This essay examines the discursive construction of the image of refugees, asylum seekers, immigrants, and migrants in a 1,472-million word corpus of UK press online articles published between January 2015 and December 2021. A corpus-based approach revealed the most frequent collocates of the four query terms, i.e.refugee(s), asylum seeker(s), immigrant(s), and migrant(s). The collocates were grouped into analytical categories which were based on the results of the previous research in the field. The corpus analysis informed the following critical discourse analysis. For this purpose, two articles where the most frequent collocate for each query term was used were randomly selected and analyzed. The critical discourse analysis indicated linguistic patterns of the use of the four most frequent collocations. Both analyses contributed to the establishment of the strategies applied in the construction of the image of refugee(s), asylum seeker(s), immigrant(s), and migrant(s), e.g. aggregation, securitization, and victimization.

By linguistically examining 162 articles published during the summer of 2015 in two UK broadsheets: The Guardian (TG) and The Daily Telegraph (TDT), this essay aims to analyse the discursive representation of the ‘migrant crisis’. To do so, the representation of the social actors migrating (SAM) during the ‘crisis’ was focused on. A combined Corpus Linguistic (CL) and Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) approach was implemented to investigate the most frequently used terms to refer to the SAM. Once the terms were found, their usage across the corpora was examined by looking at frequency distributions. Next, collocates of the terms referring to SAM were analysed by way of Van Leeuwen’s (2008) Social Actor Network. Collocate and concordance analyses helped to show how the SAM were represented in the articles and how the representation varied across the two newspapers. The results of the analyses indicated that the most frequent terms used to refer to the SAM were migrant, people and refugee. It also indicated differences in connotations of those three words, with refugee ‘sympathetically’ connoted, migrant negatively connoted and people connoted both negatively and positively. The overall conclusion was that the SAM’s representation was more ‘sympathetic’ in TG than in TDT.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T18:24:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alessandra Bautista da Costa Dissertacao.pdf: 539830 bytes, checksum: 5a911666185ca0e5a1f7756c9106109f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-06-01 / Pontificia Universidade de São Paulo / This study looked at the theme of friendship as it is presented in the American sitcom Friends. The research was carried out by focusing on metaphors and how these metaphors relate to friendship, love and other similar themes. In order to accomplish the aim proposed above, this research drew on Corpus Linguistics as well as on the Conceptual Metaphor Theory. Corpus Linguistics was used as a theoretical approach and methodology which takes into account large bodies (corpora) of natural linguistic data and a probabilistic view of language. In this study, several computer tools such as Concord, Collocates and Clusters in the software WordSmith Tools 3.0 (Scott, 1998) were employed. According to Lakoff (1993:203), metaphor can be understood as a cross-domain mapping in the conceptual system . The results showed there are several metaphors in the sitcom Friends that lead us to conceptualize friendship in many different ways, such as: LOVE IS CRAZYNESS, LOVE AS A JOURNEY, BOY/GIRLFRIENDS ARE SWEET, for example. As a general conclusion, we may say that the sitcom Friends draws on a number of metaphors centering around the theme of friendship which in turn lends consistency and thematic unit to the series as a whole. Moreover, in a sense, the series redefines friendship, by blending topics such as sex, childhood, youth and partnership. Arguably, part of the success of the series may be due to these / Este trabalho teve como objetivo principal propor o levantamento de metáforas lingüísticas no corpus de estudo (seriado de TV Friends) e a categorização das mesmas em metáforas conceptuais relacionadas ao tema da amizade. A motivação do estudo surgiu da necessidade de ensinar vocabulário de inglês como língua estrangeira e do desejo de incorporar, no ensino, episódios do seriado norte-americano Friends. A escolha do corpus deveu-se a essa motivação adicional. Espera-se que em outra pesquisa possamos passar dos achados de pesquisa à sua utilização no contexto de ensino de línguas estrangeiras. Para que o propósito acima fosse realizado, esta pesquisa integrou duas áreas de pesquisa, a da Lingüística de Corpus e a da Teoria da Metáfora Conceptual. A Lingüística de Corpus é uma abordagem teórica metodológica que se norteia a partir da observação de dados lingüísticos naturais e de uma visão probabilística da linguagem. Neste estudo, a Lingüística de Corpus fez-se presente, metodologicamente, por meio de várias ferramentas computacionais, como Concord, Collocates e Clusters, oferecidas pelo programa utilitário WordSmith Tools 3.0 (Scott, 1998). Tais ferramentas foram utilizadas para realizar o levantamento de metáforas lingüísticas, revelando, dessa forma, as metáforas conceptuais estudadas por Lakoff e Johnson (1980/2002). Entende-se por metáfora um mapeamento entre domínios que faz parte de um sistema conceptual (Lakoff, 1993). Adotou-se, aqui, a Teoria da Metáfora Conceptual como o arcabouço teórico que permitiu a identificação das metáforas do corpus do seriado Friends. Os resultados indicaram várias metáforas presentes no seriado Friends que remetem ao tema da amizade de diversas maneiras, como nos exemplos: AMOR É LOUCURA, AMOR COMO VIAGEM, NAMORADOS/AS SÃO COMO UM ALIMENTO DOCE, etc. A conclusão geral é que as metáforas freqüentes no seriado não somente dão a tônica ao conjunto dos episódios, dessa forma trazendo consistência a uma série longa como essa, mas também, e talvez principalmente, redefinem o conceito de amizade como o conhecemos, incorporando noções de sexo, infantilidade, jovialidade e companheirismo. Parte do sucesso da série pode ser, talvez, atribuída à escolha feliz e consistente de metáforas que aludem aos temas principais da série. A pesquisa pretende ter dado uma contribuição original para a área da Lingüística de Corpus na interface com a Teoria da Metáfora Conceptual, na medida em que integra questões referentes à sua visão de linguagem, com princípios teóricos e metodológicos referentes à aprendizagem de vocabulário por meio das metáforas conceptuais propostas por Lakoff e Johnson (1980/2002)

This study used a combination of historical and contemporary corpora to investigate semantic change within the contemporary American English slang words swag, flex, and swole. This study involved two parts. First, it analyzed each slang term’s earlier morphological form through collocate and contextual analysis within the Corpus of Historical American English (COHA). Second, it examined each slang term’s contemporary use in context within the News on the Web (NOW) corpus. After a comparison of the conclusions drawn from each analysis, it was found that the word swag underwent the process of semantic change known as amelioration and the words flex and swole experienced metaphorization.

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This thesis aims to investigate the differences between what collocations are used for ‘husband’ and ‘wife’ in films and contemporary culture. The comparison spans through different decades and the decades will also be compared and analysed. The thesis will investigate if the collocates reflect the societal change and if so, can the results relate to existing power structures/gender roles? The background for the thesis consists of information about marriage history, films and their influence on culture, what a collocation is and previous research on collocation. The method used for this thesis was Corpus-Assisted Discourse Studies which includes both corpus studies and discourse analysis. Consequently, a more in-depth understanding of the results and tables were given. To classify the collocates collected from the Movie Corpus (which represents movies) and the Corpus of Historical American English (representing culture) the results are presented Caldas-Coulthard and Moon’s categorisation schema. After this, in the discussion, the proportional distribution is presented because the corpora are different sizes and this way they can be compared correctly. The conclusion is that movies reflect culture somewhat, but it lacks in some areas. However, some patterns can be found. ‘Wife’ and ‘husband’ are discussed differently, and the difference in collocates shows that. Moreover, the results seem to reflect typical stereotypes that do exist and has existed.