, conferências temáticas, orçamentos participativos, audiências públicas, etc. Porém, o êxito dessas abordagens - no sentido de incluir os atores que estão à margem dos processos decisórios - não depende unicamente de sua institucionalização. Diversos fatores interferem na decisão de indivíduos e de organizações sociais em participar destas instâncias governamentais. Se há interesse em lograr êxito com essa abordagem, é importante compreender como estes fatores atuam no território, e o que o governo municipal pode fazer para aprimorar suas práticas. Um diagnóstico correto é o primeiro passo para um planejamento adequado, e o uso de uma ferramenta específica pode identificar forças e fraquezas relacionadas ao processo participativo, auxiliando na seleção de melhores estratégias. Na ausência de instrumentos criados no próprio país, a adaptação de instrumentos estrangeiros pode ser uma alternativa. Com esse cenário, o objetivo dessa pesquisa é validar uma ferramenta analítica, elaborada pela União Europeia, voltada ao diagnóstico das iniciativas governamentais de participação. Para tanto, utilizou-se de: i) levantamento bibliográfico e documental para análise do embasamento conceitual; ii) tradução, comparação com outros materiais e oficina com especialistas para a adaptação transcultural e validação do conteúdo; iii) estudo de campo para aplicação teste da ferramenta. O estudo de campo ocorreu em Barueri - SP e a análise centrou-se nas iniciativas participativas da Secretaria de Recursos Naturais e Meio Ambiente. Constatou-se que o processo de diagnóstico exige conhecimentos técnicos qualificados e um tempo médio de seis meses para conclusão. Por outro lado, promove uma reflexão entre seus participantes, fomentando a revisão das práticas em curso. Os resultados gerados pela ferramenta foram condizentes com a realidade percebida. A ferramenta mostrou-se válida para o contexto brasileiro, mas recomendam-se mais experiências para ajustes finos à nossa realidade sociocultural / Since the 1990s, several initiatives to improve citizen participation have been created by local authorities in Brazil. Public policies councils, thematic conferences, participatory budgets and public hearings are the most widespread. However, getting people to participate is not a simple task. Several factors interfere in the decision of individuals and social groups to participate. Local authorities can strengthen citizen participation, but they need better understand the obstacles as well as the possible boosters that exist in their localities. A good assessment is is the first step towards adequate planning, and the use of a specific tool can help to analyse diferente dimensions of engagement, assisting in the selection of better strategies. Adaptation of foreigns instruments can be an alternative when theres no nacional tool developed. The Council of Europe designed an instrument for a self-assessment process, to help local authorities and other organisations or groups at the local level to better understand public participation in their localities. This dissertation aims to use this tool and understand if its adaptable to brazilian circumstances. For such end, was used: i) bibliographical and documental survey; ii) cross-cultural adaptation, made by translation and workshop with experts; iii) road test in Barueri SP. The road test focused on participation initiatives of the local environmental agency: Secretaria de Recursos Naturais e Meio Ambiente. The study demonstrates that self-assessment process requires qualified technical knowledge and an average time of six months. On the other hand, its use provided an occasion to reflect together, policymakers and stakeholders, driving to consider strategies for addressing some gaps detected in citizen participation. The results of the road test were consistent with the perceived reality. The tool proved to be valid for the Brazilian context, but are recommended more experiences for fine adjustments to our sociocultural reality

Efeitos causados pela interação da radiação ionizante em dispositivos eletrônicos consis- tem numa preocupação crescente em diversos segmentos, como as aplicações aeroespaci- ais e em física de altas energias. Entre os efeitos de radiação induzidos por íons pesados estão os chamados de Efeitos de Eventos Isolados (Single Event Effects - SEE), em que o impacto de um único íon pode ser capaz de gerar um efeito observável, através da elevada deposição de energia e consequente geração de pares elétron-lacuna. O estudo destes efeitos requer um acelerador de partículas capaz de prover feixes uniformes de íons pesados com baixo fluxo. Neste trabalho, desenvolvemos um sistema para produ- ção de feixes de íons pesados para estudar SEE no Acelerador Pelletron 8UD, utilizando as técnicas de desfocalização e espalhamento múltiplo em folhas de ouro. O sistema foi projetado para prover feixes com intensidades entre 10 2 e 10 5 partículas/s/cm 2 com uniformidade maior que 90% numa área circular de diâmetro de 1,5 cm, operando em regime de alto-vácuo. Um manipulador de amostras permite a movimentação do dispo- sitivo sob teste com precisão de 2,5 m e um sistema de aquisição de dados dedicado foi desenvolvido, permitindo a automação de medidas. O sistema foi caracterizado com feixes de 1 H, 12 C, 16 O, 19 F, 28 Si, 35 Cl e 63 Cu a várias energias, apresentando fluxo e uni- formidade adequados aos experimentos em diversas configurações de focalização e folhas espalhadoras, e tem sido utilizado por diversos grupos de pesquisa. O novo sistema foi utilizado para estudar o efeito das camadas de isolamento e metalização na coleta de carga e geração de eventos observáveis em um dispositivo analógico e em um disposi- tivo digital, de modo a estabelecer metodologias de trabalho adequadas para estudos precisos de mecanismos de ocorrência de efeitos de radiação. O dispositivo analógico estudado foi um transistor p-MOS, onde o sinal de corrente induzido pelo impacto de íons diversos foi analisado de modo a obter a seção de choque de eventos e a cargaix gerada, permitindo determinar a espessura da camada de metalização em 1,28(2) m, e a camada de coleta de carga dependente do LET e alcance da partícula incidente, variando entre 6,0 e 11,0 m. O dispositivo digital estudado foi uma memória SRAM 28nm, onde foi observada uma forte dependência da seção de choque de eventos com a penetração do feixe no dispositivo. Associando as camadas de metalização e isolamento a um meio efetivo de interação, obteve-se que toda a área sensível do dispositivo só pode ser excitada, isto é, nela ocorrerem eventos observáveis, para partículas com alcance, no meio efetivo, entre 14 e 20 m, embora partículas com alcance de até 10 m sejam capazes de sensibilizar até 50% da área ativa do dispositivo. / Effects on electronic devices caused by interactions of ionizing radiation are a main concern in several fields, such as aerospace applications and high-energy physics. Among the heavy-ion induced radiation effects are the Single Event Effects, in which a strike of a single ion can be enough to generate an observable effect, as a result of the high energy deposition and thus electron-hole pairs generation. The study of these effects requires the use of uniform, low-flux particle beams. In this work, we developed a system for production of heavy ion beams for SEE studies at Pelletron 8UD accelerator, through the defocusing and multiple scattering in gold foil techniques. The setup can provide ion beams with intensities ranging from 10 2 e 10 5 particles/s/cm 2 with uniformity better than 90% in an circular area of 1.5 cm diameter, operating under high-vacuum. A sample manipulador allows device under test positioning with a precision of 2.5 m, and a dedicated data acquisition system was developed, allowing measurement automation. The system was characterized with 1 H, 12 C, 16 O, 19 F, 28 Si, 35 Cl and 63 Cu ion beams at several energies, presenting flux and uniformity adequate for SEE studies in many different configurations, and it is being used by several research groups. The new facility was used to study the effect of isolation and metalization layers in charge collection and observable events generation in an analog and in a digital device, in order to establish proper metodologies for precise studies of radiation effects mecanisms. The analog device studied was a p-MOS transitor, from which the heavy-ion impact induced current signal was analised to obtain cross-section and colected charge, allowing to determine metalization layer thickness to be 1.28(2) m, and charge collection dependency on particle LET and range, varying from 6.0 to 11.0 m. The digital device studied was a 28nm SRAM memory, where a strong dependency of cross-section with particle range in the device was observed. Associating to the metal and insulating layers an effectivexi medium, it was observed that the complete sensitive area can be excited only by particle with ranges in effective medium between 14 and 20 m, although particles with ranges up to 10 m are capable of sensibilizing up to 50% of devices active area.

Disturbances are ubiquitous features of most northern forest ecosystems. The subsequent response of plant assemblages on both short (resistance or not) and long term (recolonization or not) will depend on a number of factors operating at several spatial scales. In boreal forest ecosystems, bryophyte assemblages are a conspicuous and species rich group of plants for which these processes are poorly understood. Using a combination of experimental and observational approaches this thesis explores these questions for closed-canopy bryophyte assemblages in relation to a) microtopography (both for the initial and long-term response), b) environmental constrains during post-logging succession and c) disturbance type. My results clearly show that the shade and shelter provided by microtopographic surface structures can increase survival rates of bryophytes following clear-cut logging by decreasing mortality from microclimatic stress and mechanical disturbance. Following clear-cutting, the recovery of forest floor and dead wood living bryophytes seems to be a relatively steady and progressive process without any major bottleneck episodes in the young or semi-mature forest stages with much of the pre-disturbance composition recovered after 50 years. Although boulders were found to increase the initial survival on clear-cuts and hence increase disturbance resistance, we found no evidence that boulders influenced the subsequent recolonization process. Lastly, strong compositional dissimilarities were found in young forests (40 years) following clear-cut logging, wildfire and insect outbreak, indicating divergent trajectories to occur following different disturbances. Hence, early seral stages of forest ecosystems regenerating after natural disturbances seem to compliment young managed forests in maintaining landscape level diversity. / At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Submitted. Paper 3: Manuscript. Paper 4: Manuscript.

It is an important task that design engineers in practice predict the local scour around bridge piers as accurately as possible because excessive local scour around bridge piers unbalance and demolish the bridges. Many equations have been proposed previously by various researchers, based on their experimental findings, but no general method has been developed so far due to the complexity of the topic. In the present study two new bridge pier groups were employed to investigate the inclination effect of the most upstream and downstream piers on the local scours around all piers. Total of 72 experiments have been conducted with 3 inclination angles, one of which representing the vertical case, each experiment lasting 6 hours, under uniform flow and clear-water conditions for a range of water depths and flow velocities on the uniform bed material. It is clearly observed and measured that the amount of local scour reduces substantially by the effect of inclination in the group piers, especially the reduction in the scour around the most upstream pier is found notable. Based on the experimental data, regression analyses are made and an empirical scour depth equation is developed for each individual pier in the pier groups studied. Comparisons with the similar studies performed by other researchers have been made and the results discussed.

The aim of this study is to investigate the possibilities of pine natural regeneration in different nature regions in the clear-cuts with main site types. The tasks of this work are: 1. to estimate a potential possibilities of pinewood natural regeneration; 2. to find out the ecological factors, that have a great influence on pine sprouts on the Na (dry not fertile), Nb (dry less than average fertile) and Lb (with excess water and less than average fertile) site types and to set their critical borders; 3. to find out the main economical factors, that promotes pine regeneration (site preparation, seed trees, shelter wood); 4. to prepare the recommendations to promote the pinewood natural regeneration. Recency and originality. This is the first investigations were made in complexly including the most common sites in Lithuania for pinewood (Na, Nb and Lb site types) in the three native regions covering largest part of Lithuania. This enables to make prognoses of pinewood regeneration in those regions on the mentioned site index. For the first time there were defined the sufficiency of the shelter-seed trees for regeneration and their distribution in a clear and step wise cutted areas to ensure the natural regeneration of pine. There were found that 2-3 point yield of pine seeds (under Capper) and on the time and in right way implemented encouragements, ensure natural pine regeneration after clear or step wise cuttings. Following the results, it was suggested to advance the... [to full text]

For a bridge engineer, it is very important to estimate the maximum scour depth around the piers as accurately as possible, in order to design the footing safely. Many experimental studies have been performed by several investigators until now, in order to obtain information about scouring mechanism. The aim of this experimental study is to examine the effect of inclination of the dual bridge piers on scour depth. The experiments have been conducted with dual pier models under clear-water conditions, for various uniform flow depths. Scour depths had been measured at four different points around the piers / namely upstream and downstream faces of both piers. Dimensional and non-dimensional scour curves have been developed and presented to show the temporal variation of scour depth. The depths of local scour around inclined piers have been observed to be smaller than the scour depths around vertical piers.

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Thesis (D. Min.)--Western Seminary, Portland, OR, 2010. / Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 164-165).

Resumo: O tumor renal é a mais letal das doenças urológicas. É uma doença histologicamente heterogênea, sendo o carcinoma renal de células claras o subtipo histológico mais comum. Embora a nefrectomia e imunoterapia sejam tratamentos bem estabelecidos, aproximadamente 30% dos pacientes tratados são acometidos por metástases. Alterações na expressão gênica e na inativação transcricional, devido ao mecanismo de metilação, são evidentes em células cancerosas. A metilação do DNA é um evento epigenético intimamente relacionado com o silenciamento da expressão gênica, e está envolvida em vários processos, dentre eles, a carcinogênese. Dessa forma, este trabalho teve como objetivos investigar se os genes selecionados, GPC3, CRABP2, KTN1 e ADAM23 apresentam expressão alterada nas amostras tumorais, verificar se a expressão gênica está associada com a progressão tumoral, e analisar o padrão de metilação de ilhas CpGs. Os quatro genes selecionados foram validados pela técnica de PCR em Tempo Real. Para validação desses genes foram utilizadas 35 amostras de carcinoma renal de células claras e 35 amostras de córtex renal normal. Os genes GPC3, CRABP2, KTN1 e ADAM23 apresentaram redução de expressão significativa em amostras de carcinoma renal de células claras quando comparadas ao pool de amostras de córtex renal normal. Observou-se que a redução da expressão do gene ADAM23 está diretamente relacionada com o avanço do estadiamento tumoral. Foi observada uma freqüência elevada de hipermetilação do gene ADAM23, entretanto, não houve associação do padrão de metilação com os dados clínicos. A análise da expressão gênica e dos mecanismos responsáveis pela inativação transcricional dos genes CRABP2, KTN1 e ADAM23, estudados pela primeira vez em carcinoma renal, e GPC3, podem fornecer informações relevantes para o conhecimento e desenvolvimento do carcinoma renal de células claras. / Abstract: The renal tumor, which is the most lethal of urological diseases, is a histologically heterogeneous disease, and the clear cell renal cell carcinoma the most common histological subtype. Although the treatment of nephrectomy and immunotherapy are established, approximately 30% of patients are affected by metastases. Changes in gene expression and transcriptional inactivation, due to the methylation mechanism are evident in cancer cells. The DNA methylation is an epigenetic event closely related to the silencing of gene expression, and is involved in several cases, including the carcinogenesis. The aim of this study was to investigate the gene expression of GPC3, CRABP2, KTN1 and ADAM23, check if gene expression was associated with tumor progression and analyze methylation pattern of CpG island. The four selected genes were validated by the quantitative RT-PCR. Thirty five samples of clear cell renal cell carcinoma and 35 samples of normal renal cortex were used for validation. The genes GPC3, CRABP2, KTN1 and ADAM23 showed significant reduction of expression in samples of clear cell renal cell carcinoma when compared to a pool of samples of normal renal cortex. It was observed that the lower expression of ADAM23 is directly related to the advancement of the tumor staging. Despite the high frequency of hypermethylation of ADAM23, there was no association with the methylation pattern of the clinical data. The analysis of gene expression and the mechanisms responsible for the transcriptional inactivation of genes CRABP2, KTN1 and ADAM23, first studied in clear cell renal cell carcinoma, and GPC3, may provide relevant information for the clear cell renal cell carcinoma understanding and development. / Orientador: Paula Rahal / Coorientador: Paulo Peitl Júnior / Banca: Ana Elizabete Silva / Banca: Andréia Machado Leopoldino / Mestre

Cette thèse s’inscrit dans le cadre d’un projet européen visant à améliorer la compétitivité des centrales solaires à concentration. Parmi les différents défis soulevés par ce projet, l’évaluation en temps réel de la disponibilité et de la variabilité de la ressource solaire est un point clé puisqu’elle permettrait une gestion optimisée du champ solaire et, par conséquent, une hausse de la productivité de la centrale. L’objectif de ce travail est donc de développer un outil d’évaluation de la ressource solaire destiné à la gestion de centrales CSP. Pour y parvenir, une étude approfondie des interactions entre le rayonnement solaire et l’atmosphère est tout d’abord menée. Cette étude révèle entre autres que l’éclairement normal direct (DNI) peut se scinder en deux composantes : le DNI par ciel clair et l’indice ciel clair. Le premier représente l’éclairement normal direct reçu au niveau du sol, lorsqu’aucun nuage ne vient occulter le Soleil. Le second traduit l’influence des nuages sur ce rayonnement par ciel clair. Évaluer ces deux composantes est essentiel pour l’opérateur de la centrale car elles lui permettent de connaître les marges de manoeuvre dont il dispose. D’une part, un modèle ciel clair permettant d’estimer et prévoir le DNI par ciel clair en temps réel est donc développé. Il permet de maintenir l’erreur quadratique moyenne sur l’estimation du DNI par ciel clair aux alentours de 30W/m². D’autre part, une caméra hémisphérique a été installée sur le site du laboratoire PROMES-CNRS afin de détecter les nuages et leur mouvement dans le but d’appréhender la variabilité de l’indice ciel clair. Ce système est notamment capable de fournir des images à haute dynamique, permettant de mesurer simultanément des informations dans la zone circumsolaire et dans les zones les plus sombres du ciel. Sur la base du modèle ciel clair et des images fournies par la caméra, un modèle de prévision du DNI pour tout type de conditions a été mis au point. Il permet de maintenir l’erreur quadratique moyenne sur la prévision du DNI aux alentours de 180 W/m², pour des horizons inférieurs à 30 min. En partenariat avec Acciona, l’outil développé est d’ores et déjà opérationnel sur la centrale solaire Palma del Rio II, en Espagne. / This thesis is part of a European research project which aims at improving the solar power plant efficiency. Among the different challenges pointed out by this project, the solar resource assessment and forecasting are essential tasks since they would allow a better real-time management of the solar field, and thus reduce the maintenance activities, while improving the expected benefits. Therefore, the purpose of this work is to develop a solar resource forecasting tool in order to improve the CSP plants management. An extensive review of the interactions between solar radiation and the atmosphere is firstly conducted. It reveals, among other things, that the direct normal irradiance (DNI) can be divided into two components : the clear sky DNI and the clear sky index. The former represents the direct normal irradiance received at ground level, when no clouds are occulting the sun. The latter reflects the influence of clouds on the clear sky DNI. Estimating these two quantities is essential for the plant operator, since it allows a better management of the solar field. As a consequence, a clear sky model able to estimate and forecast the clear sky DNI has been developed. The root mean squared error of the forecast is around 30 W/m². On the other hand, a sky imager has been installed at the PROMES-CNRS laboratory in order to detect clouds and their motion. The system is able to provide high dynamic range images, allowing the measurement of information both into the circumsolar area and into the darkest parts of the sky. Based on the clear sky model and the images provided by the sky imager, a DNI forecasting model is proposed. The root mean square error on the forecast is around 30 W/m², for 30 min forecasting horizon. One system is now operational at a solar power plant located in Palma del Rio II, Spain.