Abstract Using longitudinal data collected between 1999 and 2007, for Agincourt Demographic Surveillance Area, the paper examines the effect of marital status and co-residence on mortality of women who are aged between 20 and 80. The Cox Proportional Hazard Model is used to investigate the relationship between mortality and the covariates; marital status, co-residence, woman’s country of origin and marital duration for married women. The number of months the husband was resident in the ADSA is used as a proxy for coresidence. After controlling for women migration, marital status and co-residence were significant. The divorced/separated and widowed women had a higher probability of dying compared to the married. In addition, being married to a migrant partner increased the woman’s probability of dying. Thus the study concludes that marital status and coresidence affects mortality.

Today in the United Kingdom (UK), ageing is considered to be an important aspect of social life in general and although overall South Asian Indians (SAIs) are relatively young compared to the indigenous white population, the number over the age of 60 is rapidly increasing. Over the last decade or so evidence-based practice within social work has been given a great deal of emphasis in public and professional life. This study is based in this spirit and emanates from personal and professional experience of working with an ageing population from a South Asian Indian background and focuses on the second and third generation of this settled minority. The aspect of co-residence within South Asian Indian cultures has been given little attention both within academic and professional studies. The key aims underpinning this work and of the research reported in this thesis were to illuminate and explicate the problematical and challenging expectations of ageing, co-residence and care within different generations of SAIs in Leicester. Thus this study investigates the expectations of co-residence and care amongst a cohort of second and third generation SAIs who have been settled in the UK for 30 or more years. Using interpretivist theoretical perspectives, 12 participants (8 from the second generation and 4 from the third generation of SAI ‘settlers’) were interviewed using in-depth semi-structured one-to-one interview techniques to collect data regarding their views and understandings of co-residence and care within the context of living in the UK. The data collected was thematically analysed and three themes, co-residence, expectations and acculturation/enculturation were identified for detailed exploration and analysis. Using interpretivist perspectives, these themes were used to identify meaningful patterns of behaviour and sentiment and to analyse the underlying symbolic sociocultural systems within the context of ageing within the SAI community in the United Kingdom. The research highlighted the onset of some enculturation processes and a rapid change in social attitudes, particularly in relation to altruism, concepts of family, a gap in understanding the expectations of co-residence between generations and the impact of these on second generation SAIs. The older participants yearned to be looked after by their adult children, feared being on their own and displayed anxiety at the prospect of not being looked after in their old age. They experienced and expressed concern at a loss of control in the decisions relating to co-residence for their current and future lives. The study points to the lack of wider scale academic and practice-based research studies focused on the impact of changes in culture and family expectations, particularly in relation to co-residence, and recommends that :(a) the academic and professional discourses and theories on ageing incorporate aspects and experiences of migration and diversity of cultures and (b) researchers, practitioners and policy makers examine the needs of the ageing SAI communities in the UK in order to explore policies, procedures and initiatives that could enhance various forms of family living and to develop relevant evidence - based practice. The outcomes of the research have implications for teaching and for practice. This is particularly so in cases where there has been a perceived failure to adopt understandings and practices in response to the identified changes. To this end a flow chart was developed that is recommended to be used as a guide and a tool for initial assessment for practitioners when working with this vulnerable group. It is hoped that this guide will have utility in terms of scope and reach when applied to the analysis and understanding of ageing in SAI communities in the UK.

When a couple moves, the woman is often placed at a disadvantage. Moves are more often motivated by men’s career advancement opportunities, and men tend to gain more economically from moving. In this thesis, these patterns are examined with an eye on the role of sex segregation on the labor market. Results from the four studies indicate that there exist gender differences in couples’ migration patterns in Sweden. These differences cannot be completely explained by occupational sex segregation or by traditional gender ideologies. I. Compared to men, women are more willing to move for the sake of their partner’s employment opportunities. Further, fathers move for the sake of their own career more often than mothers. Gender differences in these patterns are greater among individuals with gender traditional attitudes, but also exist in more egalitarian relationships. II. In a couple, the man’s educational attainment affects couples’ mobility more than the woman’s. This is because highly educated men’s occupations have more career advancement opportunities and larger differences in wages between regions, whereas women’s occupations have higher geographic ubiquity. Both partners’ occupational characteristics have an equal impact on the couple’s mobility. III. When a couple moves, the man benefits more financially than the woman. This differential cannot be wholly explained by occupational differences. Some of the lag in women’s earnings development can be accounted for by childbearing following a move. Occupations’ with greater geographic ubiquity correlate with more positive financial outcomes for both men and women following a move. IV. At the start of co-residence, it is more common that the woman moves to the man than vice versa, and women generally move longer distances than men. Age differentails between partners explain part of these migration differences. Furthermore, men’s migration propensities and distance moved are more affected by labor market ties than women’s. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 1: Accepted.</p>

Though the phenomenon of young adults moving in with their parents is not a new one, it is one that has certainly become more common in recent decades. A new life stage of 'emerging adulthood' has become the norm, in which young adults delay marriage and career jobs in order to pursue other goals. This stage is, in part, marked by fluidity in residence. Yet even as a growing number of 'boomerang kids' move back in with their parents, there is a gap in the research regarding this phenomenon's effect on various parts of the family system. This study set out to address this gap by comparing separate interviews from young adult boomerangs and their parents. Findings suggest a disparity between parental and young adult opinions on a variety of topics, most notably: expected household responsibility, parent/child closeness, loss of autonomy, and appreciation. However, similarities emerged regarding the parental home as a safe haven, the arrangement as providing financial security, and the fact that all adult children reported being ready to move out. Ideally, the findings presented here will help illuminate both the similarities and disparities in the experiences of parents and their young adult children who return after launch, in order to increase empathy and promote a healthy family system. / Master of Science

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T18:16:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pais que retornam a residir com os filhos.pdf: 331608 bytes, checksum: c2a87624be49139ad49c47ca423304f8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-04-07 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The increase in longevity in Brazil has repercussions on all the social layers; there has been a growing concern about aging. Medical sciences and technology have been offering a better quality of life to the aging being. However, how can one live these extra years with dignity, having their rights guaranteed? In our society, the family still is the link between the individual and the community in which this subject is inserted. Therefore, it is the main spring that launches the subject to life. Consequently, it is responsible for the being that is formed. It is necessary to think about the cares that are the responsibility of that institution towards its older members, when these affective bonds remain strong. The present work aimed to investigate how the elderly person perceives the family institution nowadays, how he relates to the different generations, what difficulties he encounters in this relationship, and how he organizes himself internally before the contradictions. To achieve this, the qualitative analysis allowed to understand, through the look of this old subject, how he faces this new transition period and the way in which he continues the life projects that had been postponed. It was possible to identify an increasing commitment of this age segment to taking into their own hands the success for achieving what they consider significant. Although living with the family, the elderly person demonstrates that he preserves the autonomy and responsibility for his choices. / O aumento da longevidade no Brasil repercute em todas as camadas sociais; há uma crescente preocupação diante do envelhecer. As ciências médicas e a tecnologia vêm proporcionando ao ser que envelhece maior qualidade de vida. Mas, como viver estes anos a mais, com dignidade e ter os direitos garantidos? Em nossa sociedade, a família ainda é o elo entre o indivíduo e a comunidade na qual esse sujeito se insere. Portanto, é a mola mestra que lança o sujeito para a vida. Conseqüentemente, é responsável pelo ser que se forma. Há que se pensar a respeito dos cuidados que cabem a essa instituição, para com os seus membros mais velhos, quando esses vínculos afetivos permanecem fortes. O trabalho aqui realizado procurou conhecer como o idoso percebe a instituição família na atualidade, como se relaciona com as diferentes gerações, quais são as dificuldades nesse convívio e como se organiza internamente diante das contradições. Para tanto, a análise qualitativa permitiu, mediante o olhar desse sujeito velho, compreender como enfrenta esse novo período de transição e a maneira como dá continuidade aos projetos de vida que foram postergados. Foi possível identificar um crescente comprometimento desse segmento etário em tomar para si a conquista do que considera significativo. Mesmo residindo com a família, demonstra que preserva a autonomia e a responsabilidade por suas escolhas.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 72070100769.pdf: 1516401 bytes, checksum: cdec66534b52e48dc6c4ebe76b189ac0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-15 / This work consists of three essays organized into chapters that seek to answer questions at first sight unrelated, but with one common denominator, which is the scarcity of public resources devoted to education, overall, especially in lower education. . The first chapter deals with the scarcity of resources devoted to education in a context of population aging. Two hypotheses were tested for Brazilian municipalities on the relationship between the aging of the population and educational expenditure. The first, already proven in the literature, is that there is an intergenerational conflict for resources and the increase of the share of elderly in the population reduces the educational expenditure. The second, proposed here for the first time, is that there should be reduction of competition for resources if there is a relationship of co-residence between young and old. The results indicated that an increase in the share of elderly reduces the educational expenditure per youth. But the results also illustrate that an increase in the share of elderly co-residing with youth (family arrangement more common in Latin American countries) raises the educational expenditure, which reflects a reduction of competition for resources between generations. The second chapter assesses the allocative efficiency of investments in Higher Education. Using the difference between first-year and last-year students’ scores from Enade aggregated by HEI as a product in the Stochastic Production Function, is possible to contribute with a new element in the literature aimed at estimating the production function of education. The results show that characteristics of institutions are the variables that best explain the performance of students, and that public institutions are more inefficient than the private ones. Finally, the third chapter presents evidence that the allocation of public resources in early childhood education is important for a better future school performance. In this chapter was calculated the effects of early childhood education on literacy scores of children attending the 2nd grade of elementary school. The results using OLS and propensity score matching show that students who started school at the ages to 5, 4, and 3 years had literacy scores between 12.22 and 19.54 points higher than the scores of those who began school at the ages 6 years or late. The results also suggest that the returns in terms of literacy scores diminish in relation to the number of years of early childhood education. / Este trabalho é composto por três ensaios organizados em capítulos que buscam responder questões a uma primeira vista independentes, mas com um denominador comum, que é a escassez de recursos públicos destinados à educação. O primeiro ensaio trata da escassez de recursos voltados à educação em um contexto de envelhecimento populacional. Foram testadas duas hipóteses sobre a relação entre o envelhecimento populacional e os gastos em educação. A primeira, já presente comprovada na literatura, é a de que há uma disputa intergeracional por recursos e o aumento na proporção de idosos reduz os gastos em educação. A segunda, proposta aqui pela primeira vez, é a de que deve haver redução dessa disputa por recursos se houver uma relação de co-residência entre jovens e idosos. Os resultados indicaram que um aumento no percentual de idosos, de fato, reduz os gastos por jovem em educação. Mas também foram encontradas evidências de que conforme aumenta a proporção de jovens e idosos co-residindo (arranjo familiar mais comum em países lationo-americanos), aumentam os gastos em educação, o que reflete uma atenuação da disputa intergeracional por recursos. O segundo capítulo avalia a eficiência alocativa dos investimentos realizados no Ensino Superior. Utilizando a diferença entre os escores de alunos ingressantes e concluintes do Enade agregados por IES como produto na Função de Produção Estocástica, foi possível contribuir com um elemento novo na literatura voltada à estimação de Função de Produção de Educação. Os resultados mostraram que as características das instituições são as variáveis que melhor explicam o desempenho. Adicionalmente, as instituições públicas são mais ineficientes que as privadas. Por fim, o terceiro capítulo apresenta evidências de que a alocação de recursos públicos na Educação Infantil é importante para um melhor desempenho escolar futuro. Nesse capítulo foram calculados os efeitos da educação infantil sobre os escores de alfabetização das crianças do 2º ano do Ensino Fundamental. Os resultados encontrados com o uso de OLS e de Propensity Score Matching mostram que alunos que ingressaram com 5, 4, e 3 ou menos anos de idade, obtiveram escores de alfabetização entre 12,22 e 19,54 pontos a mais do que os que ingressaram na escola com 6 anos ou mais. Os resultados também sugerem que os retornos são decrescentes em relação ao tempo de Educação Infantil.

The small, above-ground masonry structures of northwestern New Mexico called "pueblitos" first came to the attention of anthropologists in over a century ago. In 1920, the noted archaeologist A.V. Kidder hypothesized that these masonry structures might have been built by Puebloan refugees fleeing Spanish reprisals in the wake of the Spanish reconquest of New Mexico after the Pueblo Revolt, and he proposed that this hypothesis be tested. Over the next several decades, however, the hypothesis remained untested, but it became both accepted as established fact and the basis for most anthropological, archaeological, and historical reconstructions of Navajo history and cultural development.

This dissertation focuses on the living arrangements of multi-generational households among ten biggest immigrant groups in the United States. Specifically, it examines whether the husband's or the wife's older parents were more likely to be present. Co-residence patterns were taken as a proxy that reflected relative decision-making power in the family. A number of factors hypothesized to be associated with the outcome were examined to explore the effect of immigration on gender role ideology and gender relations in the post-1965 immigrant family. More than 102,000 multi-generational households from the 2000 U.S. Census were included in the analyses. Results suggested that while there were positive signs for women's increasing status and relative decision-making power, the influence of original sending culture where immigrants have come from proved to be strong and persistent. Those from more patriarchal sending cultures, represented by India, Korea, and China, were more likely to have the husband's parents co-residing; while those from less patriarchal sending cultures, represented by Jamaica, Cuba, and El Salvador, were more likely to have the wife's parents present in the household. These findings illustrate the complex nature of gender relations in the immigrant family whereby the effect of assimilation is found in some domains, while the influence of sending culture is enduring or even reinforced in other domains. Results of this research contribute to the better understanding of the diversity of changes in gender relations that accompany immigration.