京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第17884号 / 工博第3793号 / 新制||工||1580(附属図書館) / 30704 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科建築学専攻 / (主査)教授 中島 正愛, 教授 田中 仁史, 教授 金子 佳生 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

Ductile plastic hinge zones in beams of reinforced concrete frames are known to incur extensive damage and elongate. This ‘beam elongation’ can inflict serious damage to adjacent floor diaphragms, raising concerns of life safety. In light of this, the slotted reinforced concrete beam was investigated as a promising non-tearing floor substitute for conventional design. It consists of a conventional reinforced concrete beam, modified with a narrow vertical slot adjacent to the column face, running approximately three-quarters of the beam depth. Seismic rotations occur about the remaining concrete “top-hinge”, such that deformations are concentrated in the bottom bars of the beam, away from the floor slab, and beam elongation is minimised. The inclusion of the slot raised several design issues which needed to be addressed. These were the shear transfer across the top-hinge, buckling of bottom longitudinal reinforcement, low cycle fatigue, bond anchorage of reinforcement in interior joints, interior joint design, detailing with floor units and beam torsion resulting from eccentric floor gravity loads. These issues were conceptually investigated in this project. It was found that most issues could be resolved by providing additional reinforcement and/or specifying alternative detailing. As part of the experimental investigation, quasi-static cyclic tests were performed on in-plane beam-column joint subassemblies. Specimens tested included exterior and interior joint subassemblies with slotted-beams and a conventional exterior joint as a benchmark. This was followed by a test on a slotted-beam interior joint subassembly with precast floor units and imposed gravity load. Experimental tests revealed significant reductions in damage to both the beam and floor when compared to conventional beams. Issues of bar buckling, bond-slip and altered joint behaviour were also highlighted, but were resolved in the final test. A simple analytical procedure to predict the moment-rotation response of slotted-beams was developed and verified with experimental results. This was used to perform sensitivity studies to determine appropriate limits for the concrete top-hinge depth, top-to-bottom reinforcement ratio and depth of diagonal shear reinforcement. For the numerical investigation, a multi-spring model was developed to represent the flexural response of slotted-beams. This was verified with experimental tests and implemented into a five-storey, three-bay frame for earthquake time history analyses. To provide a benchmark, a conventional frame was also setup using the plastic hinge element developed by Peng (2009). Time history analyses showed that the slotted-beam frame response was very similar to the response of a conventional frame. Due to greater hysteretic damping, there was a slight reduction in the average interstorey drift and lateral displacement envelopes. The slotted-beam frame also exhibited 40% smaller residual drifts than the conventional frame. The research carried out in this thesis showed slotted reinforced concrete beams to be an effective non-tearing floor solution, which could provide a simple and practical substitute for conventional reinforced concrete design.

O atrativo estético proporcionado pela forma arredondada é o fator que na maioria das vezes determina a utilização de estruturas tubulares circulares. É crescente a concepção de pórticos formados por colunas tubulares e as tradicionais vigas de seção I. Esse tipo de ligação ainda é pouco estudado no Brasil, e esse trabalho busca avançar no entendimento do comportamento estrutural dessas ligações. Foram realizados estudos analíticos, numéricos e experimentais em quatro configurações de ligação, com diafragmas externos transversais, chapa de alma, soldas, parafusos e enrijecedor. Avaliou-se a relação M-\'fi\' (momento-rotação) das ligações estudadas e os parâmetros envolvidos como resistência, rigidez e ductilidade, evidenciando-se o modo de colapso das ligações. O estudo analítico foi desenvolvido baseado nas recomendações do Eurocode 3 (2005), com a utilização do Método das Componentes. A análise numérica, através do Método dos Elementos Finitos, foi realizada por meio dos programas computacionais TRUEGRID® e ANSYS®. Os modelos numéricos consideram as características mecânicas do aço, como plastificação, encruamento e não-linearidades geométricas e de contato. As formulações do Eurocode 3 (2005), adaptadas para a determinação da resistência das ligações viga-coluna, apresentaram resultados coerentes e a análise numérica foi representativa frente aos resultados experimentais. A utilização de diafragmas externos conectados à viga apresentou boa funcionalidade, ajudando na distribuição das tensões na região da ligação, melhorando o comportamento da coluna. / The aesthetic appeal provided by the round shape is the factor that mostly determines the use of circular tubular structures. There is an increasing conception of structures formed by hollow columns and traditional beams of section I. This type of connection hasn\' t been sufficiently studied in Brazil, and this paper tries to advance the comprehension of the structural behavior of these connections. Analytical, numerical, and experimental study were performed in four connections configurations, with transverse external diaphragms, web plate, welds, bolts and stiffener. The relation M-\'fi\' (moment-rotation) of the studied connections and the parameters involved such as strength, stiffness and ductility were evaluated, evidencing the failure mode of connections. The analytical study was developed based on recommendations of Eurocode 3 (2005) using the Method of Components. The numerical analysis using the Finite Element Method was performed with the computer programs TRUEGRID® and ANSYS®. The numerical models consider the mechanical characteristics of steel, such as yielding and hardening, and also the geometric and contact nonlinearity. The formulations of Eurocode 3 (2005), adapted for determining the strength of beam-column connections, showed coherent results and the numerical analysis was representative compared to experimental results. The use of external diaphragm connected to the beam showed good functionality, helping in the distribution of stress in the region of connection, improving the behavior of the column.

The use of fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) composites as an alternate to steel has proved to be an effective solution to the corrosion problem. However, FRP bars have low axial and transverse stiffness compared to steel bars which results in a lower shear capacity of FRP reinforced concrete (RC) elements compared to steel-RC elements. Flat plate systems are commonly used to take advantages of the absence of beams. They, however, are susceptible to punching shear failure where the column suddenly punches through the slab. An experimental program was conducted to investigate the punching shear behaviour of slab-column edge connections. Nine isolated full-scale slab-column edge connections were constructed and tested to failure. One connection was reinforced with steel flexural reinforcement, six with GFRP flexural reinforcement and two with GFRP flexural and shear reinforcement. The parameters investigated were the flexural reinforcement type and ratio, the moment-to-shear ratio and the shear reinforcement spacing.

O atrativo estético proporcionado pela forma arredondada é o fator que na maioria das vezes determina a utilização de estruturas tubulares circulares. É crescente a concepção de pórticos formados por colunas tubulares e as tradicionais vigas de seção I. Esse tipo de ligação ainda é pouco estudado no Brasil, e esse trabalho busca avançar no entendimento do comportamento estrutural dessas ligações. Foram realizados estudos analíticos, numéricos e experimentais em quatro configurações de ligação, com diafragmas externos transversais, chapa de alma, soldas, parafusos e enrijecedor. Avaliou-se a relação M-\'fi\' (momento-rotação) das ligações estudadas e os parâmetros envolvidos como resistência, rigidez e ductilidade, evidenciando-se o modo de colapso das ligações. O estudo analítico foi desenvolvido baseado nas recomendações do Eurocode 3 (2005), com a utilização do Método das Componentes. A análise numérica, através do Método dos Elementos Finitos, foi realizada por meio dos programas computacionais TRUEGRID® e ANSYS®. Os modelos numéricos consideram as características mecânicas do aço, como plastificação, encruamento e não-linearidades geométricas e de contato. As formulações do Eurocode 3 (2005), adaptadas para a determinação da resistência das ligações viga-coluna, apresentaram resultados coerentes e a análise numérica foi representativa frente aos resultados experimentais. A utilização de diafragmas externos conectados à viga apresentou boa funcionalidade, ajudando na distribuição das tensões na região da ligação, melhorando o comportamento da coluna. / The aesthetic appeal provided by the round shape is the factor that mostly determines the use of circular tubular structures. There is an increasing conception of structures formed by hollow columns and traditional beams of section I. This type of connection hasn\' t been sufficiently studied in Brazil, and this paper tries to advance the comprehension of the structural behavior of these connections. Analytical, numerical, and experimental study were performed in four connections configurations, with transverse external diaphragms, web plate, welds, bolts and stiffener. The relation M-\'fi\' (moment-rotation) of the studied connections and the parameters involved such as strength, stiffness and ductility were evaluated, evidencing the failure mode of connections. The analytical study was developed based on recommendations of Eurocode 3 (2005) using the Method of Components. The numerical analysis using the Finite Element Method was performed with the computer programs TRUEGRID® and ANSYS®. The numerical models consider the mechanical characteristics of steel, such as yielding and hardening, and also the geometric and contact nonlinearity. The formulations of Eurocode 3 (2005), adapted for determining the strength of beam-column connections, showed coherent results and the numerical analysis was representative compared to experimental results. The use of external diaphragm connected to the beam showed good functionality, helping in the distribution of stress in the region of connection, improving the behavior of the column.

Improvement of Rotation Capacity of Composite Beam-to-HSS Column Connections Using External Horizontal Stiffeners Mahdi Afshar Arjmand This thesis focuses on the analysis of out-of-plane deformation (OOP) in column flange located in the panel zone of composite beam-to-column steel connection, as a critical aspect of steel structural engineering. This type of connection is an integral component of steel structures, and understanding their behavior is essential for ensuring safety and performance. The investigation involves examining the causes, factors influencing, and potential mitigation strategies for out-of-plane deformation of HSS flange column in these connections. Beam-to-column connections play a vital role in transferring loads and maintaining structural stability. Out-of-plane deformation, where the flange displaces from its primary plane, can compromise the connection's performance. This study aims to shed light on the mechanisms causing out-of-plane deformation and explore techniques to minimize its effects. Out-of-plane deformation of column flange connections can result from various factors, including eccentric loading, bending moments, torsion, and material properties. Understanding these causes is crucial for accurate analysis and design. Analytical methods and numerical simulations, such as finite element analysis (FEA), are employed to predict and quantify out-of-plane deformation. Models are created to represent real-world connections, enabling the exploration of their behavior under different loads and conditions. The study investigates strategies to mitigate out-of-plane deformation, such as adding horizontal stiffeners, or vertical stiffeners. These approaches aim to enhance the column flange’s resistance to out-of-plane displacements and improve overall structural performance. Real-world case studies of steel beam to-column connections are analyzed to demonstrate the effects of out-of-plane deformation and the efficacy of mitigation strategies. The results highlight the importance of accurate analysis and design to ensure connection integrity. Based on the findings, the study proposes design guidelines for flange-column connections to minimize out-of-plane deformation. These guidelines provide engineers with insights into optimizing connection design and ensuring stability under varying loads. The unique characteristic of beam-to-HSS column connections is the out-of-plane deformation of the HSS column flange at the beam web-to-column flange interface which can reduce contribution of the connection web to the overall resistance of the connection. To explore effect of the column flange OOP deformation, performance of three connection types, namely composite beam-to-HSS column connection, composite beam-to-HSS column connection with slab-column gap, and bare beam-to-HSS column connections are evaluated using pre-validated 3D finite element (FE) simulations. FE models can simulate low-cycle fatigue and post-rupture behavior of the connection. Comprehensive global and local responses are presented and discussed. It is found that column compactness, i.e., column’s width-to-thickness ratio, has considerable effect on maximum moment capacity, rotation capacity, post rupture residual capacity and energy dissipation capability of the connection. On the other hand, external horizontal stiffeners can significantly increase the rotation capacity of the connection. External horizontal stiffeners in steel beam-to-column connections are crucial for boosting structural efficiency and load-bearing capacity. Carefully designed, accurately placed, and securely attached, they ensure a reliable and safe system capable of withstanding diverse loads and environmental conditions, contributing to the long-term safety and stability of the entire steel structure.

Neste trabalho estudou-se o comportamento de uma ligação viga-pilar de estrutura pré-moldada parcialmente resistente a momento fletor quando submetida a momentos negativos e positivos. A ligação estudada é composta por dois chumbadores inclinados presos à viga através de chapa metálica, porcas e arruelas e uma capa de concreto com armadura longitudinal passando por dentro do pilar. No programa experimental foram elaborados dois modelos submetidos a carregamentos alternados, em ciclos e de curta duração. Em seguida foi desenvolvido um modelo analítico para cálculo dos momentos resistentes e feita uma simulação numérica para avaliar a influência da semi-rigidez da ligação em estruturas típicas de concreto pré-moldado. Os resultados experimentais indicaram que a ligação apresenta uma boa capacidade de transmissão a momento fletor negativo e a momento fletor positivo com um comportamento bastante dúctil. Sem a necessidade de grandes alterações de custos e de execução, a ligação proposta promoveu uma redução significativa dos momentos na base dos pilares (aproximadamente 50%) quando comparada à ligação articulada. Quando comparada à ligação similar, porém com os chumbadores retilíneos, há um aumento superior a 2,5 vezes no momento de plastificação e de 3 vezes na rigidez no sentido do momento fletor positivo / In this research the behavior of a partial moment resistant beam-to-column connection in precast concrete subjected to negative and positive moments was studied. This connection has two inclined dowels fixed to the beam with steel plate, washer and nut and a concrete cap with longitudinal reinforced bars passing trough the column. In the experimental program two prototypes was made and subjected to an alternative cyclic e short duration load. Afterwards it was develop an analytical model and a numerical simulation to analyze the influence of the semi-rigid connection in a typical precast structure. The experimental results shown that the connection has a good capacity of transmitte the bending moments and has a ductile behave. Without any significative difference of cost and manufacture, the connection studied promoted a reduction on the column base bending moment (approximately 50%) when compared to pinned connection. When compared to similar structures but with a vertical dowel, the connection presents strength over 2.5 times and over 3 times the stiffens for positive bending moments

Neste trabalho estudou-se o comportamento de uma ligação viga-pilar de estrutura pré-moldada parcialmente resistente a momento fletor quando submetida a momentos negativos e positivos. A ligação estudada é composta por dois chumbadores inclinados presos à viga através de chapa metálica, porcas e arruelas e uma capa de concreto com armadura longitudinal passando por dentro do pilar. No programa experimental foram elaborados dois modelos submetidos a carregamentos alternados, em ciclos e de curta duração. Em seguida foi desenvolvido um modelo analítico para cálculo dos momentos resistentes e feita uma simulação numérica para avaliar a influência da semi-rigidez da ligação em estruturas típicas de concreto pré-moldado. Os resultados experimentais indicaram que a ligação apresenta uma boa capacidade de transmissão a momento fletor negativo e a momento fletor positivo com um comportamento bastante dúctil. Sem a necessidade de grandes alterações de custos e de execução, a ligação proposta promoveu uma redução significativa dos momentos na base dos pilares (aproximadamente 50%) quando comparada à ligação articulada. Quando comparada à ligação similar, porém com os chumbadores retilíneos, há um aumento superior a 2,5 vezes no momento de plastificação e de 3 vezes na rigidez no sentido do momento fletor positivo / In this research the behavior of a partial moment resistant beam-to-column connection in precast concrete subjected to negative and positive moments was studied. This connection has two inclined dowels fixed to the beam with steel plate, washer and nut and a concrete cap with longitudinal reinforced bars passing trough the column. In the experimental program two prototypes was made and subjected to an alternative cyclic e short duration load. Afterwards it was develop an analytical model and a numerical simulation to analyze the influence of the semi-rigid connection in a typical precast structure. The experimental results shown that the connection has a good capacity of transmitte the bending moments and has a ductile behave. Without any significative difference of cost and manufacture, the connection studied promoted a reduction on the column base bending moment (approximately 50%) when compared to pinned connection. When compared to similar structures but with a vertical dowel, the connection presents strength over 2.5 times and over 3 times the stiffens for positive bending moments

Este trabalho abordou o estudo de ligação viga de aço e pilar misto preenchido com concreto a partir da aplicação de modelos numérico para representar o comportamento de duas tipologias de ligação: uma ligação parafusada com aderência entre os parafusos passantes e o núcleo de concreto e uma ligação soldada, validadas com base em resultados experimentais existentes. Os resultados obtidos nessa etapa foram considerados satisfatórios, dentro da proposta de modelagem, apesar das simplificações adotadas. Após a validação do modelo numérico foi desenvolvido um estudo paramétrico dos modelos de ligação para entender a influência de alguns parâmetros no comportamento global da estrutura, que foram: resistência à compressão do concreto e espessura do perfil tubular e perfil da viga, com posterior discussão da relação momento-rotação das duas tipologias de ligação estudadas. A mudança do perfil da viga foi o parâmetro que mais influenciou no comportamento global da ligação parafusada; enquanto que, para a ligação soldada, as variações de todos os parâmetros influenciaram no comportamento da ligação, com destaque para a variação do perfil da viga. / This research studied connections typology between steel beams to column filled with concrete from the application of numerical models that reproduce the behavior of two connections: bolted beam-column connection and welded beam-column connection, which were calibrated using existing experimental results. At this stage, the results were considered satisfactory, within the proposed model, despite the adopted simplifications. After the calibration, a parametric study was developed with the aim of verifying the influence of some parameters on the overall behavior of the structure, such as the concrete compression strength, the thickness of the tube wall and the beam properties, with discussions of bending moment-rotation of the studied connections. The beam properties were the parameters that most influenced on the overall behavior of the bolted beam-column connection, while, for the welded connection, all parameters influenced on the overall behavior of the connection, specially the beam properties.

Este trabalho abordou o estudo de ligação viga de aço e pilar misto preenchido com concreto a partir da aplicação de modelos numérico para representar o comportamento de duas tipologias de ligação: uma ligação parafusada com aderência entre os parafusos passantes e o núcleo de concreto e uma ligação soldada, validadas com base em resultados experimentais existentes. Os resultados obtidos nessa etapa foram considerados satisfatórios, dentro da proposta de modelagem, apesar das simplificações adotadas. Após a validação do modelo numérico foi desenvolvido um estudo paramétrico dos modelos de ligação para entender a influência de alguns parâmetros no comportamento global da estrutura, que foram: resistência à compressão do concreto e espessura do perfil tubular e perfil da viga, com posterior discussão da relação momento-rotação das duas tipologias de ligação estudadas. A mudança do perfil da viga foi o parâmetro que mais influenciou no comportamento global da ligação parafusada; enquanto que, para a ligação soldada, as variações de todos os parâmetros influenciaram no comportamento da ligação, com destaque para a variação do perfil da viga. / This research studied connections typology between steel beams to column filled with concrete from the application of numerical models that reproduce the behavior of two connections: bolted beam-column connection and welded beam-column connection, which were calibrated using existing experimental results. At this stage, the results were considered satisfactory, within the proposed model, despite the adopted simplifications. After the calibration, a parametric study was developed with the aim of verifying the influence of some parameters on the overall behavior of the structure, such as the concrete compression strength, the thickness of the tube wall and the beam properties, with discussions of bending moment-rotation of the studied connections. The beam properties were the parameters that most influenced on the overall behavior of the bolted beam-column connection, while, for the welded connection, all parameters influenced on the overall behavior of the connection, specially the beam properties.