Magister Legum - LLM / Corruption is a serious problem which has many negative impacts on sustainable economic development globally. The clandestine nature of corruption makes it difficult to detect. Hence, efforts to combat corruption successfully demand comprehensive anti-corruption legislation, strong powers, as well as special investigative techniques and strategies. An effective anti-corruption regime requires a comprehensive anti-corruption legal framework which not only punishes all forms of corruption but also capacitates anti-corruption institutions. A strong anti-corruption agency is a crucial requirement and a necessary part of a country's anti-corruption strategy. The failure or the success of an anti-corruption agency depends on a variety of factors, such as powers and means to detect, investigate and prosecute corruption and related offences. The lack of trained staff, as well as the lack of adequate material resources, also affects the effectiveness of an anti-corruption agency. The anti-corruption agencies covered by this research are not empowered or resourced sufficiently, which may result in their ineffectiveness. This paper provides a set of recommendations in respect of the powers and strategies needed for a successful anti-corruption agency. / South Africa

The illicit practice of money laundering (ML) poses global challenges, causing harmful repercussions for society. Legislators worldwide have placed financial institutions at the forefront of initiatives aimed at preventing ML. Even with the adoption of Anti-Money Laundering (AML) measures, financial institutions continue to face challenges in combating illicit financial activity. Prior investigations primarily concentrated on evaluating the regulatory framework itself, leaving gaps in understanding other aspects causing ineffective AML efforts. Going further in-depth, this study aims to explore how institutional pressure leads to ineffective ML prevention within Finnish financial institutions. To address these challenges, the institutional theory and several concepts supported the exploration of the institutional environment, with due consideration given to social constructs. Furthermore, a qualitative approach is employed due to the exploratory nature of this study. It consists of the analysis of both classified and public official documents from the Finnish Financial Supervisory Authority (FIN-FSA), interviews held with representatives actively involved in financial institutions' AML efforts, and other official AML guidelines. The findings of this study acknowledge the suboptimal regulatory pressure and reveal instances of data deficiencies. However, the social context emerged as the most influential factor, highlighting the gap between AML efforts and ML activities.

Corruption, understood as the misuse of public office for private gain, has become a matter of global concern. Numerous measures being taken, not least in South Africa, to contain its spread are increasingly regarded as attempts in "fighting corruption". The South African public sector provides the context for this study where manifestations of corrupt behaviour may be observed and analysed. Particular attention is given to the role, relevance and costs which, as this study shows, must first be calculated in monetary terms as a fiscal end in order for the task of fighting corruption to produce a sustainable impact. The national strategy developed by the South African government has been compromised by the absence of sufficient resources being committed from the national fiscus for its implementation. It is misleading to assume that new laws and tighter regulations will of themselves serve to deter corrupt practices. One notices a plethora of public administration reforms being initiated to control and prevent corruption in line with international best practice. Yet, as this study concludes, such efforts even at higher fiscal cost will not necessarily contribute to reduced corruption. No attempt should be made to create a situation of a "zero tolerance" level of corruption as this is not possible. Ultimately, the challenge for the South African public sector is to seek ways of rationalising existing resources such that a single agency led by someone with moral authority can be vested with powers to lead the fight against corruption. / Public Administration / (D. Litt. et Phil. (Public Administration)

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The immune response against M. tuberculosis is multifactorial, involving a network of innate and adaptive immune responses. Characterization of the immune response, a clear understanding of the dynamics and interplay of different arms of the immune response and the identification of infection-stage specific biomarkers are critical to allow the development of better tools for combating tuberculosis. In an attempt to identify such biomarkers, we studied pulmonary tuberculosis patients and their contacts in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia as part of EDCTP and BMGF funded tuberculosis projects by using multiplex techniques. We analysed 45 genes using the Multiplex Ligation Dependent Probe Amplification (MLPA) technique and the expression of IL-4δ2, BLR1, MARCO, CCL-19, IL7R, Bcl2, FcyR1A, MMP9, and LTF genes discriminate TB cases from their healthy contacts. FoxP3, TGFß1 and CCL-19 discriminate latently infected from uninfected contacts. Single genes predict with an area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve of 0.68 to 0.85 while a combination of genes identified up to 95% of the different groups. Similarly, the multiplex analysis of cytokines and chemokines also showed that single or combinations of plasma cytokines and chemokines discriminate between different clinical groups accurately. The median plasma level of EGF, fractalkine, IFN-y, IL-4, MCP-3 and IP-10 is significantly different (p<0.05) in active tuberculosis and non active tuberculosis infection and the median plasma levels of IFN-y, IL-4, MCP-3, MIP-1ß and IP-10 were significantly different (p<0.05) before and after treatment. We also found a significant difference (p<0.05) in plasma levels of cytokines of patients infected with the different lineages and different families of the modern lineage. The plasma level of IL-4 was significantly higher in patients infected with lineage 3 (p<0.05) as compared to lineage 4 and the CAS familyinfected patients had a higher plasma level of IL-4 (P<0.05) as compared to patients infected with H and T families but there was no difference between H and T families. We identified genes and cytokines which had been reported from other studies in different settings and we believe that these molecules are very promising biomarkers for classifying active tuberculosis, latent infection, absence of infection and treated infection. These markers may be suitable for the development of clinically useful tools but require further validation and qualification in different populations and in larger studies. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die immuunrespons teen M. tuberculosis is multifaktoriaal en betrek ‘n netwerk van niespesifieke and spesifieke immuunresponse. Karakterisering van die immuunrespons, ‘n duidelike insig in die dinamika en tussenspel deur die verskillende arms van die immuunrespons en die identifikasie van spesifieke biomerkers is krities belangrik om die ontwikkeling van nuwe hulpmiddels teen tuberkulose te bevorder. In ‘n poging om sulke biomerkers te identifiseer het ons pulmonale tuberkulose pasiënte en hulle kontakte in Addis Ababa, Etiopië, as deel van die EDCTP en BMGF befondste tuberkulose projekte bestudeer met multipleks tegnieke. Ons het 45 gene analiseer met ‘Multiplex Ligation Dependent Probe Amplification (MLPA)’ en gevind dat die geenuitdrukking van IL-4•2, BLR1, MARCO, CCL-19, IL7R, Bcl2, Fc•R1A, MMP9, en LTF TB pasiënte van hulle kontakte onderskei. FoxP3, TGF•1 en CCL-19 onderskei tussen latent infekteerde en ongeïnfekteerde kontakte. Enkele gene voorspel met ‘n area onder die ‘Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC)’ kurwe van 0.68 tot 0.85 terwyl die kombinasie van gene 95% van die verskillende groepe identifiseer. Soortgelyk het multipleks analise van sitokiene en chemokiene verskillende kliniese groepe akkuraat van mekaar onderskei. Die mediane plasmavlakke van EGF, fractalkine, IFN-•, IL-4, MCP-3 en IP-10 is beduidend verskillend (p<0.05) in aktiewe tuberkulose en nie-aktiewe tuberkulose infeksie en die mediane plasmavlak van IFN-•, IL-4, MCP-3, MIP-1• en IP-10 was beduidend verskillend voor en na behandeling. Ons het ook beduidende verskille (p<0.05) in plasmavlakke van sitokiene in pasiënte gevind wat infekteer is met verskillende stamme and verskillende families van die moderne stamme. Die plasmavlak van IL-4 was beduidend hoër in pasiënte wat infekteer is met stam 3 (p<0.05) teenoor stam 4 en die CAS familie-infekteerde pasiënte het ‘n hoër plasmavlak van IL-4 (p<0.05) teenoor pasiënte met H en T familie infeksie hoewel daar geen versikke was tussen die H en T families nie. Ons het gene en sitokiene identifiseer wat deur ander werkers onder verskillende omstandighede ook beskryf is en ons glo dat hierdie molekules baie belowende biomerkers is om aktiewe tuberkulose, latent tuberkulose, die afwesigheid van infeksie en behandelde infeksie van mekaar te onderskei. Hierdie merkers mag toepaslik wees vir die ontwikkeling van bruikbare kliniese hulpmiddele maar benodig verdere validasie en kwalifikasie in verskillende populasiegroepe en in groter studies. / Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF) / European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (EDCTP) / African European Tuberculosis Consortium (AE TBC).

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited / This thesis analyzes the "updated Petersberg tasks" included in the draft treaty establishing a Constitution for the European Union. The original Petersberg tasks called for forces capable of humanitarian and rescue missions, peacekeeping operations and tasks of combat forces in crisis management, including peacemaking. The updated tasks add conflict prevention, joint disarmament, military advice and assistance, post-conflict stabilization, and support to third countries in combating terrorism. The thesis focuses on the requirements of these tasks and the capabilities of the European Union's civilian agencies and military forces to execute them. It explores the meaning of the new missions, their specific capability requirements, and the prospects for the European Union to meet these requirements. It concludes that the European Union is currently capable of undertaking the missions that require mostly civilian tools or medium-level military forces for their conduct. The European Union does not at present have the relevant capabilities for the missions that demand more advanced military forces. / Major, Hellenic Army

The investigation of crime is one area in which the South African Police Service is measured on. There is no doubt that poor application of investigation methods results in acquittal of criminals or, at worst, failing to identify the perpetrator. In murder cases, the response from the communities who are directly affected is usually unpleasant and intolerable. This is so because murder is a crime against human life. One death in the family will have significant, undesirable implications to the family involved and, to a certain extent, the community. Violent crime such as murder has a negative effect, not only on the family who has lost the loved one, but also has a severe direct impact on the economy. For instance, no potential investors would want to associate themselves with a country where the incidence of violent crimes has become the norm and where the government appears to be reluctant to take tangible actions to remedy the situation. For years, the South African Police Service applied one methodology in murder investigations, even though their crime statistics showed that this type of crime was constantly increasing and required drastic steps to curb it. This study gives a detailed analysis of the prosecution-led investigation model and its feasibility in murder cases. This research was conducted on the basis that this model appears to work successfully in commercial crimes, judging by the conviction rates reported annually by the National Prosecuting Authority. The study discusses the current investigation model used by the South African Police Service in the investigation of murder and compares it to an intelligence-led investigation model. It then examines the meaning of the prosecution-led investigation. Finally, international experiences in terms of criminal investigation and prosecution procedures are discussed and compared with those of South Africa. The researcher explored the models from the selected countries and interviews conducted were used as a foundation for describing and explaining the future application of the findings emanating from this research. Using the qualitative approach, data was gathered by means of a literature review and qualitative interviews with the sampled participants to answer the research questions. The researcher is of the view that this study (analysing the prosecution-led investigation model in murder cases) presents a significant contribution to the development of practical guidelines that can be used to effectively and efficiently investigate murder cases. / Police Practice / D. Phil. (Criminal Justice)

Submitted by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-08-09T18:46:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissSHC.pdf: 1609082 bytes, checksum: 91481f066672384b765804ddd8d79e3b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-08-17T20:34:45Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissSHC.pdf: 1609082 bytes, checksum: 91481f066672384b765804ddd8d79e3b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-08-17T20:35:02Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissSHC.pdf: 1609082 bytes, checksum: 91481f066672384b765804ddd8d79e3b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-24T13:09:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissSHC.pdf: 1609082 bytes, checksum: 91481f066672384b765804ddd8d79e3b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-01 / Não recebi financiamento / The research aims to raise some innovative actions found in Brazilian federal universities that have as a proposal the fight against gender violence and against women. The idea is that the study contributes to the creation of administrative and pedagogical practices that allow the constitution of projects and alternative solutions for the management of conflicts of gender relations within the universities themselves. For the survey of these actions we opted for an exploratory, bibliographical and documentary qualitative research that made use of the content analysis. From the material analyzed, the categories were defined: consolidated successful experiences and recent successful experiences developed by these universities in relation to the fight against gender violence and against women. As a result, the research demonstrates that there is a need for collection, organization, treatment and continuous dissemination of information generated by the IFES. The proposal of intervention of this research is therefore the conception of a Gender, Women and Violence Observatory for the Extension Project ACIEPE / Women in the Public Administration of the Federal University of São Carlos-UFSCar seeking partnerships with SAADE, NIASE, LAPREV, Nucleus of studies YOU WANT that are located in UFSCar, as well as to promote rapprochement with the community of São Carlos. The objective of the creation of the Observatory is to promote the identification of policies to combat violence, the mapping of host networks, the monitoring of indicators, the preparation of proposals and the availability of relevant information found on the subject in the federal universities surveyed. Organized and systematic for different audiences. For praxis to happen, it is necessary to understand the path taken by women and men, specifically in the academic world in the fight against violence against women. / A pesquisa tem como perspectiva levantar algumas ações inovadoras encontradas nas universidades federais brasileiras que tenham como proposta o combate à violência de gênero e contra as mulheres. A ideia é que o estudo contribua para a criação de práticas administrativas e pedagógicas, que permitam a constituição de projetos e soluções alternativas para a gestão dos conflitos das relações de gênero dentro das próprias universidades. Para o levantamento dessas ações se optou por uma pesquisa exploratória, bibliográfica e documental, qualitativa que fez o uso da análise de conteúdo. A partir do material analisado foram definidas as categorias: experiências exitosas consolidadas e experiências exitosas recentes desenvolvidas por essas universidades em relação ao combate à violência de gênero e contra as mulheres. Como resultado, a pesquisa demonstra que há necessidade de práticas de coleta, organização, tratamento e disseminação contínua de informações geradas pelas IFES. A proposta de intervenção dessa pesquisa é, portanto, a concepção de um Observatório de Gênero, Mulheres e Violência para o Projeto de Extensão ACIEPE/Mulheres na Administração Pública da Universidade Federal de São Carlos-UFSCar buscando parcerias com a SAADE, NIASE, LAPREV, núcleo de estudos QUERERES que estão localizados na UFSCar, bem como promover aproximação com a comunidade de São Carlos. O objetivo da criação do Observatório é promover a identificação de políticas de combate à violência, o mapeamento de redes de acolhimento, o acompanhamento de indicadores, elaboração de propostas e a disponibilização de informações relevantes encontradas sobre o tema nas universidades federais pesquisadas, disponibilizando de forma organizada e sistemática para diferente públicos. Para que a práxis aconteça é preciso compreender o caminho trilhado por mulheres e homens, especificamente no mundo acadêmico no combate a violência contra a mulher.

Corruption, understood as the misuse of public office for private gain, has become a matter of global concern. Numerous measures being taken, not least in South Africa, to contain its spread are increasingly regarded as attempts in "fighting corruption". The South African public sector provides the context for this study where manifestations of corrupt behaviour may be observed and analysed. Particular attention is given to the role, relevance and costs which, as this study shows, must first be calculated in monetary terms as a fiscal end in order for the task of fighting corruption to produce a sustainable impact. The national strategy developed by the South African government has been compromised by the absence of sufficient resources being committed from the national fiscus for its implementation. It is misleading to assume that new laws and tighter regulations will of themselves serve to deter corrupt practices. One notices a plethora of public administration reforms being initiated to control and prevent corruption in line with international best practice. Yet, as this study concludes, such efforts even at higher fiscal cost will not necessarily contribute to reduced corruption. No attempt should be made to create a situation of a "zero tolerance" level of corruption as this is not possible. Ultimately, the challenge for the South African public sector is to seek ways of rationalising existing resources such that a single agency led by someone with moral authority can be vested with powers to lead the fight against corruption. / Public Administration and Management / (D. Litt. et Phil. (Public Administration)

Records of actual owners of limited liability companies and joint stock companies This diploma thesis deals with the records of actual owners of limited liability companies and joint stock companies. The aim of the thesis is to introduce the basics of the institute of records of actual owners and then to discuss its key features and problematic issues associated with it. At the beginning, the thesis outlines the evolution of the institute of records of actual owners, and further evaluates the potential to meet the goals associated with the introduction of the evidence. At the same time, the thesis draws attention to the pitfalls that the records can bring in practice. The thesis also deals with the issues related to the extent of the mandatory information about the actual owner and the issues related to the storage and handling of such information. The thesis leads a discussion to interpret the relevant provisions to keep a balance between the necessary prerequisites for fulfilling the meaning and purpose of the records and the rights of a legal persons. In the following chapters, the thesis focuses on the definition of the actual owner and on the systematization of the ways in which a natural person or group of natural persons can be an actual owner. The thesis interprets the provision defining...

It was the objective of this research to determine how physical surveillance can be utilised in combating robberies, to find out whether city police utilise physical surveillance as an investigation tool in combating robberies, as well as to assess the value of such surveillance in criminal investigations. To achieve such aims and objectives, the researcher has collected data from interviews with participants, published books, internet sources, journals, newspapers, previous researches and crime statistics. The researcher interviewed the crime suppression officers from WCPS who are dealing with investigations and physical surveillance operations, by using a semi-structured-interviews. The researcher has also employed a qualitative approach and collected a sample by using a simple random sampling method. The study has indeed determined that crime suppression members and investigators are ignoring the use of physical surveillance when robberies have been committed. The research has also revealed that the officers also lack the necessary training and expertise on how to employ surveillance during their investigation and recommendation are made at the end of the research, for such training to be offered to them regularly. / Criminology and Security Science / M.A. (Criminal Justice)