En défléchissant la Terre, la topographie dynamique module l'extension des zones inondées dans les régions où l'altitude est proche du niveau marin. Ce phénomène contribue ainsi à modifier la paléogéographie à grande échelle et ont un impact sur les sphères externes (atmo-, hydro- et bio-sphère) en altérant notamment les circulations atmosphériques et océaniques. Ces travaux de thèse, qui s’appuient sur une approche interdisciplinaire, illustrent la chaîne de connections entre dynamique mantellique et climat à travers l'étude de l'évolution Quaternaire du Continent Maritime. Le caractère insulaire de la région et la présence de mers peu profondes comme la mer de Java, permettent des modifications rapides de la répartition terre-océan à grande échelle, et en font un cas idéal pour étudier les connections entre géodynamique et climat. D’autre part, la dynamique mantellique, excitée par les nombreuses subductions, y est très active et contribue à déformer la surface et la dynamique climatique régionale est étroitement associée à la géographie particulière de l’archipel Indonésien.Les changements paléogéographiques sont d'abord révélés par la cartographie des morphologies côtières. Celle-ci souligne la répartition contrastée de la déformation Quaternaire en soulignant le soulèvement général de la région centrale (Wallacea), alors que les deux plateformes continentales localisées à l'Ouest et au Sud-Est subsident. L'utilisation combinée des observations et de la modélisation de la croissance des récifs coralliens est utilisée afin de quantifier la vitesse verticale de déformation. Notre méthode est basée sur la comparaison entre la morphologie des récifs observés sur la plateforme de la Sonde, à l'ouest de l'Asie du Sud-Est, et les morphologies récifales issues des simulations numériques et permet une quantification inédite de la vitesse de subsidence de la plateforme. Les résultats suggèrent que la Sonde était émergée de manière permanente avant 400 000 ans, formant une masse continentale entre les îles de l'Ouest Indonésien et le continent asiatique. Les causes de ces changements paléogéographiques sont appréhendées à l'aide de la modélisation mécanique de la géodynamique. Un modèle numérique en trois dimensions d'une zone de subduction a été utilisé afin de d'explorer les causes dynamiques de la déformation. L'analyse des simulations permet de décrire l'évolution spatio-temporelle de la déformation à l'aplomb d'une zone de subduction, lors d'une perturbation provoquée par l'arrivée dans la fosse d'un bloc continental ou d'un plateau océanique, un cas simplifié similaire à l'Asie du Sud-Est. Les résultats montrent que lors d'un épisode de collision, l'initiation d'une déchirure dans la plaque en subduction générée par l'entrée dans la fosse de matériel peu dense entraîne une modification de l'écoulement mantellique. Cette modification provoque un épisode de subsidence dynamique qui fait suite à un épisode de surrection provoquée par la collision. Les vitesses de déformations calculées ont un ordre de grandeur comparable aux vitesses de déformations enregistrées et modélisées à l'échelle régionale. Les conséquences des changements paléogéographiques sont appréhendées à l'aide d'un modèle du climat IPSL-CM5A2. Les résultats montrent que la présence d'une plateforme de la Sonde émergée provoque une augmentation saisonnière des précipitations sur le Continent Maritime. Cette augmentation est engendrée par une intensification de la convergence à l'échelle régionale contrôlée par le chauffage radiatif des surfaces continentales exposées. L'exposition de la plateforme de la Sonde engendre également une modification du transport dans le détroit de Makassar avec un impact local sur la salinité et les températures de surface de l'océan. Nos analyses montrent par ailleurs que l'augmentation de la saisonnalité des précipitations est indépendante de la paramétrisation de la convection et des nuages dans le modèle. / Dynamic topography modulates the extension of inundated areas, at places where elevation is near sea level, by deflecting the surface of the Earth. This phenomenon produces large-scale paleogeography changes, which in turn modify external spheres (atmo-, hydro- and biosphere) by subsequent alteration of atmospheric and oceanic circulations and biodiversity. This inter-disciplinary work illustrates the connection string between Earth mantle dynamics and climate through the study of Quaternary evolution of South East Asia. The insularity of the region and the presence of low bathymetry seas, as the Java sea, enable fast and efficient modifications of land-sea mask and make it an ideal case for studying the connection between geodynamics and climate. Mantle flow, excited by the numerous subduction zones, is vigorously stirred and contributes to surface deformation. In this region, climate dynamics is also tightly related to the peculiar geography of the Indonesian archipelago. Paleogeographic changes are first revealed by coastal morphologies. They show the contrasted pattern of large-scale Quaternary deformation that underlines general uplift within the central-eastern part of the region, namely Wallacea, whereas the continental shelves, to the West and Southeast, are more likely subsiding. The combination of field observations with numerical modeling of coral reef growth is used to quantify vertical deformation. Our method is based on reef morphology (terrace number, depth, modern reef length) that we observed on the Sunda shelf (Western South East Asia) and reef morphologies obtained by numerical modeling, and enable an original quantification of subsidence rates of the platform. The results imply that Sundaland region was entirely and permanently emerged before 400 000 yr and formed at this time a unique continental mass between West Indonesian islands and continental Asia. The causes of paleogeographic changes are explored using modeling of regional geodynamics. A three-dimension subduction numerical model was devised to simulate the dynamical origin of deformation. This model analysis enables us to describe the spatio-temporal evolution of the deformation above a subduction zone in case of perturbation induced by the arrival at the trench of a continental block or oceanic plateau, a simplified case that is similar to SE Asia. Our results show that during a collisional episode, slab tearing generated by the arrival of light material unable to subduct is responsible for changes in mantle convection. Those changes are responsible for dynamic subsidence that followed an uplift event related to the first stages of collision. Inferred deformation rates have an range of magnitude similar to both measured and modeled rates at regional scale. The consequences of paleogeographic changes are studied using general circulation model simulations. Results show that the presence of an emerged Sunda shelf leads to a seasonal increase in precipitation over the Maritime Continent. This increase is related to seasonal increase in large-scale convergence induced by thermal heating of exposed land surfaces, a situation that, as we show, occurred before 400 ka. Sunda shelf exposure is also responsible for changes in horizontal water transport within the Makassar strait that modify sea surface salinities and temperatures at local scale. Our analysis further shows that increased precipitation seasonality is independent on model convection and cloud parameterization

The recent elevated North Atlantic hurricane activity has generated considerable interests in the interaction between tropical cyclones (TCs) and climate change. The possible connection between TCs and the changing climate has been indicated by observational studies based on historical TC records; they indicate emerging trends in TC frequency and intensity in some TC basins, but the detection of trends has been hotly debated due to TC track data issues. Dynamical climate modeling has also been applied to the problem, but brings its own set of limitations owing to limited model resolution and uncertainties. The final goal of this study is to project the future changes of North Atlantic TC behavior with global warming for the next 50 years using the Nested Regional Climate Model (NRCM). Throughout the course of reaching this goal, various uncertainties and limitations in simulating TCs by the NRCM are identified and explored. First we examine the TC tracking algorithm to detect and track simulated TCs from model output. The criteria and thresholds used in the tracking algorithm control the simulated TC climatology, making it difficult to objectively assess the model's ability in simulating TC climatology. Existing tracking algorithms used by previous studies are surveyed and it is found that the criteria and thresholds are very diverse. Sensitivity of varying criteria and thresholds in TC tracking algorithm to simulated TC climatology is very high, especially with the intensity and duration thresholds. It is found that the commonly used criteria may not be strict enough to filter out intense extratropical systems and hybrid systems. We propose that a better distinction between TCs and other low-pressure systems can be achieved by adding the Cyclone Phase technique. Two sets of NRCM simulations are presented in this dissertation: One in the hindcasting mode, and the other with forcing from the Community Climate System Model (CCSM) to project into the future with global warming. Both of these simulations are assessed using the tracking algorithm with cyclone phase technique. The NRCM is run in a hindcasting mode for the global tropics in order to assess its ability to simulate the current observed TC climatology. It is found that the NRCM is capable of capturing the general spatial and temporal distributions of TCs, but tends to overproduce TCs particularly in the Northwest Pacific. The overpredction of TCs is associated with the overall convective tendency in the model added with an outstanding theory of wave energy accumulation leading to TC genesis. On the other hand, TC frequency in the tropical North Atlantic is under predicted due to the lack of moist African Easterly Waves. The importance of high-resolution is shown with the additional simulation with two-way nesting. The NRCM is then forced by the CCSM to project the future changes in North Atlantic TCs. An El Nino-like SST bias in the CCSM induced a high vertical wind shear in tropical North Atlantic, preventing TCs from forming in this region. A simple bias correction method is applied to remove this bias. The model projected an increase both in TC frequency and intensity owing to enhanced TC genesis in the main development region, where the model projects an increased favorability of large-scale environment for TC genesis. However, the model is not capable of explicitly simulating intense (Category 3-5) storms due to the limited model resolution. To extrapolate the prediction to intense storms, we propose a hybrid approach that combines the model results and a statistical modeling using extreme value theory. Specifically, the current observed TC intensity is statistically modeled with the General Pareto distribution, and the simulated intensity changes from the NRCM are applied to the statistical model to project the changes in intense storms. The results suggest that the occurrence of Category 5 storms may be increased by approximately 50% by 2055.

The African Sahel is one of the most vulnerable regions to climate variability at different time scales. It is an arid to semi-arid region with limited water resources. The summer rainfall is one of these sources, but it exhibits pronounced interannual variability. This thesis presents several aspects of Sahelian Sudan rainfall. Sudan is located at the eastern fringe of the Sahel and its least studied part. We have examined the impact of tropical deforestation on the rainfall, the moisture sources of the region and the temporal characteristics of the observed and modeled rainfall. In a sensitivity study we performed three simulations, one control simulation and then setting the surface condition of South Sudan to either grass or desert conditions. The rainfall was reduced by 0.1 − 0.9 in the grass scenario and by 0.1 − 2.1 mm day−1 (hereafter mm d−1) in the desert scenario. These changes also propagated northward into Sahelian Sudan, indicating a remote impact. The total moisture convergence into Sahelian Sudan was reduced by 11.5% and 21.9% for grass and desert conditions, respectively. The change in moisture convergence into the region motivated a comprehensive analysis of the moisture sources for the region. Two different modeling approaches, Lagrangian and Eulerian, were applied to identify the moisture sources and quantify their contributions to the total annual rainfall budget. The analysis shows that atmospheric flows associated with the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), e.g. from Guinea Coast, Central African and Western Sahel, brings about 40% − 50% of the annual moisture supply, while local evaporation adds about 20%. The rest of the moisture comes from the Mediterranean, Arabian Peninsula and the Southern part of the Indian Ocean. While there were differences in the details between the results from the two modeling approaches, they agree on the larger scale results. In an attempt to characterize the temporal character of the rainfall, observed and modeled daily rainfall from different regional climate models was classified into five categories: weak (0.1 −1.0), moderate (&gt;1.0 − 10.0), moderately strong (&gt;10.0 − 20.0), strong (&gt;20.0 − 30.0), and very strong (&gt;30.0) mm d−1. We found that most rain-days were in the weak to moderate rainfall categories, accounting for 60% − 75%. Days that have strong rainfall represent about 6% of the total rain-days, yet they represent about 28% − 48% of the total amount of the annual rainfall. Regional climate models fail to produce the strong rainfall, instead most of the modeled rain-days are in the moderate category and consequently the models overestimated the number of rain-days per year. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Manuscript. Paper 4: Manuscript.</p>

Orientador: Carlos Alfredo Joly / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T11:54:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Colombo_AlexandreFalanga_M.pdf: 5588594 bytes, checksum: 83b01e835775102ddb89b1b93563832d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Desde o início da colonização portuguesa, a Mata Atlântica, um dos dez biomas mais ricos e diversos do mundo, sofreu uma redução considerável em extensão e diversidade. O extrativismo, o avanço da agricultura extensiva e o rápido crescimento das cidades na faixa litorânea do país, foram e continuam sendo em algumas regiões, responsáveis pela redução da vegetação nativa. Dados recentes mostram que restam apenas 7% da cobertura florestal original, e menos do que 5% são efetivamente de florestas nativas pouco antropizadas. Esta situação pode estar sendo agravada devido às mudanças nos padrões climáticos terrestres. Exarcebados pela ação humana, o aquecimento global, a mudança do regime de chuvas, entre outras alterações atmosféricas, podem modificar substancialmente o padrão de distribuição das espécies arbóreas dos biomas nativos. Este processo pode resultar na diminuição da área de ocorrência ou mesmo na extinção de espécies. Este trabalho tem como objetivo, através de técnicas de modelagem preditiva, delinear áreas de distribuição geográfica futura de 38 espécies arbóreas típicas da Mata Atlântica lato sensu, considerando dois cenários de aquecimento global nos próximos 50 anos. No cenário otimista, que prevê um aumento anual de 0,5% na concentração de CO2 da atmosfera, o aumento médio da temperatura terrestre seria = 2 oC; já no cenário pessimista, com um aumento médio de 1% na concentração de CO2 atmosférico, o aumento médio da temperatura seria da ordem de 4 oC. Considerando estes parâmetros, e usando GARP-Genetic Algorithm for Rule-set Prediction, foram gerados três modelos para cada espécie: um de distribuição presente e dois de cenários futuros, um otimista e outro pessimista em relação às emissões de CO2 até 2050. Os resultados obtidos mostram, de forma alarmante, uma redução na área de ocorrência potencial das espécies estudadas, além de um possível deslocamento destas para regiões mais ao sul do que as atualmente observadas. Em média, no cenário otimista, a redução na área de ocorrência potencial é de 25%, e no cenário pessimista de 50%. Espécies como Euterpe edulis, Jacaranda puberula, Mollinedia schottiana, Virola bicuhyba, Inga sessilis, Ecclinusa ramiflora e Vochysia magnifica são as que poderão sofrer mais os efeitos do aumento da temperatura global. A geração de informação sobre as conseqüências das atividades humanas na terra vem aumentando, fornecendo subsídios técnicos para a tomada de decisões no âmbito político, econômico e acadêmico. Apesar de, no estágio atual, as ferramentas de modelagem não terem a precisão desejada, a consistência dos padrões de deslocamento e redução na área potencial de ocorrência reforçam a importância delas serem incorporadas à formulação e aperfeiçoamento das políticas de conservação de nossos ecossistemas nativos / Abstract: One of the top ten most diverse rich forests in the word, the Brazilian Atlantic Forest has been suffering significant losses since the Portuguese arrived in Brazil in 1500. Wood, palm hart and epiphytes extraction, extensive agriculture and the expansion of large cities still are the main threats. Recent data shows that there are less then 7% of native forest left, and from those only 5% can be considered pristine. Aggravated by human activities global warming, changes in rainfall patterns, among other changes may affect substantially native trees geographical distribution. The result of this process may be a reduction in the area of occurrence of species and, ultimately, in the extinction of a large number of them. In this study we used predictive modeling techniques to determine present and future geographical distribution of 38 species of tree that are typical of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest (Mata Atlântica lato sensu), considering two global warming scenarios. The optimistic scenario, based in a 0,5% increase in the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere, predicts an increase of up to 2 oC in Earth¿s average temperature; in the pessimistic scenarios, based in a 1% increase in the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere, temperature increase may reach 4 oC. Using these parameters and the Genetic Algorithm for Ruse-set Predictions/GARP three models were produced: one with the present distribution of the species based in occurrence points registered in literature, the other two were based in changes of Earth¿s mean temperature by 2050 using the optimistic and the pessimistic scenarios of CO2 emission. The results obtained show an alarming reduction in the area of possible occurrence of the species studied, as well as a shift towards the most southern part of Brazil. In average, using the optimistic scenario this reduction is of 25% while in the pessimistic scenario it reaches 50%. Among the species studied Euterpe edulis, Jacaranda puberula, Mollinedia schottiana, Virola bicuhyba, Inga sessilis, Ecclinusa ramiflora e Vochysia magnífica are the ones that will suffer the worst reduction in their possible area of occurrence. Nowadays scientific certainty about climate changes as a consequence of human activities is so strong, that it must be taken in account by all spheres of action: political, economic and academic. Although predictive models are not yet as precise as we would like and need, the consistency of patterns of shifts and reductions in areas of potential occurrence of tropical plant species strengthen the importance of incorporating them in planning and implementing native biodiversity policies / Mestrado / Ecologia / Mestre em Ecologia

Nous avons introduit, dans cette thèse, une représentation physique du soulèvement des poussières désertiques sur le Sahara, basée sur les travaux de Marticorena and Bergametti (1995) pour le calcul du flux horizontal des poussières et de Alfaro and Gomes (2001) pour le calcul du flux vertical de poussières optimisé par Menut et al.(2005). Pour valider le calcul du soulèvement de poussières dans le modèle LMDZ, nous avons utilisé la version”Chimere-dust” du modèle de chimie-transport Chimere. Les vents horizontaux des réanalyses ERA-I sont également utilisés pour guider le modèle LMDZ. L’ émission dépend de façon très non linéaire des tensions de vent en surface. Des simulations menées avec les versions ”physique standard” LMDZ5A et nouvelle physiqueLMDZ5B du modèle basée sur des développement récents des paramétrisations de la couche limite convective et de la convection nuageuse. Cette dernière version améliore la représentation du cycle diurne du vent par rapport aux réanalyses utilisées pour le guidage. Le cycle diurne du vent dans les observations et dans les simulations LMDZ montre un maximum marqué en fin de matinée. L'impact sur le soulèvement des poussières de la meilleure représentation du cycle diurne dans la « Nouvelle Physique » se traduit par un accroissement des émissions d'un facteur 2 à 3, venant confirmer l'importance des émissions matinales de poussières dans cette région du globe. La version LMDZ5B inclut également une paramétrisation des poches froides ou courant de densité créés sous les orages par ré-évaporation des pluies. Ces courants de densité sont connus pour contribuer largement au soulèvement des poussières au Sahel et au Sahara en période de mousson, au travers de la formation de haboobs.On montre ici comment une prise en compte relativement simple des bourrasques de vents associées aux poches(diagnostiquées dans le modèle au travers de la « Available Lifting Energy ») permet d'augmenter de façon significative le soulèvement de poussières, et de réconcilier le cycle saisonnier des simulations des concentrations de surface de la poussières et des épaisseurs optiques (sensibles elles à la colonne intégrée) avec les observations. / We have introduced in this thesis, a physical representation of the desert dust lifting over the Sahara, based on the work of Marticorena and Bergametti (1995) to calculate the horizontal flow of dust and the calculation of the vertical flux of dust following Alfaro and Gomes (2001) but optimized by Menut et al. (2005). To validate the calculation of dust emission in the LMDZ model, we used the "Chimere-dust" version of the chemistry-transport model Chimere. Horizontal winds from the ERA-I reanalysis are also used for nudging. The dust emission depends very nonlinearly on the surface wind shear. Simulations conducted with the version "physical standard"LMDZ5A and the version "new physic" LMDZ5B of the model LMDZ based on recent developments in the parameterization of convective boundary layer and cloud. This new version improves the representation of the diurnal cycle of wind relative to the reanalysis used for nudging. The diurnal cycle of wind from the observations and simulated by the version LMDZ5B show a maximum at the end of the morning. The impact of the better representation of diurnal cycle of wind on the dust lifting is the increasing emissions by a factor 2 to 3, that confirm the importance of dust emissions in the morning at this region of the globe. The version LMDZ5B also includes a parameterization of “cold pools” or density current resulting from the re-evaporation of rainfall in the base of the clouds. These density currents are known to contribute significantly to the dust lifting in the Sahel and the Sahara monsoon with the formation of “haboobs”. In this work, we show how a relatively simple consideration of density current's associated wind gusts (diagnosed in the model through the “Available Lifting Energy” ) allows to significantly increase dust lifting, and reconcile the simulations of the seasonal cycle of surface concentrations and the Aerosol Optical Thickness (AOT) of dust with observations.

Au cours des derniers 40 ka, le Groenland et l'Atlantique Nord ont enregistré des oscillations de température rapides et de grande amplitude (8 à 15°C en à peine 300 ans) associées à de profondes modifications de la circulation océanique et atmosphérique. Les mécanismes à l’origine de ces changements climatiques rapides ne sont encore que partiellement élucidés. L’objectif de cette thèse est de quantifier les changements de circulation océanique qui ont accompagné ces changements climatiques abrupts. La première partie de cette thèse a consisté à combiner les informations paleocéanographiques de trois traceurs géochimiques, de manière à s'affranchir des limitations de chaque traceur pris séparément. Les rapports isotopiques du carbone des foraminifères benthiques (δ13C et Δ14C) et le Pa/Th sédimentaire ont été mesurés sur la carotte sédimentaire de l'Atlantique Nord SU90-08 (43°N, 30°W, 3080m). Les proxies semblent dépeindre une situation contradictoire au cours du dernier maximum glaciaire: les isotopes du carbone indiquent une faible ventilation des masses d'eau profondes alors que le Pa/Th sédimentaire atteste d'une circulation active. Ce résultat interroge sur la nature exacte du signal enregistré par chaque proxy. Par ailleurs, le recours à la modélisation est nécessaire afin de quantifier les variations de la circulation océanique passée. La seconde partie de cette thèse a donc consisté à ajouter le calcul du Pa/Th sédimentaire dans le modèle de climat de complexité intermédiaire iLOVECLIM. Ce modèle, capable de simuler l'évolution simultanée des trois proxies, a été utilisé pour analyser la réponse de chaque proxy à des changements abrupts de circulation. Les résultats montrent que la réponse des proxies est différente dans les trois principales masses d'eau de l'Atlantique. Dans l'Atlantique Nord-Ouest profond (> 2000 m), la réponse du Pa/Th précède celle des isotopes du carbone de quelques centaines d'années, constituant un exemple de découplage entre les différents proxies. / The last 40 ky, have been characterized by abrupt and high amplitude temperature changes (8 to 15 °C in less than 300 years) in Greenland and in the North Atlantic region, associated with drastic ocean and atmospheric circulation changes. The mechanisms behind these abrupt climate changes are still debated. The objective of this thesis is to quantify the ocean circulation changes associated with these abrupt climate changes. In the first part of this thesis, I combined the information of three geochemical proxies in order to overcome the limitations of each proxy taken separately. The carbon isotopic ratios of the benthic foraminifers (δ13C and Δ14C), as well as the sedimentary Pa/Th ratio, have been measured in the North Atlantic sediment core SU90-08 (43°N, 30°W, 3080m). The proxies depict an apparently inconsistent situation over the last glacial maximum: the carbon isotopes indicate that the deep water mass was poorly ventilated while the Pa/Th evidence an active overturning cell. These observations question the type of signal recorded by each proxy. Besides, in order to quantify the circulation changes, a modeling approach is required. In the second part of this thesis, I have implemented the calculation of the Pa/Th in the climate model of intermediate complexity iLOVECLIM. The model is able to simulate the simultaneous evolution of the three proxies and has been used to decipher the multi-proxy response to abrupt circulation changes. The results show that the proxy response varies in the three main Atlantic water masses. In the deep (>2000m) western North Atlantic, the carbon isotopes response lags the Pa/Th response by a few hundreds of years, exemplifying/illustrating a possible decoupling between the different proxies.

Although climate change is a global problem, specific mitigation measures are frequently applied on regional or national scales only. This is the case in particular for measures to reduce the emissions of land-based transport, which is largely characterized by regional or national systems with independent infrastructure, organization, and regulation. The climate perturbations caused by regional transport emissions are small compared to those resulting from global emissions. Consequently, they can be smaller than the detection limits in global three-dimensional chemistry-climate model simulations, hampering the evaluation of the climate benefit of mitigation strategies. Hence, we developed a new approach to solve this problem. The approach is based on a combination of a detailed three-dimensional global chemistry-climate model system, aerosol-climate response functions, and a zero-dimensional climate response model. For demonstration purposes, the approach was applied to results from a transport and emission modeling suite, which was designed to quantify the present-day and possible future transport activities in Germany and the resulting emissions. The results show that, in a baseline scenario, German transport emissions result in an increase in global mean surface temperature of the order of 0.01 K during the 21st century. This effect is dominated by the CO2 emissions, in contrast to the impact of global transport emissions, where non-CO2 species make a larger relative contribution to transport-induced climate change than in the case of German emissions. Our new approach is ready for operational use to evaluate the climate benefit of mitigation strategies to reduce the impact of transport emissions.

Ziel dieser Dissertation ist es, mithilfe zweier Herangehensweisen, das Verständnis der Zusammenhänge verschiedener physikalischer Prozesse des Klimasystems zu verbessern. Im ersten Teil verwende ich Klimanetzwerke zu die gemeinsame Abhängigkeit von Meeresoberflächentemperaturen (SSTs) und Niederschlägen in Hinsicht auf globale charakteristiken und räumlichen Muster untersuchen. In diesem Kontext ist die El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) das wichtigste Phänomen, welches großskalig SSTs und Niederschläge beeinflusst. Durch meine Analyse decke ich kurz und weitreichende Verbindungen auf und zeige deren Abhängigkeit von der jeweiligen ENSO-Phase (El Nino, La Nina, neutrale Phase). Darüber hinaus werden durch die Kombination einer diskreten Wavelet-Transformation mit dem Konzept der gekoppelten Klimanetzwerkanalyse die skalenspezifischen Verbindungen aufgelöst, die bei der ursprünglichen Auflösung der Daten oft übersehen werden. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit verwende ich Simulationen des COnsortium for Small scale MOdeling (COSMO) Climate Limited-area Modell (CCLM) und untersuche die Auswirkungen des Sobradinho-Stausees. In dieser Arbeit benutzen ich das Flake Modell, um das vertikale Temperaturprofil des Sees zu bestimmen. Durch die Einbettung des Flake Modells in das CCLM konnte ich den Sobradinho-Stausee untersuchen. Dabei simuliere ich zwei verschiedene Szenarien. Die Simulationsergebnisse verifiziere ich mithilfe meteorologischer Daten von Oberflächen- und Satellitenmessungen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass der See sowohl die bodennahe Temperatur als auch Wind- und Luftfeuchtigkeitsmuster der Umgebung beeinflusst. Zudem wird die Luftfeuchtigkeit durch den See erhöht und bewirkt Seewinde. Die Effekte des Sees auf die Luftfeuchtigkeit und temperaturen beschränken sich nicht nur auf die Nähe des Sees, sondern auch auf relativ weit entfernte Gebiete. / This dissertation aims at improving our understanding of the mechanisms of interactions between physical processes within the climate system via two different approaches. In the first part, I have utilized climate networks to understand the mutual interdependence between sea surface temperatures (SST) and precipitation (PCP) in terms of global characteristics and spatial patterns. In this context, the globally most relevant phenomenon is the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), which strongly affects large-scale SST variability as well as PCP patterns all around the globe. My analysis uncovers both local and remote statistical connections and demonstrates their dependence on the current ENSO phase (El Niño, La Niña or neutral phase). Furthermore by combining time-scale decomposition by means of a discrete wavelet transform with the concept of coupled climate network analysis unravel the scale-specific connections that are often overlooked at the original resolution of the data. In the second part of this thesis, I have focused on simulations with the COnsortium for Small scale MOdeling (COSMO) Climate Limited-area Model (CCLM) and investigate the effects of Lake Sobradinho, a large reservoir in Northeastern Brazil, on the local near-surface atmospheric and boundary layer conditions. In this thesis, the FLake model (Freshwater Lake model) is applied for obtaining the lake’s vertical temperature profile. I have simulated two alternative scenarios. The performance of the simulation is compared with data from surface meteorological stations as well as satellite data. The obtained results demonstrate that the lake affects the near-surface air temperature of the surrounding area as well as its humidity and wind patterns. Moreover, the humidity is significantly increased as a result of the lake’s presence and causes a lake breeze. The observed effects on humidity and air temperature also extend over areas relatively far away from the lake.

No description available.

The increasing demand for energy, depletion of fossil fuels, rising global warming, and greenhouse gas emissions have stimulated the need for widespread development and adoption of renewable energy sources (RES) worldwide. Among these sources, solar energy has emerged as a major contender to meet the growing demand. It offers adaptable applications and provides an alternative to traditional energy sources. A brand-new application of solar panels is agrivoltaics. Agrivoltaics consists in installing solar panels above farming lands such as crops. The combination of solar energy production and farming on the same lands increases the overall yield of the land and brings several other opportunities. However, agrivoltaics is also very challenging. An improper installation of solar panels above crops may result in a dramatic drop of the farming yield. Thus, it is of major importance to understand how to maximize the solar energy production without harming the plants or decrease the farming yield. This master’s thesis focuses on the impact of agrivoltaic systems on the micro-climate close to the crop. The goal is to link the modified physical phenomena within an agrivoltaic system and their impact on the crops. The methodology is based on Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). The idea is to realize high fidelity simulations of the different physical phenomena and their coupling, and compare them to experimental data. Flow simulations coupled with radiative models and a surface model are realized in this perspective. The master’s thesis is divided in three parts. 1. Based on experimental data collected during three years at the EDF lab les Renardières, determine which physical phenomena impact the most the crop and what are the key parameters to study the growth of the plants. 2. Validate with experimental data from the atmospheric laboratory the SIRTA (Site Instrumental de Recherche par Télédétection Atmosphérique) of the engineering school Polytechnique, the radiative models and the surface model of the CFD software. 3. Study the impact of an agrivoltaic system on the identified physical phenomena with a simple geometry composed of one pitch of solar panel. The data study shows clearly that the plant temperature, the groundwater, and the radiation play crucial roles in the growth of the plant. A lack of radiation or groundwater will limit the growth of the crops. In addition, extreme temperatures can harm the crops. Consequently, this research project will firstly focus on capturing the impact of the solar panels on these three key parameters. Simulations are using a coupling of a 1D radiative model which is computationally fast and that can therefore be applied on a very large domain to compute the absorption of the atmospheric layers and the clouds, and a 3D radiative model which is able to capture the impact of an obstacle such as a solar panel. This coupling is validated for the shortwave radiation and the longwave radiation. Finally, full U-RANS simulations with the radiative models, the surface model and the - turbulence model are realized. The impact of the panels on the radiation field, the soil temperature, the specific humidity and on other fields such as the wind speed is well captured.