Tax crimes, money laundering and other financial crimes threaten the strategic, political and economic interests of developed and developing countries. The problems encountered by the researcher, is the broad and vague meaning of financial crime compounded by the confusing and ill-considered use of the term by law- and policymakers, politicians, government agencies, agency officials and practitioners weakening effective communication about the phenomenon. The literature shows that given the complexity and multi-faceted nature of financial crime, combating financial crime in all its facets cannot be undertaken by investigative agencies acting in isolation. This study was undertaken with the aim to describe and systematically categorise financial crime and evaluate the prospect of using a Whole-of-Government approach as a framework to harness the capacity of the existing government agencies to combat financial crime more effectively. The research was underpinned by a pragmatic paradigm allowing the researcher to apply a qualitative research methodology using an exploratory and evaluation research design. A detailed review of the literature available nationally and internationally was conducted to establish a conceptual and practical understanding of the issues under investigation. An interview schedule with predetermined questions was developed, pre-tested and administered to participants who are active practitioners involved in combating financial crime in the primary government agencies responsible for combating financial crime based on a purposive sample. The data obtained from the literature and participants were analysed, interpreted and thematically listed according to the frequency with the aim of identifying and comparing similarities and differences between the data. The data was used to develop a system to categorise financial crime systematically based on descriptors used to describe the meaning and application of the term financial crime and to propose practical methods practises and models to combat financial crime more effectively. This research indicates that financial crime can be systematically categorised according to descriptors of the unlawful conduct and that the whole of government approach is a viable approach to combat financial crime more effectively according to the available models for arranging Whole-of-Government work. / Police Science / D.Litt. et Phil. (Police Science)

Gender stereotyping is a phenomenon found in all spheres of life. School children often have to bear the brunt of these prescribed roles and stereotypes. This study includes a literature review of the characteristics of a professional educator as well as the theoretical background on gender issues. It employed Participatory Action Research as a strategy with the aim to empower teachers to improve their classroom practice, and ultimately, to improve the teaching-learning dynamics for learners in the science and technology classrooms. The participants, who are science and technology teachers, are vastly different people whose one common goal it was to empower themselves and to change their classroom practice on a continuous basis. The study looks at some of the beliefs these teachers now hold after the intervention for promoting gender equality in the classroom. Science and technology are the domains of historically male-dominated fields, and by means of this study I aim to equalise the learning opportunities for both boys and girls. / Comparative Education / M. Ed. (Comparative Education)

This study was intended to investigate the nature of child labour, continued causes and effects of child labour on development initiatives, establishing the magnitude of the problem and make recommendations for intervention. It was generally established that child labour is a hindrance to developmental programmes by negatively affecting the targeted next generations. The high rate of child labour was mainly attributed to poverty, HIV/AIDS, low incomes, culture, weak laws, invisible phenomenon, population growth, armed conflict, limited access to education opportunities, employment, gender, social attitudes and ignorance, irresponsible parenthood, agriculture and orphan hood. Solutions suggested to child labour included; stronger government intervention, training and awareness raising, further research and adopting a zero-tolerance for child labour. Facilitation of the Universal Primary Education Programme to be improved and stronger bye-laws should to be adopted. / Development Studies / M. A. (Development Studies)

This research is aimed at evaluating the adequacy and effectiveness of the legal framework dealing with human trafficking in South Africa. To achieve this purpose, a comprehensive diachronic as well as contemporary overview of the punishment and prevention of human trafficking in South Africa as well as in the legal systems of the US, Germany and Nigeria is provided. An overview of the history of slavery and an analysis of the modern conceptualisation of human trafficking indicate that human trafficking is a highly complex concept, and that there are various approaches to the understanding of the concept of human trafficking. There are various definitions of trafficking found in international instruments of which the most important has been identified as that contained in the Palermo Protocol. The definitions vary also because trafficking is closely related to the phenomena of migration, slavery and smuggling of humans. The study further identifies some significant root causes of trafficking generally, as well as specific, to the four selected regions. It was found that in South Africa – similar to the history of slavery in the jurisdictions of the US, Germany and Nigeria – colonisation and the institution of slavery and, more particularly in South Africa, the legacy of the apartheid regime has had an impact on modern human trafficking. The research concedes that although common-law crimes, statutes and transitional legislation can be utilized to challenge some trafficking elements, these offences are not comprehensive enough to amply deal with the crime’s complexities and provide only a fragmented approach to combating the crime. The study shows that South Africa needs to adopt specific and comprehensive anti-trafficking legislation that is based essentially on the provisions of the Palermo Protocol, that is, the draft TIP Bill. Although the Bill is a major improvement on the provisions in the Palermo Protocol as well as on certain aspects of the anti-trafficking legislation in the US, Germany and Nigeria, the Bill can still be improved, especially with regard to more effective victim assistance and the combating of local-specific vulnerability factors. Anti-trafficking efforts undertaken in the US, Germany and Nigeria which may be of value also for the adoption of anti-trafficking legislation, law enforcement and other strategies in South Africa, are further identified. iv The research further establishes also that international, regional and sub-regional instruments on trafficking and related aspects of trafficking provide guidelines for developing effective strategies to deal with trafficking within the region. The counter-trafficking strategies as found in treaties (including conventions), protocols, declarations and resolutions – those focussing specifically on combating trafficking and those with a human-rights focus – oblige states to prosecute traffickers, protect people vulnerable to trafficking as well as those already trafficked and create structures for prevention. Regional instruments specifically formulated to combat trafficking as well as instruments that make reference to the issue of trafficking in persons may further provide the basis for long-term strategies to combat human trafficking. However, it was found that although South Africa has adopted many cooperative mechanisms in the form of direct bilateral or multilateral agreements, as well as international and regional treaties and conventions, the jurisdiction has not as yet implemented comprehensive strategies to combat human trafficking. The introduction of legislation to combat human trafficking, and various other strategies envisaged in the TIP Bill and also recommendations suggested in this thesis, should be considered by parliament as a matter of priority. A comprehensive response to human trafficking which includes adequate protection of victims is required in terms of various constitutional imperatives identified in this research. / Criminal & Procedural Law / LL.D.

Text in English, with English, Afrikaans and Zulu summaries / This study was conducted owing to the protracted problem and challenges that unauthorised electrical connections pose to electricity utilities. This study sought to contribute to the combating of unauthorised electrical connections in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, which has never before been studied in this manner. Considerable revenue is stolen from utilities because of unauthorised electrical connections, by-passing of electrical meters and tampering with electricity networks. This contributes to public safety risks, fatalities, property damage and overloading of electrical networks. This in turn causes transformer and electricity network overload and power supply failure, prolonged unplanned power cuts, loss of jobs, food security risk, serious poor economic development, damaged electrical infrastructure, loss of revenue, electricity disruptions, electric shock, and the burning of dwellings. This leads to the interruption of supply to legal and compliant customers, all with disastrous effects. It is therefore difficult to manage the supply and demand of electricity under these circumstances, more especially in this period when South Africa faces a tight electricity supply. In this dissertation, the international and national perspectives reveal the nature and extent of unauthorised electrical connections. It was explored how unauthorised electrical connections are presently being combated and what specific security measures may be implemented to enhance the combating of unauthorised electrical connections. A case study design was used to investigate in greater detail the opinions, views, perceptions and experiences of the targeted interviewees using interviewing, site observation and case docket analysis. This design guided the use of specific sample groups, procedures and techniques used for data collection and analysis. The design and development of the different data collection instruments and the piloting of the instruments were implemented to ensure validity, reliability, accuracy and trustworthiness of the collected information. The study produced findings to assist electricity utilities to better manage this phenomenon. Recommendations were formulated to assist stakeholders to improve their roles in the combating of unauthorised electrical connections. / Hierdie studie is uitgevoer na aanleiding van die uitgerekte probleem en uitdagings van onwettige elektrisiteitsverbindings vir elektrisiteitsvoorsieners. Hierdie studie poog om by te dra om onwettige elektrisiteitsverbindings in KwaZulu-Natal, Suid-Afrika te beveg; dit is nog nooit tevore op hierdie wyse ondersoek nie. Beduidende inkomste word van diensmaatskappye gesteel as gevolg van onwettige elektrisiteitsverbindings, die wat elektriese meters omseil en met elektrisiteitsnetwerke peuter. Dit dra tot openbare veiligheidsrisiko's, fataliteite, skade aan eiendom, en oorlading van elektrisiteitsnetwerke by. Dit lei weer tot oorlading van transformators en elektrisiteitsnetwerke, gebrek aan kragvoorsiening, verlengde onbeplande kragonderbrekings, werksverlies, voedselsekuriteitrisiko, ernstige swak ekonomiese ontwikkeling, skade aan elektrisiteitinfrastruktuur, verlies aan inkomste, elektriese skok, en huise wat afbrand. Dit lei tot die onderbreking van voorsiening aan wetlike en inskiklike klante met rampspoedige gevolge. Dit is dus moeilik om voorsiening en vraag na elektrisiteit in hierdie omstandighede te bestuur, veral in hierdie tyd wat Suid-Afrika drukkende elektrisiteitvoorsiening beleef. In hierdie verhandeling onthul die internasionale en nasionale perspektiewe die aard en mate van onwettige elektrisiteitsverbindings. Dit was ondersoek hoe onwettige elektrisiteitsverbindings tans beveg word en watter spesifieke veiligheidsmaatreëls geïmplementeer kan word om die bevegting van onwettige elektrisiteitsverbindings te bevorder. Die gevallestudie-ontwerp is gebruik om die onderhoudgewers se menings, sienings, perspektiewe en ervarings in meer besonderhede te ondersoek deur onderhoude, waarnemings en saakdossierontledings te gebruik. Die ontwerp het die gebruik van spesifieke steekproefgroepe, prosedures en tegnieke wat vir dataversamelings en -ontleding gebruik is, gerig Die ontwerp en ontwikkeling van die verskillende dataversamelinginstrumente en die bestuur van die instrumente is geïmplementeer om geldigheid, betroubaarheid, akkuraatheid en geloofwaardigheid van die versamelde inligting te verseker. Die studie se bevindings help elektrisiteitsdienste om hierdie verskynsel beter te bestuur. Aanbevelings is geformuleer om belanghebbers te help om hul rolle te bevorder in die stryd om onwettige elektrisiteitsverbindings te beveg. / Ucwaningo lwenziwa ngenxa yokubona inkinga egxilile neqhubekela phambili kanye nezinselele ezibangelwa ukuzixhumela ama-connection kagesi (i-elektrisithi) maqondana nezinkampani zikagesi. Ucwaningo belufuna ukufaka esivivaneni kudaba lokuvimbela ukuzixhumela kogesi ngendlela engekho emthethweni eKwaZulu-Natali, eNingizimu Afrika, yona okungakaze kwenziwe ucwaningo ngayo ngale ndlela. Kunengeniso eliningi lemali entshontshwa ngale ndlela kwizinkampani noma izinhlangano zikagesi ngoba kunokuzixhomela ugesi okungekho emthethweni, ukungasetshenziswa kwamamitha ogesi, kanye nokuphazamisa ama-network kagesi. Lokhu kubangela izingozi nokungavikeleki kubantu bonke, ukulimala, ukulinyazwa nokonakala kwempahla noma iprophathi kanye nokuthi ama-network kagesi agxisheleke nokucindezeleka ngokweqile. Kanti futhi lokhu kubanga ukuthi ama-transformer kanye nama-network kagesi acindezeleke ngokweqile nokwenza ukuthi isaplayi kagesi ihluleke nokufeyila, lokhu okubangela ukuthi kube nama-power cuts noma ukucishwa kukagesi okungahleliwe, ukulahleka kwemisebenzi, ingozi yokuphazamiseka kokuvikeleka kokudla, ukuthi ukuthuthuka komnotho kuphazamiseke kakhulu, ukulahleka kwengeniso lemali, ukuphazamiseka kokuphakelwa kukagesi, ukulinyazwa kwabantu ngokubanjwa ugesi, kanye nokusha kwemizi eshiswa ugesi. Lokhu kuholela ekutheni kuphazamiseke isaplayi kagesi kumakhastama akhokha kahle nenza izinto ngokulandela umthetho, lokhu okubanga imiphumela yezinhlekelele ezimbi. Ngakho-ke kuba nzima ukubhekana kanye nezinto zesaplayi kanye nokudingeka kukagesi ngaphansi kwalezi simo, ikakhulukazi lapho iNingizimu Afrika ibhekene nokuncipha noma izinga eliphansi lesaplayi kagesi. Kule dissertation isimo sikazwelonke kanye nesamazwe omhlaba, siveze inhlobo kanye nezinga lokuxhunyelwa kukagesi okungekho emthethweni. Kubuye kwabheka nokuthi ukuxhunyelwa kukagesi okungekho emthethweni kubhekwana kanye nokuvinjelwa kanjani, nokuthi yiziphi izindlela eziqondene ezisetshenziswayo zokuvikeleka ezingasetshenziswa ukuthuthukisa izinqubo zokuvimbela ukuxhunyelwa kukagesi nama-connection angekho emthethweni angavinjelwa kanjani . Kusetshenziswe idizayini ye-case study ukuphenyisisa ngokujulile imininingwane, imibono, izinqubo zokubheka isimo kanye nezipiliyoni zalabo obekuqondiswe kubo ama-interview ngesikhathi kwenziwa ama-interview, ukuyobheka ngamehlo esimo ezindaweni, kanye nokuhlaziya amadokhethi amacala ngokwenzekayo. Le dizayini yiyona eholele ekusetshenzisweni kwamasampuli amaqembu athize, izinqubo noma amaprosija athize kanye namathekniki athize asetshenzisiwe ekuqoqeni kwe-data kanye nohlaziyo lwayo. Idizayini nokwenziwa kwama-instrumenti okuqoqwa kwe-data ehlukene, kanye nokwenza ama-instrumenti okulinga noma e-piloting, kusetshenzisiwe ukuqinisekisa i-validity, ukuthembeka (reliability), ukuqondana ncamashi kwama-instrumenti (accuracy) kanye nokuqiniseka okubizwa ngokuthi yi-trustworthiness yolwazi noma i-infomeshini eqoqiwe. Ucwaningo, lukhiphe imiphumela yokusiza izinkampani noma izinhlangano zikagesi ekuphatheni kangcono le nkinga noma ifenominoni (phenomenon) yenkinga. Kwenziwe izincomo zokusiza ababambe iqhaza (stakeholders) ukuthuthukisa indima yabo ekulwiseni ukuxhunyelwa kanye nama-connection kagesi angekho emthethweni. / Criminology and Security Science / M. Tech. (Security Management)

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-11-12T23:52:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PAULO CESAR OLIVEIRA DINIZ - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGCS 2002..pdf: 6265326 bytes, checksum: 9226060c26cca7d7a19687ae61248a14 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-12T23:52:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PAULO CESAR OLIVEIRA DINIZ - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGCS 2002..pdf: 6265326 bytes, checksum: 9226060c26cca7d7a19687ae61248a14 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2002-03-20 / L'année de 1993 est marquée par une forte sécheresse qui afflige tout le Nord-Est. Face aux actions gouvernementales de combat à ce fléau et à ses effets, le mouvement des travailleurs ruraux se mobilise pour exiger que les programmes de secours soient modifiés: qu'ils abandonnent leur caractere purement "assistentialiste". Leur lutte avait en vue des actions sur les structures, de telle sorte que les agriculteurs puissent vivre dans le semi-aride non en luttant contre les sécheresses - elles font partie du climat - mais "en vivant avec". Cette mobilisation régionale se repercute dans quelques états du Nord-Est, oú le mouvement s'articule pour penser le semi-aride et ses spécificités. Ainsi surgit dans la Paraíba \'Articulation du Semi-Aride de la Paraíba, fórum qui rassemble des personnes et des organisations pour discuter le développement de 1'Etat. Depuis lors, le groupe discute les formes "assistentialistes" et "clientelistes" de l'intervention gouvernementale qui renforce largement la subordination et la dépendance des agriculteurs familiaux. Cest en fonction de cela qu'il faut encourager le développement du semi-aride en valorisant l'agriculture familiale et ses organisations. Pour ce faire, deux axes d'actions sont stratégiques pour créer les conditions de vie dans le semi-aride - ressources hydriques et semences - car ils représentent les expériences accumulées et socialement validées par les agriculteurs et les organisations locales. Depuis lors, tout au long de sa trajectoire et de forme singulière, tout l'effort politique et collectif du groupe s'est concentre sur le développement de ces actions, valorisant les expériences des agriculteurs. Ainsi, YArticulation avance, créant des références pour les politiques publiques sur ces deux terrains, démontrant que le développement de la région doit partir du príncipe de "vivre avec" le semi-aride. / O ano de 1993 é marcado por uma estiagem prolongada que assola quase todo o Nordeste. No bojo das ações governamentais de combate à seca e seus efeitos, o movimento dos trabalhadores rurais se mobiliza na região para exigir mudanças efetivas nos programas emergenciais, saindo do caráter meramente assistencialista. A luta era por ações estruturadoras, permitindo que os agricultores pudessem conviver com as secas no semi-árido. Essa mobilização regional também repercute em alguns estados nordestinos, onde o movimento se articula para iniciar uma discussão sobre o semi-árido e suas especificidades. Assim sendo, na Paraíba surgiu a Articulação do Semi-Árido Paraibano, fórum que passou a congregar pessoas e organizações para repensar o desenvolvimento no estado. Desde então, o grupo faz um questionamento às formas assistencialistas e clientelistas das ações de intervenção governamental que, em sua maioria, reforçam a dominação e dependência dos agricultores familiares. Por conta disso, é preciso fomentar o desenvolvimento do semi-árido a partir da valorização da agricultura familiar e de suas organizações. Para isso, dois eixos de ação são estratégicos para criar condições de convivência com o semi-árido - recursos hídricos e sementes porque representam o acúmulo de experiências validadas socialmente pelos agricultores e organizações locais. Daí que, ao longo de sua trajetória, de forma bastante singular, todo o esforço político e coletivo do grupo tem se concentrado no desenvolvimento dessas ações, valorizando as experiências dos agricultores. De modo que a Articulação avança, criando referências para as políticas públicas nesses dois temas, demonstrando que o desenvolvimento na região deve partir do princípio de convivência com o semi-árido.

Gender stereotyping is a phenomenon found in all spheres of life. School children often have to bear the brunt of these prescribed roles and stereotypes. This study includes a literature review of the characteristics of a professional educator as well as the theoretical background on gender issues. It employed Participatory Action Research as a strategy with the aim to empower teachers to improve their classroom practice, and ultimately, to improve the teaching-learning dynamics for learners in the science and technology classrooms. The participants, who are science and technology teachers, are vastly different people whose one common goal it was to empower themselves and to change their classroom practice on a continuous basis. The study looks at some of the beliefs these teachers now hold after the intervention for promoting gender equality in the classroom. Science and technology are the domains of historically male-dominated fields, and by means of this study I aim to equalise the learning opportunities for both boys and girls. / Comparative Education / M. Ed. (Comparative Education)

This study was intended to investigate the nature of child labour, continued causes and effects of child labour on development initiatives, establishing the magnitude of the problem and make recommendations for intervention. It was generally established that child labour is a hindrance to developmental programmes by negatively affecting the targeted next generations. The high rate of child labour was mainly attributed to poverty, HIV/AIDS, low incomes, culture, weak laws, invisible phenomenon, population growth, armed conflict, limited access to education opportunities, employment, gender, social attitudes and ignorance, irresponsible parenthood, agriculture and orphan hood. Solutions suggested to child labour included; stronger government intervention, training and awareness raising, further research and adopting a zero-tolerance for child labour. Facilitation of the Universal Primary Education Programme to be improved and stronger bye-laws should to be adopted. / Development Studies / M. A. (Development Studies)

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-09-21T18:10:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ADRIANO DE SOUSA BARROS - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGCS 2006..pdf: 18476854 bytes, checksum: 5c82955beb452edcc9bfde34a32b2307 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-21T18:10:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ADRIANO DE SOUSA BARROS - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGCS 2006..pdf: 18476854 bytes, checksum: 5c82955beb452edcc9bfde34a32b2307 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-09 / O Nordeste rural semi-árido tem passado durante as últimas décadas por diversos modos de pensar e fazer seu desenvolvimento e, consequentemente, sua modernização. Depois do amplo investimento em infra-estrutura na perspectiva do "combate à seca", acompanhado pelo plano de industrialização regional tido como a melhor solução para o problema do desenvolvimento da região, surge, na década de 1990, a perspectiva do desenvolvimento local e da "convivência com o semi-árido". Apesar de novo, esse olhar diferenciado sobre as dificuldades sócio-econômicas da região, aqui destacando sua porção semi-árida, trazem também em seu arcabouço um projeto de modernização, na medida em que propõe uma mudança de comportamento que afeta as estruturas sociais e produtivas locais. O Programa de Estudos e Ações para o Semi-Árido (PEASA) surge, em 1994, em meio a esse processo de mudança, propondo uma intervenção que altere o rumo do desenvolvimento de algumas localidades do semi-árido paraibano. Seu modelo de intervenção, atrelado à perspectiva dos Sistemas Produtivos Locais (SPL's), propõe por meio do agribusiness a criação de empreendimentos comunitários em forma de agroindústrias, nas quais os produtos de vocação local receberiam um tratamento logístico dentro de um amplo processo de racionalização da produção. O presente trabalho investigou esse modelo de intervenção, focando na construção de sua metodologia dentro da perspectiva de promoção do desenvolvimento local, buscando perceber também que perspectiva de modernização é construída a partir nas ações desse programa de extensão universitária. Nossa pesquisa utilizou-se de dados colhidos junto ao programa e seus colaboradores técnicos, na investigação documental (relatório de atividades, projetos defomento, artigos técnicos dentre outros); e no acompanhamento de uma de suas experiências de intervenção, o projeto de implantação da Agroindústria de Beneficiamento da Fibra de Sisal para Produção de Artesanato na Comunidade Cuiuiú, Barra de Santa Rosa - PB. O modelo de intervenção identificado como empreendedorismo comunitário mostra-se ineficiente na promoção do desenvolvimento local, chocando-se com o próprio sistema produtivo local de tradição camponesa e de organização familiar. O foco do modelo na racionalização das estruturas produtiva e social acaba por desconsiderar a questão ambiental, limitando o projeto de desenvolvimento às questões de cunho econômico. / During the last decades, the rural semi-arid northeast has gone through various forms of tliinking and making its development and, consequently, its modernization. After the wide investment in infra-structure aiming the "combat to the drought", accompanied by the regional industrialization plan, considered the best solution to the development problem in the region, in the 90's the perspective of local development and the living with the semi-arid carne to be. Despite being new, tliis differed look upon the social-economic difficulties of the region, hereby standing out its semi-arid portion, brings in its base a project of modernization, as it proposes a change of behavior which affects the local social and productive structures. The Program of Studies and Actions for the Semi-Arid (PEASA) appears, in 1994, in the middle of tliis changing process, proposing an intervention which alters the path of the development of some localization of the semiarid of Paraíba. Its intervention model, linked to the perspectives of Local Productive Systems (SPS's), proposes as means of agribusiness, the creation of communitarian undertaking in the shape of agro industries, in which the local vocation products would receive logistic treatment within a wide process of rationalization of the production. The present paper investigated this model of intervention, focusing on the construction of its methodology within the perspective of promotion of local development, seeking to realize, also, that the perspective of modernization is built from the actions of this program of university extension. Our research used date collected along with the program and its technical collaborators, in the documental investigation (activity report, foment projects, technical articles among others); and in the accompanying of one of its experiences of intervention, the implantation project of the agro industry of Benefiting of Sisal Fiber for production of handcraft material in the county of Cuiuiú, Barra de Santa Rosa - PB. The intervention model identified as communitarian undertaking lies ineffective in the promotion of local development, shocking against the own local productive system of camping tradition and familiar organization. The focus of the model in the rationalization of productive and social structures ends up not considering the environmental question, limiting the project to development to economic nature questions.

This research is aimed at evaluating the adequacy and effectiveness of the legal framework dealing with human trafficking in South Africa. To achieve this purpose, a comprehensive diachronic as well as contemporary overview of the punishment and prevention of human trafficking in South Africa as well as in the legal systems of the US, Germany and Nigeria is provided. An overview of the history of slavery and an analysis of the modern conceptualisation of human trafficking indicate that human trafficking is a highly complex concept, and that there are various approaches to the understanding of the concept of human trafficking. There are various definitions of trafficking found in international instruments of which the most important has been identified as that contained in the Palermo Protocol. The definitions vary also because trafficking is closely related to the phenomena of migration, slavery and smuggling of humans. The study further identifies some significant root causes of trafficking generally, as well as specific, to the four selected regions. It was found that in South Africa – similar to the history of slavery in the jurisdictions of the US, Germany and Nigeria – colonisation and the institution of slavery and, more particularly in South Africa, the legacy of the apartheid regime has had an impact on modern human trafficking. The research concedes that although common-law crimes, statutes and transitional legislation can be utilized to challenge some trafficking elements, these offences are not comprehensive enough to amply deal with the crime’s complexities and provide only a fragmented approach to combating the crime. The study shows that South Africa needs to adopt specific and comprehensive anti-trafficking legislation that is based essentially on the provisions of the Palermo Protocol, that is, the draft TIP Bill. Although the Bill is a major improvement on the provisions in the Palermo Protocol as well as on certain aspects of the anti-trafficking legislation in the US, Germany and Nigeria, the Bill can still be improved, especially with regard to more effective victim assistance and the combating of local-specific vulnerability factors. Anti-trafficking efforts undertaken in the US, Germany and Nigeria which may be of value also for the adoption of anti-trafficking legislation, law enforcement and other strategies in South Africa, are further identified. iv The research further establishes also that international, regional and sub-regional instruments on trafficking and related aspects of trafficking provide guidelines for developing effective strategies to deal with trafficking within the region. The counter-trafficking strategies as found in treaties (including conventions), protocols, declarations and resolutions – those focussing specifically on combating trafficking and those with a human-rights focus – oblige states to prosecute traffickers, protect people vulnerable to trafficking as well as those already trafficked and create structures for prevention. Regional instruments specifically formulated to combat trafficking as well as instruments that make reference to the issue of trafficking in persons may further provide the basis for long-term strategies to combat human trafficking. However, it was found that although South Africa has adopted many cooperative mechanisms in the form of direct bilateral or multilateral agreements, as well as international and regional treaties and conventions, the jurisdiction has not as yet implemented comprehensive strategies to combat human trafficking. The introduction of legislation to combat human trafficking, and various other strategies envisaged in the TIP Bill and also recommendations suggested in this thesis, should be considered by parliament as a matter of priority. A comprehensive response to human trafficking which includes adequate protection of victims is required in terms of various constitutional imperatives identified in this research. / Criminal and Procedural Law / LL. D.