While it has been recognized that L2 word learning is facilitated for cognates (De Groot & Keijzer 2000), approaches to cognate acquisition have focused on the similarity of L1- L2 forms, overlooking regular patterns in differences between items. For example, English phone [dʒ] regularly corresponds to the Spanish phone [x]: agent [eɪdʒɛnt]- agente [axente], voyage [vɔɪədʒ]- viaje [bjaxe]. The current studies test whether L1 English, L2 Spanish learners acquire and utilize regular cognate sound correspondences. Experiment 1 compared accuracy for cognate forms that include or do not include regular correspondences. Subjects learned the English names of 20 monsters. Afterward, they saw each monster's image and heard its name in English, then recalled and produced the monster's (cognate) name in Spanish. Results revealed higher accuracy for items containing regular cognate correspondences. Subjects with higher proficiency showed greater differences in accuracy between regular and irregular items. In Experiment 2, subjects heard a novel word in either English or Spanish and invented a plausible cognate in the other language. Their modifications to the word forms were analyzed. Analyses revealed that subjects’ modifications were not random, but rather demonstrated convergence on dominant modification strategies. Higher proficiency correlated with greater convergence on dominant strategies. Together, these results demonstrate that L1 English, L2 Spanish learners have knowledge of regular cognate correspondences and can utilize correspondences to learn or invent new cognate forms. Furthermore, because this knowledge is acquired gradually by the L2 learner, cognate processing is not consistent across proficiency levels or between individual learners.

Gegenstand der Dissertation ist die Untersuchung interlingualer lexikalischer Prozesse von Worterkennung und-zugriff bei ungarndeutschen Bilingualen, die Englisch als Fremdsprache erlernen, unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Rolle von Kognaten. Ziel der Studie ist es, die Prozesse lexikalischer Aktivierung in einem polyglotten System zu beschreiben und sowohl die mentalen Lexika, als auch die Verknüpfung und gegenseitige Aktivierung (z. B. durch 'direct word association' oder durch 'concept mediation') zu modellieren. Drei abhängige Variablen werden in einer quantitativen und qualitativen Analyse empirischer Daten untersucht: Genauigkeit, Antwortzeitlatenzen und phonologische Interferenz. Die Resultate der Experimente werden im Rahmen eines multilingualen Netzwerkmodells interpretiert. / The dissertation examines aspects of the interlingual lexical processes of word recognition and word retrieval in Hungarian-German bilinguals learning English as a foreign language, with particular respect to the role of cognates. The purpose of the study is to describe the process of lexical activaton in a polyglot system and to model the mental lexicons and the ways entries in the lexicons are connected and activated (e.g. activation through direct word association or through concept mediation). Three dependent variables are studied in quantitative and qualitative analysis of empirical data taken from experiments: rate of accurate responses, response latencies and phonological interference. The results of the experiments are interpreted in the framework of a multiple language network model.

This dissertation examines the production, perception and processing of the Catalan-specific mid-vowel categories (/e/-/[open-mid front unrounded vowel]/ and /o/-/[open-mid back rounded vowel]/) by early Spanish-Catalan bilinguals in Majorca (Spain). The analyses focus on the lexical as well as the segmental levels to analyze cognate effects in the production and lexical representations of these early bilinguals, and they explore how their production and perception abilities are related. This study provides evidence that early and highly proficient Spanish-Catalan bilinguals in Majorca maintain two independent phonetic categories in the Catalan mid-vowel space. The first significant finding is that production patterns in Majorca differ from those previously reported in Barcelona, as the Catalan mid-vowel contrasts are not merging into a single Spanish-like mid-vowel for either Catalan-dominants or Spanish-dominants. Additionally, these bilinguals are not 'deaf' to the Catalan-specific mid-vowel contrasts: both language dominance groups perceive the contrast between the Catalan mid-vowel categories despite the overlap with one phonetic category in Spanish. Even though Spanish-dominant bilinguals as a whole are indistinguishable from Catalan-dominant bilinguals in the perception and production tasks, they are found to have a higher error rate in the lexical decision task. The comparison of the acoustic properties of the target vowels in Catalan cognate and non-cognate experimental items reveals that the production of the mid-vowels is affected by cognate status, and that these cognate effects are also found in the word recognition of aurally presented stimuli. Finally, bilinguals who produced the mid-vowels with a smaller Euclidean distance are more likely than bilinguals who maintain a more robust contrast in their productions to have a higher error rate in the AXB discrimination and lexical decision tasks. The present study contributes to the discussion regarding the organization of early bilinguals' dominant and non-dominant phonetic systems, and implications are considered for cross-linguistic models of bilingual speech production and perception. It is proposed that the exemplar model of lexical representation (Bybee, 2001; Pierrehumbert, 2001) can be extended to include bilingual lexical connections that can account for the interactions between the phonetic and lexical levels of early bilingual individuals. / text

Provides an overview of work on the effects of Quebec French (QF) on Quebec English (QE) since 1977. Argues that the framework used by sociolinguists is too narrow methodologically, excluding conversations in English between people whose first languages are different and ignoring the deliberate use of language for political effect. Examines some cognate nouns to show how meanings in QE have shifted because of knowledge of QF.

Изучение языка – это замечательное занятие, которое расширяет наш кругозор и позволяет нам общаться с представителями различных культур и людей по всему миру. Традиционно языковое образование основывалось на традиционных методах, таких как учебники, словарный запас и языковой обмен. Однако с появлением машинного обучения наступила новая эра в обучении языку, предлагающая инновационные и эффективные способы ускорения овладения языком. Одним из интригующих применений машинного обучения в изучении языков является использование родственных слов, слов, которые имеют схожее значение и написание в разных языках. Для решения этой темы в данной исследовательской работе предлагается облегчить процесс изучения второго языка с помощью искусственного интеллекта, в частности нейронных сетей, которые могут идентифицировать и использовать слова, похожие или идентичные как на первом языке учащегося, так и на целевом языке. Эти слова, известные как лексические родственные слова, могут облегчить изучение языка, предоставляя учащимся знакомый ориентир и позволяя им связывать новый словарный запас со словами, которые они уже знают. Используя возможности нейронных сетей для обнаружения и использования этих родственных слов, учащиеся смогут ускорить свой прогресс в освоении второго языка. Хотя исследование семантического сходства в разных языках не является новой темой, наша цель состоит в том, чтобы применить другой подход для выявления русско-английских лексических родственных слов и представить полученные результаты в качестве инструмента изучения языка, используя выборку данных о лексическом и семантическом сходстве. между языками, чтобы построить модель обнаружения лексических родственных слов и ассоциаций слов. Впоследствии, в зависимости от нашего анализа и результатов, мы представим приложение для определения словесных ассоциаций, которое смогут использовать конечные пользователи. Учитывая, что русский и английский являются одними из наиболее распространенных языков в мире, а Россия является популярным местом для иностранных студентов со всего мира, это послужило значительной мотивацией для разработки инструмента искусственного интеллекта, который поможет людям, изучающим русский язык как англоговорящие, или изучающим английский язык. как русскоязычные. / Language learning is a remarkable endeavor that expands our horizons and allows us to connect with diverse cultures and people around the world. Traditionally, language education has relied on conventional methods such as textbooks, vocabulary drills, and language exchanges. However, with the advent of machine learning, a new era has dawned upon language instruction, offering innovative and efficient ways to accelerate language acquisition. One intriguing application of machine learning in language learning is the utilization of cognates, words that share similar meanings and spellings across different languages. To address this subject, this research paper proposes to facilitate the process of acquiring a second language with the help of artificial intelligence, particularly neural networks, which can identify and use words that are similar or identical in both the learner's first language and the target language. These words, known as lexical cognates which can facilitate language learning by providing a familiar point of reference for the learner and enabling them to associate new vocabulary with words they already know. By leveraging the power of neural networks to detect and utilize these cognates, learners will be able to accelerate their progress in acquiring a second language. Although the study of semantic similarity across different languages is not a new topic, our objective is to adopt a different approach for identifying Russian-English Lexical cognates and present the obtained results as a language learning tool, by using the lexical and semantic similarity data sample across languages to build a lexical cognates detection and words association model. Subsequently, depend on our analysis and results, will present a word association application that can be utilized by end users. Given that Russian and English are among the most widely spoken languages globally and that Russia is a popular destination for international students from around the world, it served as a significant motivation to develop an AI tool to assist individuals learning Russian as English speakers or learning English as Russian speakers.

This thesis comprises a study on the kinematic and force analyses of the overconstrained mechanisms. The scope of the overconstrained mechanisms is too wide and difficult to handle. Therefore, the study is restricted to the planar overconstrained mechanisms. Although the study involves only the planar overconstrained mechanisms, the investigated methods and approaches could be extended to the spatial overconstrained mechanisms as well. In this thesis, kinematic analysis is performed in order to investigate how an overconstrained mechanism can be constructed. Four methods are used. These are the analytical method, the method of cognates, the method of combining identical modules and the method of extending an overconstrained mechanism with extra links. This thesis also involves the force analysis of the overconstrained mechanisms. A method is introduced in order to eliminate the force indeterminacy encountered in the overconstrained mechanisms. The results are design based and directly associated with the assembly phase of the mechanism.

Do adult L2 English bilingual speakers have difficulty with cognate words whose meanings are distinct across their two languages? This study explored the extent to which variations in meaning in cross-language cognates affect translation performance in a translation task by L2 English (L1 Spanish) speakers who learned English as adults. A prep-phase experiment was conducted to test native English-speakers’ predicted completions of the study’s stimuli sentences, in order to choose the optimal stimuli for the primary experiment. The method for the primary experiment of this study consisted of a web-based translation task of 120 sentences from Spanish to English, while controlling for polysemy and frequency. The results showed that adult L2 learners of English did experience difficulty when translating cognates in sentences from their L1 to their L2. The interaction of the Spanish word’s polysemous nature, Spanish word frequency, English target frequency and English cognate frequency played a role in the participants’ performance.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T18:23:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CD 1 - LAEL - Maria Cibele G P Alonso.pdf: 3701503 bytes, checksum: 1000e0c56e11bc1810c274fbb8340ced (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-09-28 / The main aim of this study was the use of Corpus Linguistics to design teaching material for Brazilian students learning Spanish as a foreign language. Corpus Linguistics is an area of linguistic studies dedicated to the collection and exploration of computer corpora, i.e., large electronic collections of linguistic data carefully collected that form the basis of language or linguistic variety. More specifically, the study presented here was motivated by the necessity of offering one alternative to the learning of false cognates to my Spanish students and teachers and authors of foreign language materials. The principal aim is to focus on the false cognates in Spanish. This was done from the point of view of Brazilian students, since the majority of materials merely cite false cognates. In this study we analyzed the most important patterns of the 10 most frequent false cognates taken from a vocabulary list derived from the analysis of 4 Spanish as foreign language books. From the description of these patterns, we prepared teaching activities. The research questions investigated in the study are: (1) What are the most important patterns of each false cognate? (2) What are most frequent meanings of the false cognates? (3) How can a linguistic corpus help to solve the linguistic interference caused by false cognates? The corpus used in this study was CREA Reference corpus of actual Spanish from Spanish Real Academic, with 160 million words approximately. The analysis showed that a simple translation of false cognates was not enough to enable to their adequate acquisition; we tried to show students the different possibilities of use that false cognates have in context. The activities we suggested are an alternative to learning/teaching that can be adapted to the communicative approach. They can also facilitate discovering process and problems solution, considering that the student is able to build his own knowledge. The study presented here will hopefully have made a contribution to teaching Spanish as a foreign language from Corpus Linguistics perspective, helping to close the gap between Spanish Language teaching in the Brazilian context and Corpus based classroom materials / Constituiu objeto central deste trabalho, por meio da utilização de instrumentos da Lingüística de Corpus, tais como concordâncias e descrição de língua baseada em padrões, a preparação de atividades destinadas ao ensino de falsos cognatos em espanhol como língua estrangeira (E/LE). A Lingüística de Corpus é uma área da Lingüística que se ocupa da coleta e da exploração de corpora , isto é, de conjuntos de dados lingüísticos - cuidadosamente coletados - que servem de base para a pesquisa de uma língua ou variedade lingüística. Trata-se da exploração da linguagem por meio de evidências empíricas, obtidas por computador. O trabalho que ora se apresenta foi motivado pela necessidade de oferecer a meus alunos de espanhol, a professores e a autores de livros didáticos mais uma alternativa para a aprendizagem dos falsos cognatos. Constituiu propósito fundamental do trabalho enfocar a aquisição - por parte de alunos brasileiros - dos falsos cognatos em espanhol como língua estrangeira, visto que a maioria dos livros didáticos se dedica tão-somente à citação desses itens, ou seja, à menção dos deslizes lingüísticos que os alunos costumam cometer durante suas produções, não se evidenciando, portanto, uma preocupação no sentido de se sanarem tais deslizes. No presente estudo, analisaram-se os padrões mais importantes dos 10 (dez) falsos cognatos mais freqüentes de uma lista de léxico básico mínimo, elaborada após análise de 4 (quatro) livros didáticos de espanhol como língua estrangeira. A partir da descrição desses padrões, organizaram-se atividades didáticas. Propuseram-se as seguintes questões de pesquisa: 1) Quais os padrões mais recorrentes de cada um dos 10 (dez) falsos cognatos em espanhol? 2) Quais os significados mais freqüentes dos falsos cognatos analisados? 3) Como um corpus lingüístico pode auxiliar na resolução das interferências lingüísticas causadas pelos falsos cognatos? O corpus empregado na pesquisa para a obtenção das linhas de concordância analisadas foi o CREA - Corpus de Referência do Espanhol Atual da Real Academia Espanhola -, com aproximadamente 160 milhões de palavras. Chegou-se à conclusão de que uma eficaz aquisição e apropriação dos falsos cognatos não exige a mera tradução dos mesmos. Há isso sim de se oferecer ao aluno as diversas possibilidades de usos e significados que um falso cognato pode assumir em função do contexto em que está inserido. As atividades elaboradas representam uma alternativa de modelo de ensino e aprendizagem que pode estar em perfeita conformidade com os enfoques comunicativos, além de facilitar os processos de descoberta e resolução de problemas, levando-se em conta que o aluno é capaz de construir seu próprio conhecimento. Dada a quase ausência de estudos baseados em Lingüística de Corpus para o ensino de espanhol como Língua Estrangeira, a presente pesquisa assume a pretensão de contribuir com a área da Lingüística de Corpus no ensino do espanhol como língua estrangeira

L'objectif principal de cette thèse est d'étudier les conséquences du bilinguisme sur la production de la parole. Des recherches antérieures ont montré que les locuteurs bilingues montrent un coût par rapport aux monolingues dans différentes expériences linguistiques. Nous avons étudié les origines du coût bilingue en explorant l'influence de variables spécifiques comme la similitude phonologique. En outre, nous avons examiné la portée du coût bilingue en évaluant des durées articulatoires de la parole et la production de groupes nominaux. Nous rapportons que l'augmentation de la similarité phonologique entre les mots d'une même langue ralentit la parole, alors que l'augmentation de la similarité phonologique entre les langues aide les bilingues à surmonter le coût bilingue. En outre, nos résultats ont montré que le coût bilingue se généralise aux phases articulatoires et à la production de groupes nominaux. Cette thèse fournit de nouvelles données sur le traitement de la parole pendant les stades phonologiques et articulatoires chez les locuteurs mono- et bilingues, et étend notre connaissance sur le coût bilingue en production de parole. / The main objective of this dissertation is to examine the consequences of bilingualism on speech production. Previous research has shown that bilingual speakers experience a cost compared to monolinguals in a variety of linguistic experiments. We investigated the origins of the bilingual cost by exploring influences of particular variables such as phonological similarity. Moreover, we investigated the scope of the bilingual cost by assessing speech performance, focusing on articulatory durations and noun-phrase production. We provide evidence that increased phonological similarity among words within one language slows speech, whereas increased phonological similarity across translations helps bilinguals to overcome the bilingual cost. In addition, our results show that the bilingual cost generalizes to articulatory durations and noun-phrase production. The current dissertation provides a more specific understanding of speech processing at phonological and articulatory stages in mono- and bilinguals, and extends our knowledge on the bilingual cost in speech production. / El objetivo principal de esta tesis es examinar las consecuencias del bilingüismo en la producción del habla. Estudios anteriores han demostrado que los hablantes bilingües presentan una mayor dificultad que los monolingües durante la realización de diferentes experimentos lingüísticos. Investigamos los orígenes del coste del bilingüismo, explorando los efectos de variables como la similitud fonológica. Además, investigamos el alcance del coste, evaluando las duraciones articulatorias durante el habla y la producción de sintagmas nominales. Mostramos que una mayor similitud fonológica entre palabras de una lengua ralentiza el habla, mientras que una mayor similitud entre traducciones ayudó a los bilingües a superar el coste. Finalmente, demostramos que el coste bilingüe se extiende a las duraciones articulatorias y a la producción de sintagmas nominales. Esta tesis aporta nuevas evidencias acerca del efecto que la similitud fonológica tiene sobre la producción del habla y proporciona un conocimiento más específico sobre cómo el bilingüismo influye durante las últimas fases del procesamiento del habla.

Static balance is the reduction or elimination of the actuating effort in quasi-static motion of a mechanical system by adding non-dissipative force interactions to the system. In recent years, there is increasing recognition that static balancing of elastic forces in compliant mechanisms leads to increased efficiency as well as good force feedback characteristics. The development of insightful and pragmatic design methods for statically balanced compliant mechanisms is the motivation for this work. In our approach, we focus on a class of compliant mechanisms that can be approximated as spring-loaded rigid-link mechanisms. Instead of developing static balancing techniques directly for the compliant mechanisms, we seek analytical balancing techniques for the simplified spring–loaded rigid–link approximations. Towards that, we first provide new static balancing techniques for a spring-loaded four-bar linkage. We also find relations between static balancing parameters of the cognates of a four-bar linkage. Later, we develop a new perfect static balancing method for a general n-degree-of-freedom revolute and spherical jointed rigid-body linkages. This general method distinguishes itself from the known techniques in the following respects: 1 It adds only springs and not any auxiliary bodies. 2 It is applicable to linkage shaving any number of links connected in any manner. 3 It is applicable to both constant(i.e., gravity type) and linear spring loads. 4 It works both in planar and spatial cases. This analytical method is applied on the approximated compliant mechanisms as well. Expectedly, the compliant mechanisms would only be approximately balanced. We study the effectiveness of this approximate balance through simulations and a prototype. The analytical static balancing technique for rigid-body linkages and the study of its application to approximated compliant mechanisms are among the main contributions of this thesis.