Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Bibliography: Includes bibliographical references (leaves 53-56).

Memoria para optar al título de Ingeniero en Alimentos / Dentro de los índices de calidad, que permiten evaluar la frescura del pescado, está la determinación del contenido de aminas biogénicas. La principal intoxicación, debido a la presencia de altos niveles de aminas biogénicas, es conocida como intoxicación-histamínica, la cual es producida por altos niveles de histamina, que pueden ser generados, por la acción microbiana, cuando el pescado no es manipulado higiénicamente y es sometido a altas temperaturas. En el presente estudio se realizó una cuantificación del contenido de histamina en Salmón coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch)refrigerado (0 - 2ºC) por un período de 24 días. Se realizaron controles de histamina a los 0, 3, 6, 10, 12, 17, 19 y 24 días de almacenamiento. Se utilizaron dos técnicas analíticas: cromatografía líquida de alta resolución (HPLC) y cromatografía capilar zonal (CZE), las cuales fueron, previamente, evaluadas por el proceso de validación limitada, para dar confiabilidad a la cuantificación del analito en la muestra. Ambas técnicas analíticas presentaron resultados satisfactorios en la validación. Demostrándose, que la CZE es una reciente y ventajosa posibilidad, debido a que esta técnica mostró mejores resultados. La formación de histamina en Salmón coho almacenado refrigerado, fue nula hasta el día 12 de almacenamiento; pero aumentó progresivamente a partir del día 17. El Salmón coho, almacenado refrigerado, por 24 días, registró niveles de concentración de histamina, bajo el límite establecido por SERNAPESCA para pescados escómbridos y relacionados con escómbridos

I investigated juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) distribution and habitat utilization in an agricultural/urban watershed, the Salmon River, Langley, B.C. The results of my empirical work confirmed the importance of instream woody debris and undercut banks in coho distribution. I examined experimentally how juvenile coho select among patches that differ in foraging profitability and in cover availability. Ideal free distribution (IFD) models were used as the practical basis for hypotheses about habitat choice by coho salmon. My experiments were conducted in artificial stream channels and involved two different types of cover, instream and overhead, and two spatial scales. The two scales (patches within individual pools and pools within stream reaches) were used to detect the effect of different levels of sampling and information processing by the fish. Juvenile coho responded positively to food abundance both within and between pools, but they did not do it as predicted by the IFD model. Cover presence further deviated coho distribution from an IFD. Within pools, coho foraged in open patches away from cover, but preferred pools with cover when choosing between separate units. None of the alternative dispersion models that I considered, derived from the IFD, fully explained the observed dispersion patterns. Coho's ability to maximize food intake rate was not only affected by the physical complexity of their habitat, but also by intraspecific competition and interference. Subsequently, I investigated experimentally coho's response to food and different densities of woody debris in natural stream reaches. If food was abundant, coho favoured pools with sparse cover, which offers accessible refuge and leaves unobstructed foraging patches where prey and perhaps also predators are easy to detect. Pools with either high densities or total lack of woody debris attracted proportionately less fish. Earlier in the summer, fry were indifferent towards cover, but as they became older their association with instream woody debris increased. Experiments I conducted during winter indicated that water velocity and temperature affected juvenile coho downstream movement. The proportion of fish that tried to leave the experimental channels increased with water discharge and decreased with water temperature. Based on the results of my empirical and experimental work, and on information derived from comparative case studies, I evaluated the potential impact of agriculture and urbanization on coho salmon habitat. Activities associated with these types of land developments tend to: a) reduce stream channel complexity; b) eliminate off-channel fish habitat; c) increase both the magnitude and the frequency of peak flows; d) augment water sediment transport; e) alter riparian vegetation; and, f) degrade water quality. A multilayered management plan, aimed at increasing coho salmon production, was developed. The plan's management strategies were devised reflecting on the different spatial scales that watershed components have and on the connectivity processes that exist among them. / Science, Faculty of / Resources, Environment and Sustainability (IRES), Institute for / Graduate

Conventional fish monitoring requires considerable investments of equipment and labour, and often harmful and potentially fatal techniques. Emerging methods allow detection of aquatic animals by collecting water and extracting DNA that has been shed to the environment (eDNA). Present knowledge gaps in the field include minimum densities necessary for consistent detection, and persistence of eDNA after a target species has left a site. I conducted three experiments at a salmon hatchery in British Columbia to address these knowledge gaps. Water samples were taken from flow-through tanks with juvenile Coho Salmon densities ranging from 38.0g/1000L to 0.6g/1000L. To simulate field surveys in recently abandoned habitats, I sampled water from tanks after removing fish, at flow-through volumes ranging from 20,000L to 1,000,000L. Post removal sampling occurred starting at one hour and ending after just over four days of flow-through time. Water samples from tanks containing one or more fish tested positive for Coho DNA at least 70% of the time, increasing at higher densities. Samples taken after removing the fish had detection probability of 75% at flow-through volume of 40,000L. Detection failed at flow-through volumes greater than 80,000L. In stream samples, all sites with Coho or salmonid presence confirmed by conventional trapping also tested positive for target species’ eDNA. Two sites tested positive for Coho eDNA where conventional methods failed, indicating a possible higher sensitivity of eDNA sampling. I also mapped the distribution of juvenile Coho Salmon through multiple tributaries of a productive salmon system with conventional and eDNA detections. This study improves on an emerging method with a new species by addressing existing uncertainties regarding eDNA detection threshold, and signal persistence through dilution in a simulated stream pool habitat. It also demonstrates that eDNA methods can be used to assess coastal streams for presence of juvenile and resident salmonid fishes. / Graduate

Heritabilties and genetic correlations using Individual Animal Model, (IAM), analysis for weight, length and survivability were determined in both freshwater and saltwater rearing of s0 and si1 coho, (Oncorhynchus kisutch). The most important trait to salmon farmers is the saltwater market weight which was found to have heritability estimates of 0.21 and 0.45 for the s1 and s0 smolts. Estimates of heritability for survival were high, (0.29 and 0.21) for both s0 and s1 rearing strategies. Genetic correlations between freshwater and saltwater size were small, (0.33 to 0.59) indicating selection for market weight should be done during the saltwater market weight window. Significant differences were found for weight and length between strains during freshwater and saltwater rearing for both s0 and si1 coho. The northern strains, (Kitimat, Bella Coola and Pallant Creek) were significantly larger in weight and length thanthe southern strains, (Big Qualicum and Robertson Creek). The Kitimat strain was larger in weight and length than the Bella Coola and Pallant Creek strains but lower than these two strains for percent survivability. When comparing fish from the Kitimat strain reared on both a s0 and s1 rearing strategy, it was found that the s1 fish were significantly larger than the s0 fish at the market weight window. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

A deterministic simulation model is used to explore the relationship between juvenile pink, chum and coho salmon growth and size-related survival in the Fraser River estuary. Parameters most sensitive to change are identified and the results related to proposals for enhancement. These results suggest that increasing the initial size of enhancement pink and chum fry, relative to the size of wild fry, prior to seaward migration and releasing them early in the spring may increase their chances of survival. If increasing total (enhancement plus wild) fry density decreases fry growth rate, the presence of enhancement fry in the estuary could reduce the survival chances of wild fry. The decrease in wild stock survival may not be apparent from estimates of adult return for many years due to errors in measurement and to the effect on survival of environmental variability. The model can be used to suggest and evaluate enhancement proposals. Areas needing further research are also indicated. / Science, Faculty of / Zoology, Department of / Graduate

Tesis para optar al grado de Magíster en Ciencia de los Alimentos / Se realizó un estudio comparativo del efecto del reemplazo de antioxidantes sintéticos (etoxiquina y BHT) por dos antioxidantes naturales (tocoferoles y extracto de romero (Rosmarinicus officinalis) en la dieta del salmón Coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) de exportación durante la etapa de engorde sobre la calidad bioquímica, física, microbiológica y sensorial del producto durante 18 meses de almacenamiento congelado a (-18 °C). Se consideró el empleo de 3 jaulas con salmones cultivados por EWOS Innovation Research de la X región de Chile. Los salmones con un peso aproximado de 1500 g fueron alimentados durante 80 días con tres diferentes tipos de dietas: Dieta I: condiciones tradicionales con BHT y etoxiquina correspondió al control, Dieta II: enriquecida con α–tocoferol, y Dieta III enriquecida con α–tocoferol más extracto de romero (Rosmarinicus officinalis) hasta que alcanzaron la etapa de engorde con un peso de 2500 g. Luego fueron cosechados por Mainstream (Calbuco, Chile) y procesados obteniéndose salmón congelado de exportación tipo HG. Posteriormente a este proceso, se transportaron al Laboratorio de Procesos de Ingeniería en Alimentos de la Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas de la Universidad de Chile donde fueron congelados a (-18 °C) durante 18 meses. Se efectuaron 6 controles en el tiempo (meses 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 y 18), con 5 individuos extraídos al azar en cada punto de control. La evolución de los cambios bioquímicos fue medida mediante solubilidad de proteínas y actividad ATPásica Ca+2. Los métodos realizados para medir los cambios en las propiedades funcionales fueron humedad exprimible, capacidad de retención de agua, dripping o exudado en músculo crudo y cocido. A nivel de propiedades texturales se estudiaron ensayo de compresión y prueba de cizalla en músculo crudo y cocido, gaping o desgajamiento y microestructura por microscopía electrónica de transmisión. Se realizó análisis descriptivo cuantitativo para medir la evolución de las propiedades sensoriales y a nivel microbiológico se analizó recuento de microorganismos aerobios mesófilos (RAM), recuento de enterobacterias, recuento de microorganismos patógenos (Salmonella sp., Staphylococcus aureus, y coliformes totales y fecales). Los análisis estadísticos arrojaron ausencia de diferencias significativas entre individuos y réplicas. Mientras que, el tiempo de almacenamiento y las dietas afectaron significativamente los parámetros bioquímicos, físicos, microbiológicos y sensoriales. La textura y propiedades funcionales del salmón disminuyeron en el tiempo. Los cambios experimentados en estos parámetros son producidos por la desnaturalización y agregación de las proteínas presentes en el músculo del salmón, que es debida al almacenamiento congelado. Lo anterior se puede apreciar claramente por los estudios bioquímicos donde la solubilidad y actividad ATPasa disminuyeron paulatinamente en el tiempo. Al mes 9, la solubilidad de la Dieta I decreció en un 72,4% mientras que, la Dieta II y III disminuyeron en un 17,8% y 44,7% respectivamente, en tanto que la actividad ATPásica para las dietas I, II y III disminuyó al mes 12, un 40,5%, 65,3% y un 69,2% respectivamente. También se observaron cambios en la microestructura del músculo de salmón principalmente en la dieta control se produjeron los mayores daños que afectaron directamente a la estructura de los sarcómeros. En el mes 9, se observó una discontinuidad de la línea-Z (bandas oscuras) hasta prácticamente desaparecer en el mes 18. El análisis multivariado indicó que la firmeza del músculo cocido, gaping y % de agua perdida explican la evolución de las propiedades funcionales del músculo de salmón Coho almacenado a (-18º C) durante 18 meses (p≤0,05). Al respecto, el gaping aumentó paulatinamente sin llegar a un deterioro extremo, manteniendo hasta el mes 15 calidad Premium con grado 3 para las dietas II y III, mientras que la dieta control presentó dicha calidad hasta el mes 9. Las tres dietas (I, II y III) incrementaron la pérdida de agua hasta el duodécimo mes, que se tradujo en una disminución en la CRA en un 14%, 30% y 50% respectivamente. Como resultado de las tres dietas, se observó una disminución de la dureza y la cohesividad del músculo crudo a partir del mes 12 mientras que, la firmeza del músculo cocido aumentó hasta el mes 9 para luego disminuir hasta el último mes de almacenamiento. Las dietas tuvieron una influencia significativa en la percepción de olores y sabores, comportándose de mejor forma las dietas con antioxidantes naturales que las que contenían antioxidantes sintéticos. La dieta I (control) se caracterizó por presentar el mayor desarrollo a sabor rancio cocido y menor sabor típico cocido, a diferencia de la dieta II (α-tocoferol) que no presentó un desarrollo significativo de olores y sabores a rancio por parte de los panelistas. La calidad microbiológica presentó valores inferiores a los límites de calidad de ser rechazable. Se concluye que el reemplazo de antioxidantes sintéticos por naturales, α-Tocoferol o extracto de romero, en la dieta el salmón coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch), mantiene las calidades evaluadas en este estudio y la vida útil del salmón. Por lo cual, es una alternativa factible a nivel técnico y recomendable si se desea ampliar el ingresos del salmón chilenos a mercados cuyas tendencias estén a favor de una alimentación más natural y sana / A comparative study of the effect of the replacement of synthetic antioxidant (etoxiquina and BHT) by two natural antioxidant (tocoferoles and extract of rosemary (Rosmarinicus officinalis)) in the diet of Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) of export during the phase of fattening on the biochemical, physical, microbiological and sensory quality of the product during 18 months of storage frozen to (-18 °C). The use was considered of 3 cages with salmons cultivated by EWOS Innovation Research of the X region of Chile. The salmons with an approximated weight of 1500 g were fed during 80 days with three different types of diets: Diet I: traditional conditions with BHT and etoxiquina corresponded to the control, Diet II: enriched with α-tocoferol, and Diet III enriched with α-tocoferol more extract of rosemary (Rosmarinicus officinalis) until they reached the stage of fattening with a weight of 2500g. Soon they were harvested and process by Mainstream (Calbuco, Chile), obtaining frozen salmon of export type HG. Later to this process, they were transported to the Laboratory of Processes of Food Engineering of the Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences of the University of Chile where they were frozen to (-18 °C) during 18 months. 6 controls in the time took place (months 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 18), with 5 individuals extracted at random in each control point. The evolution of the biochemical changes was measured by means of solubility of proteins and activity ATPásica Ca+2. The made methods to measure the changes in the functional properties were expressible moisture, water-holding capacity, dripping or exuded in crude and cook muscle. At level of texture properties they studied test of compression and test of shears in crude and cook muscle, gaping and microstructure by electronic microscopy of transmission. Quantitative Descriptive Analysis was made to measure the evolution of the sensory properties and at microbiological level was analyzed count of aerobic mesophiles was analyzed (RAM), count of family enterobacteriaceae, count of pathogenic microorganisms (Salmonella sp., Staphylococcus aureus and total and fecal coliforms). The statistical analyses threw absence of significant differences between individuals and retorts. Whereas, the time of storage and the diets affected the significantly parameters, biochemical, physical, sensory and microbiological The texture and functional properties of the salmon diminished in the time. The changes experienced in these parameters are produced by the denaturation and aggregation of present proteins in the muscle of the salmon that must to the frozen storage. The previous thing can be appreciated clearly by the biochemical studies where the solubility and ATPasa activity diminished gradually in the time. To month 9, the solubility of Diet I decreased in a 72,4% whereas, Diet II and III diminished in a 17,8% and 44,7% respectively, whereas the ATPásica activity for diets I, II and III diminished to month 12, a 40.5%, 65.3% and a 69.2% respectively. Also changes in the microstructure of the muscle of salmon were observed; mainly in the diet control took place the greater damages than they directly affected the structure of the sarcomeres. In month 9, a discontinuity of the line-Z was observed (dark bands) until practically disappearing in month 18. The multivariate analysis indicated that the firmness of the cooked muscle, gaping and lost percentage of water explain the evolution of the functional properties of the muscle of Coho salmon stored to -18º C during 18 months (p≤0,05). On the matter, gaping increase gradually without arriving at an extreme deterioration, maintaining until month 15 Premium quality with grade 3 for diets II and III, whereas the diet control presented this quality until month 9. The three diets (I, II and III) increased the loss of water until the twelfth month, that was translated in a diminution in the CRA in 14%, 30% y 50% respectively. Like result of the three diets, a diminution of the hardness and the cohesively of the crude muscle as of month 12 was observed whereas, the firmness of the cooked muscle increased until month 9. soon to fall until the last month of storage. The diets had a significant influence in the perception of scents and flavors, behaving of better form the diets with natural antioxidants that those that contained synthetic antioxidants. Diet I (control) was characterized to present the greater development to rancid flavor cooked and smaller cooked typical flavor, unlike the diet II (α-tocoferol) that did not present a significant development of scents and flavors to rancid on the part of the judges. The microbiological quality presented inferior values to the limits of quality of being rejectable. One concludes that the replacement of synthetic antioxidants by natural, α-tocoferol or extract of rosemary, in the diet the salmon Coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch), maintains the qualities evaluated in this study and the life utility of the salmon. Thus, it is a feasible alternative at technical and recommendable level if it is desired to extend the Chilean income of the salmon to markets whose tendencies are in favor of one more a more natural feeding and heals

from the summer dry season to the winter wet season. Such movement that connects summer and winter habitats may be particularly important for coho salmon, O. kisutch, because availability of overwintering habitat can limit freshwater survival for this species. Here, I describe basin-scale variability in the spatial pattern of fall movement for juvenile coho salmon between mainstem and tributary streams during the fall of 2002, 2003, 2004, and 2005. Juvenile coho salmon were tagged with a passive integrated transponder (PIT) and could be detected at five stationary detection sites, two located in perennial tributaries, two in intermittent tributaries, and one in the upper mainstem of the West Fork Smith River, Oregon. For each detection site, I compare the likelihood of detection during the fall by juvenile coho salmon from tagging locations over a multi-kilometer range of distances in each direction away from the tributary confluence. I developed logistic regression models with data from each detection site to estimate: 1) the relative likelihood of immigration into a tributary as compared to emigration out of the tributary, and 2) the relative likelihood of immigration into a tributary from the mainstem downstream of the tributary confluence as compared to immigration from the mainstem upstream of the confluence. For each pair of directions at each detection site, I also compare the change in the likelihood of detection with increasing distance for each direction. Overall, at the two upper-river detection sites, juvenile coho salmon were more likely to emigrate than to immigrate. At the remaining detection sites, juvenile coho salmon were no more likely to emigrate than immigrate. Of these detection sites, fish that immigrated into the mid-river perennial stream were more likely to come from the mainstem downstream of the confluence, whereas fish that immigrated into the two lower-river intermittent tributaries were more likely to come from the mainstem upstream of the confluence. Fall movement of juvenile coho salmon between tributary and mainstem habitat can occur over relatively long distances. This case study demonstrates variation among tributaries in the overall likelihood of emigration and immigration and in the source of immigrants from the mainstem, which may be related to spatial context that combines the physical characteristics and network position of tributary streams. The demonstrated variation in fall movement that connects summer and winter habitat within a stream network is a first step in exploring how complexity in movement interacts with the spatial arrangement and quality of seasonal habitats. More research on the causes of variation in the expression of fall movement will improve our understanding of how the spatial arrangement of habitat within a stream network influences the survival of juvenile coho salmon over the whole freshwater life cycle. / Graduation date: 2013

Submitted by HELSI MARIA ISIDRO CRISTOBAL null (helmar2009@live.com.mx) on 2017-10-25T12:25:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Helsi_final.pdf: 975344 bytes, checksum: bb2e31aa42ebcacbcd49b7790b75ac33 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Monique Sasaki (sayumi_sasaki@hotmail.com) on 2017-10-31T15:36:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 cristobal_hmi_me_jabo.pdf: 975344 bytes, checksum: bb2e31aa42ebcacbcd49b7790b75ac33 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-31T15:36:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 cristobal_hmi_me_jabo.pdf: 975344 bytes, checksum: bb2e31aa42ebcacbcd49b7790b75ac33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-26 / Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT) / Os programas de melhoramento em espécies aquícolas apresentam, no geral, um número restrito de famílias e um pequeno tamanho efetivo populacional, levando ao acasalamento de animais aparentados e, consequentemente, ao aumento da endogamia. Por sua vez, maiores níveis de endogamia tendem a ocasionar queda no desempenho dos animais causada pela depressão endogâmica. O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar os níveis de endogamia e depressão endogâmica sobre as características de peso à despesca, comprimento à despesca e resistência a Piscirickettsia salmonis em uma população de salmão coho. A resistência a Piscirickettsia salmonis foi definida como o dia da morte de cada peixe após desafio conduzido em dois anos, com média de 42 dias em 2012 e 14 dias no ano de 2014. Foi utilizado um banco de dados composto por 53.504 observações, provenientes de nove gerações e 930 famílias. A estimação dos componentes de variância e endogamia foram obtidas utilizando o programa computacional AIREMLF90 e os valores de depressão endogâmica foram estimados a partir de um modelo animal. Os valores observados para o coeficiente de endogamia foram crescentes ao longo das gerações, com uma taxa média máxima de 8,75% no ano de 2014. A depressão endogâmica afetou em maior nível as características de peso à despesca e dia de morte, com redução de 6,4 e 9,2% no desempenho dos animais, respectivamente, para o nível máximo de endogamia observado (30%). Os resultados indicam a necessidade de uso de estratégias mais efetivas de controle da endogamia para a manutenção do progresso genético do programa de melhoramento de salmão coho. / Aquaculture breeding programs present, in general, low number of families and reduced effective population size, resulting in mating of related animals and, consequently, increased level of inbreeding. High inbreeding coefficient may negatively impact the animals’ performance due to inbreeding depression. The objective of this study was to estimate inbreeding coefficient and inbreeding depression on growth traits and resistance against Piscirickettsia salmonis in a coho salmon population. Resistance against P. salmonis was defined as days to death of each fish after being challenged in two different years, with an average of 42 days in 2012 and 14 days in 2014. Data of 53,504 animals from 930 families was analyzed. Variance components were estimated using the software AIREMLF90, and inbreeding depression was estimated under an animal model. An increasing rate of inbreeding was observed, attaining an average of 8.75% in 2014. Inbreeding depression was more pronounced for harvest weight (PD) and days to death (DM), in comparison with harvest length. At the highest observed inbreeding level (30%), the estimated reduction caused by inbreeding depression was equal to 6,4% for PD and 9,2% for DM. The results indicate the necessity to control inbreeding more effectively for the studied coho salmon population, to guarantee genetic progress in the long term. / CONACYT: 579741/410470

Pacific salmon