English, Zulu and Northern Sotho summaries / This study aims to evaluate the Non-Ferrous Metals Crime Combating Committee's impact on combating copper cable theft in South Africa. Data was collected via in-depth interviews with awaiting trial detainees charged with copper cable theft at the Pollsmoor Correctional Centre in the Western Cape; members of the Mpumalanga and Gauteng Provincial Non-Ferrous Metals Crime Combating Committee; members of Business Against Crime South Africa; and investigators attached to Combined Private Investigations who investigate copper theft nationally. The in-depth interviews provided a comprehensive understanding of participant experiences relating to the impact of the Non-Ferrous Metals Crime Combating Committee on the combating of copper cable theft in South Africa. Moreover, the researcher performed a thorough literature study of the phenomenon locally and internationally. Research findings indicate shortcomings in the Non-Ferrous Metals Crime Combating Committee's effectiveness, limiting its impact on preventing copper cable theft. Based on these findings, the study recommends that the Non-Ferrous Metals Crime Combating Committee be replaced with a specialised South African Police Service Non-Ferrous Metals Theft Unit. Consequently, this study puts forward a set of recommendations proposing a systematic pro-active plan to address and minimise copper cable theft in South Africa. The proposed plan convincingly presents practical solutions to minimise copper cable theft and contributes to the current body of scholarship on copper cable theft in South Africa. / Inhloso yalolu cwaningo ukuhlola umthelela wohlelo lwe-Non-Ferrous Metals Crime Combating Committee mayelana nokuqedwa kokutshontshwa kwentambo yogesi (copper cable). Idatha iqoqwe ngokusebenzisa izinhlolovo ezijulile ezenziwa ngokusebenzisa iziboshwa eziboshelwe izintambo zikagesi ezisamele ukugwetshwa ejele lase Pollsmoor Correctional Centre ngaseNtshonalanga Kapa, amalunga eMpumalanga and Gauteng Provincial Non-Ferrous Metals Crime Combating Committee, amalunga eBusiness Against Crime South Africa kanye nabaphenyi abahambisana nophiko lweCombined Private Investigations oluphenya ukutshontshwa kwezintambo zikagesi ezweni lonke. Lezi zinhlolovo ezijulile zinikeze ulwazi olubanzi lwabadlalindima olumayelana nomthelela weNon-Ferrous Metals Crime Combating Committee mayelana nokuqedwa kokutshontshwa kwezintambo zikagesi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umcwaningi wenze ucwaningo olunzulu lombhalo wobuciko mayelana nokutshontshwa kwezintambo zikagesi lapha ekhaya kanye nasemhlabeni wonke jikelele. Ulwazi olutholakele lukhombisa iziqi ezikhinyabeza ukusebenza kahle kweKomithi mayelana nokuvimbela umthelela walo mayelana nokutshontshwa kwezintambo zikagesi. Ngezizathu ezisuselwa phezu kwalolu lwazi, lolu cwaningo lubeka phambili isethi lezincomo ezinganceda iKomiti ekuqiniseni umthintela walo ngokuhlongoza uhlelo olugqugquzelayo lokunciphisa izinga lokutshontshwa kwezintambo zikagesi eNingizimu Afrika. Lolu hlelo oluhlongoziwe ngaphandle kokungabaza lwethula izixazululo ezenzeka empilweni yangempela ukunciphisa ukwetshiwa kwezintambo zikagesi kanti lokhu kunegalelo kwiziko lamanje futhi luqhubekisa iziko lamanje lwezifundo esimayelana nokwetshiwa kwezintambo zikagesi. / Maikemisetso a thutelo ye ke go lekola khuetso ya Komiti ya Twantsho ya Bosenyi bja Dimetale tse di Sego tsa Tshipi ka ga go lwantsha kutso ya megala ya koporo. Datha e kgobokeditswe ka mokgwa wa ditherisano tse di tseneletsego tseo di sepeditswego le mahodu a megala ya koporo ao a golegilwego ao a letetsego go sekiswa Senthareng ya Tshokollo ya Pollsmoor go la Kapa Bodikela, maloko a Diprofense tsa Mpumalanga le Gauteng a Komiti ya Twantsho ya Bosenyi bja Dimetale tse di sego tsa Tshipi, maloko a Dikgwebo tsa Kgahlanong le Bosenyi tsa Afrika Borwa le banyakisisi bao ba dirisanago le Dinyakisiso tsa Praebete tse Kopantswego tseo di nyakisisago kutso ya koporo kemong ya bosetshaba. Ditherisano tse di tseneletsego tse di file kwesiso ka botlalo ya maitemogelo a batseakarolo ye e sepelelanago le khuetso ya Komiti ya Twantsho ya Bosenyi bja Dimetale tse di sego tsa Tshipi ka ga go lwantsha kutso ya megala ya koporo. Gape, monyakisisi o dirile thutelo ya dingwalo ka botebo ya kutso ya megala ya koporo tikologong ya leagong le kemong ya boditshabatshaba. Dikhwetso tsa dinyakisiso di supa mafokodi ao a lebanego bokgoni bja Komiti tshitisong ya khuetso ya yona go kutso ya megala ya koporo. Go ya ka dikhwetso tse, thutelo ye e hlagisa sehlopha sa dikeletso tseo di ka thusago Komiti go tswetsa khuetso ya yona pele ka go sisinya leano la go itokisetsa seemo se ka diregago ka mokgwa wo o beakantswego go fokotsa kutso ya megala ya koporo ka Afrika Borwa. Leano leo le sisintswego le hlagisa ka mo go kgodisago ditharollo tse di ka phethagatswago go fokotsa kutso ya megala ya koporo ka gona la ba la seabe go le go tswetsa pele popego ya bjale ya borutegi ka ga kutso ya megala ya koporo. / Criminology and Security Science / Ph. D. (Criminal Justice)

Depuis le début des années 1970 la communauté internationale, sous l’impulsion des États-Unis, a progressivement abordé le blanchiment d’argent sale comme un nouveau problème de sécurité représentant une menace pour la sécurité intérieure des États et l’équilibre du système financier international. La création, en 1989, du Groupe d’action financière (GAFI) lors du sommet du G7 se tenant à Paris, marquera l’engagement politique international en faveur de la lutte contre le blanchiment de capitaux devant constituer « une contribution décisive à la lutte contre les activités criminelles et particulièrement contre le trafic de la drogue et permettre de renforcer la solidité du système financier international » [GAFI, 1991, p. 21]. À travers la publication en 1990, de ses quarante recommandations pour la mise en place d’un régime global de lutte contre le blanchiment de capitaux, les pays membres du GAFI – les membres du G7 auxquels se sont joints, dès la première année, la Commission européenne et huit autres pays dont la Suisse – viennent concrétiser l’« invention d’un nouveau crime » [Amicelle, 2016, p. 37] : le blanchiment d’argent et la nécessité d’une nouvelle forme de réaction sociale contre la criminalité lucrative. Créé au départ pour lutter contre les revenus issus du trafic de drogue, le dispositif englobe aujourd’hui l’ensemble des revenus issus d’une activité criminelle. En 2001, il a été adapté pour lutter contre le financement du terrorisme et en 2012 élargi aux infractions fiscales pénales et au financement de la prolifération des armes de destructions massives. Ainsi, le dispositif anti-blanchiment est aujourd’hui un instrument théoriquement mobilisable pour lutter contre toutes les formes de criminalité et toutes les personnes (physiques ou morales) – « des plus faibles aux plus puissantes » [Amicelle, 2014, p. 88] – associées à des flux financiers illicites. Plus de trente ans après sa création, le GAFI représente un réseau mondial de plus de 190 juridictions ayant adopté ses recommandations, conduisant en 2019 son président à célébrer « trente ans de succès » et à affirmer que la « valeur de l'organisation pour la sécurité de nos nations et l'intégrité du système financier international n'ont jamais été aussi claires » [GAFI, 2019, p. 5]. À travers l’adaptation de leur législation, la plupart des pays, se sont dotés d’un dispositif de lutte contre le blanchiment de capitaux et le financement du terrorisme (LBC/FT) reposant sur des pratiques inédites de coopération et d’échanges d’informations entre des acteurs provenant du monde de la finance et des acteurs publics d’application de la loi [Amicelle, 2018 ; Helgesson et Mörth, 2019 ; Huysmans, 2014 ; Sheptycki, 2002]. S'appuyant sur les travaux de Latour, de Goede [2018] introduit le concept de la « chaîne de sécurité » pour décrire l’architecture générale du dispositif de LBC/FT composée de trois maillons, décrivant la division du travail et les tâches relatives à la mise en œuvre d’un modèle théorique de policing guidé par le renseignement – financier – ou d’« Intelligence-led policing ». Le premier maillon concerne les institutions financières désignées comme entités déclarantes, obligées par la loi d’organiser la traçabilité des opérations financières devant supporter la surveillance, la détection et le signalement des opérations suspectes en matière de BC/FT dans leurs établissements. Le deuxième maillon concerne la cellule de renseignement financier (CRF) désignée dans chaque pays, comme le centre national chargé de la collecte et l’analyse des déclarations d’opérations suspectes et des autres informations concernant le BC/FT et de la production de renseignement financier mobilisable par les acteurs publics d’application de la loi – dernier maillon de la chaîne – devant lutter contre la criminalité en s’attaquant aux flux financiers illicites. À travers le concept de la « chaîne », de Geode [2018] décrit le dispositif anti-blanchiment selon un processus linéaire, suivant le cheminement des transactions suspectes – les traces financières – qui sont successivement « collectées, stockées, transférées et analysées afin d’aboutir à des actes de sécurité (par exemple des avoirs gelés, des comptes fermés, et des condamnations judiciaires) » (p. 27). Dans cette nouvelle configuration du policing – financier – , le processus de « fabrique de la criminalité » ou de « making crime » introduit par Ericson [1981] – pour décrire le processus à travers lequel les acteurs du policing sont confrontés à des problèmes de sécurité qu’ils vont transformer, en fonction de leur réaction, en crime et en criminel – se déplace a priori, dans une logique de « multilatéralisation du policing », des seules organisations policières vers d’autres acteurs devenant de nouveaux « promoteurs » et « prestataires » du policing [Bayley et Shearing, 2001]. Jusqu’ici, de nombreuses études ont été consacrées à l’analyse du premier maillon de la « chaine de sécurité » questionnant l’implication des acteurs financiers dans la mise en œuvre « réticente » des mesures de vigilance, de détection et de signalement des flux financiers illicites au sein de leurs institutions. Cependant, très peu d’études prêtent attention aux autres maillons de la « chaîne de sécurité » et encore moins lorsqu’il s’agit d’analyser la « chaîne de sécurité » dans son ensemble, seul moyen pour saisir empiriquement l’étendue des relations et la diversité des dispositifs de production de sécurité mis en œuvre, supportant dans sa globalité le processus de réaction sociale aux pratiques de BC/FT. Ainsi, c’est ce vide de connaissances académiques que cette recherche vise à combler à travers l’analyse empirique de la mise en œuvre du dispositif de LBC/FT en Suisse et au Canada. Plus de 30 ans après la création du GAFI et la mise en place par les États d’un dispositif de LBC/FT reposant sur un modèle opérant de policing guidé par le renseignement financier, cette recherche vise à comprendre dans sa globalité : « À quoi sert le renseignement financier ? » Répondre à cette question de recherche, c’est contribuer dans une triple dimension à (a) l’analyse de la mise en œuvre empirique d’un modèle opérant de policing guidé par le renseignement dans une environnement particulier : l’environnement financier, (b) dépassant la vision lacuneuse des travaux centrés sur les acteurs financiers de l’anti-blanchiment et (c) saisir la manière dont les pratiques de production et d’utilisation du renseignement financier contribuent à analyser dans son ensemble tout le processus qui détermine la visibilité des cas de BC/FT, leur signalement à une autorité de contrôle et leur éventuelle poursuite et condamnation. Le dispositif anti-blanchiment n’ayant plus vocation à cibler une forme de criminalité lucrative par rapport à une autre, notre étude est aussi une analyse du processus de « fabrique de la criminalité » décrit par Ericson [1981], par lequel les acteurs du policing financier vont désigner, en fonction de leurs intérêts et de leurs règles propres, les comportements criminels portés à leur connaissance qu’ils vont décider de poursuivre, d’ignorer, d’infirmer ou de vérifier. Alors cette recherche soutiendra la thèse que malgré toutes les promesses implicites portées par la reconfiguration des activités de policing dans ses logiques contemporaines de fonctionnement – redéfinissant a priori, la division du travail et la répartition des tâches situées au cœur du processus de « fabrique de la criminalité » –, l’exemple de la lutte anti-blanchiment en Suisse et au Canada, montre comment les acteurs publics d’application de la loi (APAL) ont su conserver la mainmise sur le processus de « making crime » en développant des stratégies pour détourner les normes anti-blanchiment et les dispositifs qu’elles impliquent, à leur avantage dans la poursuite de leurs priorités opérationnelles. Ainsi, les APAL replacent – dans un mouvement contre-intuitif aux reconfigurations contemporaines des activités de policing – les relations de pouvoir, associées au contrôle et au maintien de l’ordre, dans un rapport de verticalité entre l’État et la société et dont les manifestations contribuent à reproduire la « fabrique de la criminalité » selon, comme l’avait noté Manning [2010], « un ensemble d’habitudes et de suppositions axées sur le trope du crime qui envisage uniquement la nécessité de contrôler, de dissuader et de punir les contestataires visibles et connus » – justifiant aussi une analyse en termes de gestion différentielle des illégalismes. À travers l’accès à un matériau empirique – jamais mobilisé auparavant – dans deux pays membres fondateurs du GAFI, cette recherche repose sur une approche comparée à l’échelle internationale et une méthodologie d’analyse mixte, de la base de données, dénominalisées, colligeant l’ensemble des déclarations d’opérations suspectes et des informations associées reçues par la CRF suisse entre 2004 et 2014 – analyse quantitative – et des entretiens auprès d’une quarantaine d’agents au sein de la CRF suisse et d’un panel « représentatif » de l’ensemble des acteurs publics d’application de la loi habilités à mobiliser le renseignement financier en Suisse et au Canada – analyse qualitative. Alors cette recherche contribue empiriquement et conceptuellement à la littérature sur les transformations du policing soutenues par les modèles de policing guidé par le renseignement – ou d’« Intelligence-led policing » –, évitant l’écueil de penser les processus génériques de renseignement comme les manières de les organiser. De plus, cette recherche questionne à nouveaux frais la réaction sociale aux différentes formes de criminalité lucrative, justifiant une analyse en termes de gestion différentielle des illégalismes renvoyant aux diverses modalités pratiques de jeu avec les règles légales tout en situant socialement les groupes qui en usent. / Since the early 1970s, the international community, led by the United States, has progressively addressed money laundering as a new security problem representing a threat to the security of states and financial system. The creation of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) in 1989 at the G7 summit in Paris marked the international political commitment to combat money laundering as “a decisive contribution to the fight against criminal activities, particularly drug trafficking, and will improve the soundness of the international financial system” [FATF, 1991, p. 20]. The FATF's forty recommendations, published in 1990, for the establishment of a global anti-money laundering regime, embody the “invention of a new crime” [Amicelle, 2016, p. 37]: money laundering and the need for a new form of social reaction against profit-making crime. Initially created to combat drug trafficking, the system now covers all profit from criminal activity. In 2001, it was adapted to combat the financing of terrorism and in 2012 extended to cover criminal tax offences and the financing of the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. Thus, the anti-money laundering system is today an instrument that can theoretically be mobilised to combat all forms of crime and all persons – “from the weakest to the most powerful” [Amicelle, 2014, p. 88] - associated with illicit financial flows. More than thirty years after its creation, the FATF represents a global network of more than 190 jurisdictions that have adopted its Recommendations, leading its President in 2019 to celebrate “thirty years of success” and to assert that the “value of the organisation to the security of our nations and the integrity of the international financial system has never been clearer” [FATF, 2019, p. 5]. Today, most countries have anti-money laundering and combating the financing of terrorism (AML/CFT) systems based on innovative practices of cooperation and information exchange between financial and public law enforcement actors [Amicelle, 2018; Helgesson and Mörth, 2019; Huysmans, 2014; Sheptycki, 2002]. Building on Latour's work, de Goede [2018] introduces the concept of the “security chain” to describe the general architecture of the AML/CFT system composed of three links, describing the division of labour and tasks related to the implementation of a theoretical model of intelligence-led policing. The first link concerns the financial institutions designated as reporting entities, which are obliged by law to organise the traceability of financial transactions that should support the monitoring, detection and reporting of suspicious ML/FT transactions in their institutions. The second link concerns the financial intelligence unit (FIU) designated in each country as the national centre responsible for collecting and analysing suspicious transaction reports and other ML/FT information and producing financial intelligence that can be mobilised by public law enforcement actors - the last link in the chain - to fight crime by tackling illicit financial flows. Through the concept of the “chain”, de Geode [2018] describes the anti-money laundering system as a linear process, following the path of suspicious transactions - financial traces - which are successively “collected, stored, transferred and analysed in order to lead to security acts (e.g. frozen assets, closed accounts, and judicial convictions)” (p. 27). In this new configuration of financial policing, the process of “making crime” introduced by Ericson [1981] - to describe the process through which policing actors are confronted with security problems which they will transform, according to their reaction, into crime and criminality - is shifted a priori, in a logic of “multilateralization of policing”, from police organisations alone to other actors who become new “promoters” and “providers” of policing [Bayley and Shearing, 2001]. Many studies have been devoted to the analysis of the first link of the “security chain”, questioning the involvement of financial actors in the “reluctant” implementation of vigilance measures, detection and reporting of illicit financial flows within their institutions. However, very few studies pay attention to the other links in the “security chain” and even fewer analyse the “security chain” as a whole, which is the only way to empirically grasp the extent of the relationships and the diversity of the security production mechanisms implemented, which support the whole process of social reaction to ML/FT practices. It is this gap in academic knowledge that this research aims to fill through the empirical analysis of the implementation of the AML/CFT system in Switzerland and Canada. More than 30 years after the creation of the FATF and the implementation by States of an AML/CFT system based on an operational model of policing led by financial intelligence, this research aims to understand in its entirety: “What is financial intelligence used for?” Answering this research question means contributing in a triple dimension to (a) the analysis of the empirical implementation of an operating model of intelligence-led policing in a particular environment: the financial environment, (b) going beyond the flawed vision of work focused on the financial actors of anti-money laundering and (c) grasping the way in which the practices of production and use of financial intelligence contribute to analyse as a whole the process that determines the visibility of ML/FT cases, their reporting to a supervisory authority and their possible prosecution and conviction. As the anti-money laundering system is no longer intended to target one form of lucrative crime over another, our study is also an analysis of the “making crime” process described by Ericson [1981], whereby financial policing actors will designate, according to their own interests and rules, the criminal behaviour brought to their attention that they will decide to pursue, ignore, deny or verify. This research will therefore support the thesis that despite all the implicit promises made by the reconfiguration of policing activities in its contemporary operating logics - redefining a priori the division of labour and the distribution of tasks located at the heart of the “making crime” process –, the example of the fight against money laundering in Switzerland and Canada shows how public law enforcement agencies (APAL) have been able to maintain control over the process of “making crime” by developing strategies to turn anti-money laundering norms and the mechanisms they imply to their advantage in the pursuit of their operational priorities. Thus, public law enforcement actors situate the power relations associated with policing in a vertical relationship between state and society, the manifestations of which help to reproduce the “making crime” according to, as Manning [2010] noted, a set of habits and assumptions that “envisions only the need to control, deter and punish the visible and known contestants”. Through access to empirical material - never before mobilised - in two founding member countries of the FATF, this research is based on a comparative approach on an international scale and a mixed methodology of analysis of the database of all suspicious transaction reports and related information received by the Swiss FIU between 2004 and 2014 - quantitative analysis - and forty interviews with agents within the Swiss FIU and a "representative" panel of all public law enforcement actors empowered to mobilise financial intelligence in Switzerland and Canada - qualitative analysis. Thus, this research contributes empirically and conceptually to the literature on the transformations of policing supported by models of intelligence-led policing, avoiding the pitfall of thinking about generic intelligence processes as well as ways of organizing them. Moreover, this research questions the social reaction to the different forms of lucrative crime, justifying an analysis in terms of differential management of illegalisms referring to the various practical modalities of playing with the legal rules while socially situating the groups that use them.

No description available.

The aim of the study was to investigate participants’ views on strategies for combating corruption in Zimbabwean public secondary schools with a view to promoting learner academic achievement. The study was undertaken at four (4) selected public secondary schools in Harare Metropolitan Province in Zimbabwe. The study adopted the case study as the principal research design and it was informed by the interpretive paradigm; thus, qualitative research approaches were used. Non-probability and probability sampling techniques were adopted in site and participants’ selection. A representative sample of fifty-four (54) participants was used from a target population of three-hundred and eighteen (318) participants. The study was informed by multiple theories. The study found that most of the participants perceived corruption as a major problem affecting the education of learners in most public secondary schools in Zimbabwe. It was found out that the adoption of a vibrant and robust anti-corruption strategy is the solution/panacea to solve this problem of rampant corrupt practices in educational institutions. The introduction of anti-corruption education in public secondary schools was singled out to be the ‘pivotal’ strategy that policy makers should adopt to disseminate educative anti-corruption information to learners. It was further established that the ‘Zero Tolerance to Corruption’ policy employed by the Government of Zimbabwe should be strongly supported by a multi-agency response to effectively combat corruption within the education system to propel sustainable learner academic achievement. The study findings further revealed that the public secondary schools lack the necessary anticipated formal anti-corruption education curriculum. The study concludes that anti-corruption education and the adoption of multi-strategies play a central role in combating corruption. Therefore, there is need to strengthen the anti-corruption strategies and support mechanisms currently being employed in Zimbabwe to successfully provide an environment that supports sustainable learner academic achievement. In line with the above, the study recommends the introduction of a formal anti-corruption curriculum in Zimbabwean public secondary schools to combat corruption. In addition, the study recommends further research in this seemingly grey area to contribute to the knowledge body regarding instituting good corporate governance in public secondary schools in Zimbabwe. / Die doel van die studie was om deelnemers se menings oor strategieë te ondersoek vir die bestryding van korrupsie in Zimbabwiese openbare sekondêre skole met die oog om leerders se akademiese prestasie se bevorder. Die studie is by vier (4) uitgesoekte openbare sekondêre skole in die Harare Metropolitaanse Provinsie in Zimbabwe onderneem. Die studie het die gevallestudie as die hoofnavorsingsontwerp geneem en dit is gevorm deur die vertolkende paradigma; kwalitatiewe navorsingsbenaderings is dus gebruik. Niewaarskynlikheid- en waarskynlikheidsteekproefnemingtegnieke is gebruik vir ligging en keuse van deelnemers. 'n Verteenwoordigende steekproef van vier-en-vyftig (54) deelnemers is gebruik uit 'n teikenpopulasie van drie-honderd-en-agtien (318) deelnemers. Die studie is gevorm deur verskeie teorieë. Die studie het bevind dat meeste van die deelnemers korrupsie as 'n groot probleem sien wat die onderrig van leerders in die meeste openbare sekondêre skole in Zimbabwe beïnvloed. Daar is bevind dat die gebruik van 'n dinamiese en robuuste teenkorrupsiestrategie die oplossing/kuur is om hierdie probleem van toenemende korrupsiepraktyke in opvoedkundige instellings op te los. Die inleiding tot teenkorrupsie-onderrig in openbare sekondêre skole is uitgesonder as die vernaamste strategie wat beleidmakers moet aanvaar om opvoedkundige teenkorrupsie-inligting onder leerders te versprei. Daar is verder bevind dat die Zimbabwiese regering se 'Zero Tolerance to Corruption'-beleid sterk ondersteun moet word deur reaksie van verskeie agente om korrupsie in die onderwysstelsel doeltreffend te beveg om leerders se volhoubare akademiese prestasie aan te dryf. Die studie se bevindings het verder getoon dat openbare sekondêre skole nie die noodsaaklike verwagte formele teenkorrupsie onderwyskurrikulum het nie. Die studie het tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat teenkorrupsie-onderrig en die gebruik van verskeie strategieë 'n sentrale rol speel om korrupsie te beveg. Teenkorrupsiestrategieë en ondersteuningsmeganismes wat tans in Zimbabwe gebruik word, moet dus versterk word om 'n omgewing te skep wat volhoubare akademiese prestasie vir leerders ondersteun. Ooreenkomstig hiermee, beveel die studie die bekendstelling van 'n formele teenkorrupsiekurrikulum in Zimbabwiese openbare sekondêre skole aan om korrupsie te beveg. Die studie beveel verdere navorsing in hierdie oënskynlike grys area aan om tot die kennis van goeie korporatiewe beheer in openbare sekondêre skole in Zimbabwe by te dra. / Inhloso yocwaningo ukuphenyisisa ngemibono yababambi-qhaza ngamasu okulwa nenkohlakalo kwezezimali ezikoleni zikahulumeni zamasekondari eZimbabwe ngombono wokuqhubela phambili ukuphumelela kwabafundi kwezemfundo. Ucwaningo lwenziwe ezikoleni zamasekondari zikahulumeni ezingu 4 ezikhethwe endaweni yedolobhakazi leprovinsi, leHarare iHarare Metropolititan Province eZimbabwe. Ucwaningo lusebenzise i-case study njengedizayini enkulu yocwaningo, kanti futhi lwasekelwa ngulwazi ngenqubo ye-interpretive paradigm; ngakho-ke kusetshenziswe inkambiso ye-qualitative research kucwaningo. Kusetshenziswe amathekniki amasampuli e-non probability kanye ne-probability ezindaweni lapho okukhethwe khona ababambi-qhaza. Kusetshenziswe amasampuli angamashumi amahlanu nane (54) ababambi-qhaza, kwisibalo sethagethi yabantu abangamakhulu amathathu neshumi nesishagalombili (318). Ucwaningo lusekelwe ngamathiyori amaningana. Ucwaningo luthole ukuthi ababambi-qhaza babone inkohlakalo kwezezimali njengenkinga enkulu enomthelela kwimfundo yabafundi ezikoleni zikahulumeni zamasekondari eZimbabwe. Kutholakale ukuthi ukwamukelwa kwesu eliphambili nelinomdlandla lokulwa nenkohlakalo, yisixazululo/ikhambi lokuxazulula le nkinga yenkohlakalo kwezezimali kwizikhungo zemfundo. Ukusungulwa kwenqubo yokulwa nenkohlakalo kwizikole zesekondari zemfundo kahulumeni yisu eliphambili abenzi bomgomo okumele balemukele ukusabalalisa kubafundi ulwazi lokufundisa nokulwa nenkohlakalo. Kuphinde futhi kwatholakala nokuthi umgomo wokungabekezeli neze inkohlakalo ngesaga esithi 'Zero Tolerance to Corruption' nguHulumeni weZimbabwe kumele usekelwe zikhungo ezehlukene ukuze kube nempumelelo ekulweni nenkohlakalo kwinqubo yemfundo, ukuze abafundi bakwazi ukuphumelela ezifundweni zabo. Ucwaningo luveze nokuthi, izikole zesekondari azinayo ikharikhyulamu ehleliwe yokulwa nenkohlakalo kwimfundo. Ucwaningo luphetha ngokuthi imfundo yokulwa nenkohlakalo kanye nokwamukelwa kwamasu amaningana kudlala indima ebalulekile ekulweni nenkohlakalo. Ngakho-ke, kunesidingo sokuqinisa amasu okulwa nenkohlakalo kanye nezindlela zokusekela ezisetshenziswa okwamanje eZimbabwe ukusekela ukuthi kube nesimo esisekela impumelelo yabafundi kwezemfundo. Ngokuhambisana nokungenhla, ucwaningo luncoma ukuthi kusungulwe ikharikhyulamu ehleliwe yokulwa nenkohlakalo ezikoleni zamasekondari zikahulumeni eZimbabwe, ukulwa nenkohlakalo. Kanti futhi nangaphezu kwalokho, ucwaningo luncoma ukuthi kwenziwe olunye ucwaningo kulo mkhakha ongacacile kahle ukungezela ulwazi maqondana nenqubo yokuphatha kahle ezikoleni zikahulumeni zamasekondari eZimbabwe. / Educational Foundations / D. Phil. (Sociology of Education)

Text in English / This research attempts to analyse the modus operandi (MO) of perpetrators used in cases of trafficking in persons for sexual purposes, and trafficking in children. The Trafficking in Persons Bill was passed in South Africa, but not gazetted; therefore, alternate charges are used to prosecute perpetrators. The purpose, value and elements of MO allow an investigator to link a perpetrator to a specific crime scene. The research provides an examination of case dockets and the MO of perpetrators in human trafficking – inter alia, looking at such issues as time, location, transport routes used, criminal motive, recruitment styles, and the number of offenders. The MO of perpetrators identified during docket analysis indicates many similarities, when compared to the international MO of traffickers. The gathering of MO information forms a critical part of any investigation to link a perpetrator to a crime. This research therefore presents a comprehensive examination of the MO of perpetrators, and delivers practical recommendations to monitor and combat trafficking. / Police Practice / M. Tech. (Forensic Investigation)

The thesis deals with the question about necessary conditions to achieve the objective of a high level of consumer protection in the context of the ongoing internal electricity market taking into account the grid-bound electricity supply, which is characterized by the natural monopoly of regulated networks as well as by competition for the homogeneous product electricity. It evaluates the relationship between effective competition and energy sector-specific consumer protection taking into account the energy-specific regulatory law and examines in detail the regulations of the Directive 2009/72/EC concerning consumer protection under the perspective of enabling the responsible and informed consumer to operate as a self-determined market participant and so shape the market actively towards its completion. After art. 114 TFEU as the existing central norm concerning the alignment of the internal energy market is distinguished from other possible competence rules like the new energy sector-specific competence title of art. 194 TFEU the requirements developed by the ECJ case law concerning art. 114 TFEU from the point of view of the energy sector-specific consumer protection are presented. The thesis clarifies both to what extent in Directive 2009/72/EC codified consumer rights are suitable to achieve...

This study explores the utilisation of spatial technologies as a tool to analyse and combat crime. The study deals specifically with remote sensing and its potential for being integrated with geographical information systems (GIS). The integrated spatial approach resulted in the understanding of land use class behaviour over time and its relationship to specific crime incidents per police precinct area. The incorporation of spatial technologies to test criminological theories in practice, such as the ecological theories of criminology, provides the science with strategic value. It proves the value of combining multi-disciplinary scientific fields to create a more advanced platform to understand land use behaviour and its relationship to crime. Crime in South Africa is a serious concern and it impacts negatively on so many lives. The fear of crime, the loss of life, the socio-economic impact of crime, etc. create the impression that the battle against crime has been lost. The limited knowledge base within the law enforcement agencies, limited logistical resources and low retention rate of critical staff all contribute to making the reduction of crime more difficult to achieve. A practical procedure of using remote sensing technology integrated with geographical information systems (GIS), overlaid with geo-coded crime data to provide a spatial technological basis to analyse and combat crime, is illustrated by a practical study of the Tshwane municipality area. The methodology applied in this study required multi-skilled resources incorporating GIS and the understanding of crime to integrate the diverse scientific fields into a consolidated process that can contribute to the combating of crime in general. The existence of informal settlement areas in South Africa stresses the socio-economic problems that need to be addressed as there is a clear correlation of land use data with serious crime incidents in these areas. The fact that no formal cadastre exists for these areas, combined with a great diversity in densification and growth of the periphery, makes analysis very difficult without remote sensing imagery. Revisits over time to assess changes in these areas in order to adapt policing strategies will create an improved information layer for responding to crime. Final computerised maps generated from remote sensing and GIS layers are not the only information that can be used to prevent and combat crime. An important recipe for ultimately successfully managing and controlling crime in South Africa is to strategically combine training of the law enforcement agencies in the use of spatial information with police science. The researcher concludes with the hope that this study will contribute to the improved utilisation of spatial technology to analyse and combat crime in South Africa. The ultimate vision is the expansion of the science of criminology by adding an advanced spatial technology module to its curriculum. / Criminology / D.Litt. et Phil. (Criminology)

This study explores the utilisation of spatial technologies as a tool to analyse and combat crime. The study deals specifically with remote sensing and its potential for being integrated with geographical information systems (GIS). The integrated spatial approach resulted in the understanding of land use class behaviour over time and its relationship to specific crime incidents per police precinct area. The incorporation of spatial technologies to test criminological theories in practice, such as the ecological theories of criminology, provides the science with strategic value. It proves the value of combining multi-disciplinary scientific fields to create a more advanced platform to understand land use behaviour and its relationship to crime. Crime in South Africa is a serious concern and it impacts negatively on so many lives. The fear of crime, the loss of life, the socio-economic impact of crime, etc. create the impression that the battle against crime has been lost. The limited knowledge base within the law enforcement agencies, limited logistical resources and low retention rate of critical staff all contribute to making the reduction of crime more difficult to achieve. A practical procedure of using remote sensing technology integrated with geographical information systems (GIS), overlaid with geo-coded crime data to provide a spatial technological basis to analyse and combat crime, is illustrated by a practical study of the Tshwane municipality area. The methodology applied in this study required multi-skilled resources incorporating GIS and the understanding of crime to integrate the diverse scientific fields into a consolidated process that can contribute to the combating of crime in general. The existence of informal settlement areas in South Africa stresses the socio-economic problems that need to be addressed as there is a clear correlation of land use data with serious crime incidents in these areas. The fact that no formal cadastre exists for these areas, combined with a great diversity in densification and growth of the periphery, makes analysis very difficult without remote sensing imagery. Revisits over time to assess changes in these areas in order to adapt policing strategies will create an improved information layer for responding to crime. Final computerised maps generated from remote sensing and GIS layers are not the only information that can be used to prevent and combat crime. An important recipe for ultimately successfully managing and controlling crime in South Africa is to strategically combine training of the law enforcement agencies in the use of spatial information with police science. The researcher concludes with the hope that this study will contribute to the improved utilisation of spatial technology to analyse and combat crime in South Africa. The ultimate vision is the expansion of the science of criminology by adding an advanced spatial technology module to its curriculum. / Criminology and Security Science / D.Litt. et Phil. (Criminology)