O Estado do Cearà foi um dos pioneiros no cenÃrio nacional a estabelecer sua legislaÃÃo estadual, a Lei n 11.996/1992, atualizada pela Lei n 14.844/2010, que teve como base legal e institucional, a SRH e a COGERH, componentes do SIGERH, que implantou a gestÃo de Ãgua por bacias hidrogrÃficas, bem como, o modelo de gestÃo compartilhada, com foco na parceria entre Estado e Sociedade. Foi com o recorte na Bacia HidrogrÃfica do Rio Jaguaribe, mais pontualmente, nos ComitÃs das Sub-Bacias HidrogrÃficas do Baixo e do MÃdio Jaguaribe, que se pretende realizar uma anÃlise de forma comparativa das semelhanÃas e diferenÃas desses dois comitÃs. ConstituÃdos no mesmo perÃodo, porÃm apresentam diferenÃas perceptÃveis na forma de funcionamento, no nÃvel de participaÃÃo dos seus membros, nos encaminhamentos das reuniÃes e nas deliberaÃÃes, dentre outros. Tendo em vista essas diferenÃas que sÃo relevantes, este trabalho tem por objetivo realizar uma anÃlise da dinÃmica social destes comitÃs, investigando os seguintes aspectos: gerenciamento dos recursos hÃdricos nas bacias hidrogrÃficas; cobranÃa pelo uso da Ãgua; conflito pelo uso da Ãgua; participaÃÃo social e redes sociais. A metodologia utilizada trata de uma abordagem quanti/qualitativa, tendo como foco os colegiados, universo da pesquisa. Na conclusÃo do trabalho foi observado com relaÃÃo aos comitÃs, que apesar das diferenÃas que sempre existiram entre os mesmos, no olhar da pesquisadora, a dimensÃo dessas diferenÃas se apresentava de forma bem maior, uma impressÃo cristalizada. ApÃs a tabulaÃÃo dos dados, essas diferenÃas passaram a serem vistas de outra forma. Cada comità faz o seu prÃprio caminho, em alguns aspectos se encontram, em outros se divergem. Portanto, os comitÃs se encontraram quando apresentaram os seguintes pontos em comum: falta de apoio financeiro para a implantaÃÃo de projetos, que implica em uma maior autonomia; dificuldade das organizaÃÃes da sociedade civil para participar das reuniÃes dos comitÃs por falta de transporte (hoje està equilibrado); e divergiram em outros pontos como a distÃncia espacial entre os municÃpios da bacia, contrapondo as realidades do vale e da âÃrea secaâ, que tem interesses diferentes e a falta da cultura de participaÃÃo. / The state of Cearà was one of the pioneers on the national scene to establishits state legislation through the Law No. 11.996/1992, updated by Law No.14.844/2010, which had the legal and institutional basis, SRH and COGERH, SIGERH components, which implemented the water management by watershed, as well as the shared management model, focusing on the partnership between State and Society. The research had focused on the Jaguaribe Watershed, punctually, on the Committees of the Sub-Watershed of the Lower and Middle Jaguaribe, which aims to conduct a comparative analysis of the similarities and differences of these two Committees. They were made in the same period, but they have noticeable differences in operation, in the level of participation of its members in referrals and the deliberations of meetings, among others. Because of these differences that are relevant, this work aims to conduct an analysis of the social dynamics of these committees, investigating the following aspects: management of water resources in the watersheds; charging for water use; conflict over water use; social participation and social networks. The methodology is a quantitative / qualitative approach , focusing on the collegiate , the research universe . At the conclusion of the study it was observed, with regard to the Committees, that despite the differences that have always existed between them , in the eyes of the researcher , the magnitude of these differences is presented in a much larger form , a crystallized impression. After tabulating the data , these differences were regarded in another way . Each committee makes its own way: in some respects they are similar, in others they diverge . Therefore the Committees met when presented the following points in common : lack of financial support for the implementation of projects , which implies greater autonomy ; difficulty of civil society organizations to participate in committee meetings for lack of transport ( today is balanced) and differed on other points as the spatial distance between the municipalities of the watershed , contrasting the realities of the valley and the ' dry area' which has different interests , and the lack of a culture of participation.

Orientador: Iscia Lopes-Cendes / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T18:07:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bittar_MariaFernandaRibeiro_D.pdf: 985156 bytes, checksum: a785ab239977f1eabf0b737095854940 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: É aceita em todos os domínios a relevância da pesquisa com seres humanos. Para guiar eticamente a realização dessas pesquisas, de consideração internacional, temos a última revisão da Declaração de Helsinque (2008). No Brasil temos a Resolução 196/96 do Conselho Nacional de Saúde (CNS) e outras resoluções complementares do mesmo conselho, todas possuem a intenção e a responsabilidade de proteger os sujeitos de pesquisa. Nesse intuito, no Brasil, é exigida a revisão e aprovação da pesquisa por um Comite de Ética em Pesquisa (CEP) que deve analisar diversos aspectos científicos, éticos, legal e social da pesquisa. Dentre todos, este trabalho aborda os aspectos éticos, principalmente o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido (TCLE), definido como a autorização voluntária de um indivíduo, para sua inclusão em uma pesquisa. No "Encontro de Comitês de Ética de São Paulo", realizado anualmente desde 2003 em São Paulo, os problemas referentes ao TCLE foram considerados como sendo o maior motivo de pendências dos projetos de pesquisas avaliados. O objetivo do presente estudo foi estabelecer um protocolo de avaliação, acompanhamento e suporte ao pesquisador com o intuito de melhorar a qualidade do termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido utilizado nos projetos de pesquisa acompanhados pelo CEP-UNICAMP. O estudo foi desenvolvido em 3 tópicos relacionados ao mesmo tema: 1- Caracterização dos Projetos encaminhados ao CEP da FCM-UNICAMP. 2- Projetos com pendências no TCLE: oferecimento de suporte ao pesquisador para responder às pendências do CEP em relação ao TCLE. 3- Auditoria: testar um trabalho de auditoria em aspectos éticos dos projetos de pesquisa aprovados pelo mesmo CEP. Cada item teve sujeitos, materiais e instrumentos distintos, adequados aos propósitos e as características da cada um. O modelo de pesquisa seguido foi a integração metodológica. Na observação de 1639 projetos, 675 receberam pendência ou recomendações relativas ao método do trabalho (25%), ao TCLE (39%) ou a ambos, método e TCLE (36%). No TCLE em geral as pendências dividem-se em duas categorias: linguagem e falta de informações, como objetivo, procedimentos, justificativas para a realização e formas de assistência. Aos aspectos éticos ocorre a ausência de esclarecimento da voluntariedade de participação, sobre a utilização e o armazenamento de material biológico, telefones de contato do pesquisador e do CEP, identificação do pesquisador, garantia de sigilo e mesmo a falta do TCLE. Os TCLEs encaminhados para auxílio apresentam elevada dificuldade de entendimento, necessitando em média 16,52 anos de escolaridade e índice de legibilidade médio de 19,47 considerado de alta dificuldade de leitura. Quanto a linguagem, além da dificuldade com palavras complexas, sujeitos de baixa escolaridade têm pouco interesse ou atenção aos termos técnicos mesmo quando fazem parte dos procedimentos a serem realizados. Quando questionados, três sujeitos relataram que se o pesquisador está solicitando deve ser relevante e eles não entendem nada do assunto. Na auditoria, do total de 27 projetos observou-se que três não continham TCLE para todos os participantes da pesquisa, três não utilizavam o termo aprovado pelo CEP- UNICAMP , e 18 estavam inadequadamente preenchidos. Os achados demonstram a continuidade do elevado índice de pendência, a necessidade de orientação ao pesquisador quanto ao seu processo e documentação e também a relevância do acompanhamento pelo CEP dos projetos aprovados. A formação ética e a educação continuada dos profissionais envolvidos em pesquisas com seres humanos são passos importantes no caminho para a formação de pesquisadores com atitudes éticas frente aos avanços científicos, a provisoriedade dos padrões morais e o constante surgimento de novas questões éticas / Abstract: The importance of research with human subjects is universally accepted. To ethically guide this kind of research there is the last revision of the Declaration of Helsinki, an international document, and the Resolution 196/96 in Brazil, from the National Health Council. Their main objective is to protect subjects undergoing research. In Brazil, it is mandatory to submit all research protocols for approval of legal, ethical, scientific and social aspect of the project by a Ethics Committee/ Institutional Review Board (REC/IRB). This thesis deals with the ethical aspects, specially the informed consent, defined as the voluntary authorization by a subject to participate in a research. In the "REC/IRB Meeting in São Paulo state", the informed consent was considered the major reason for non-approval of projects. The main goal of our project was to establish a protocol providing evaluation, guidance and support to the investigator aiming to improve the quality of the informed consents submitted to evaluation at the IRB/EC-UNICAMP. The project was divided in three main areas all related to the informed consent: 1 - Characterization of research protocols sent to the IRB/EC-UNICAMP; 2 - Action at non-approved informed consents: guidance and support to investigator to meet the requirements as per IRB/EC. 3 - Audit: ethical aspects of research protocols approved by the IRB/EC. Each one of those areas had a different set of subjects, materials and instruments in accordance with its goals and characteristics. We followed methodological integration. In the observation of 1,639 projects, 675 received recommendations regarding the methodology (25%), the informed consent (39%) or both (36%). In the informed consent the problems fell into two categories: language and lack of information, such as objective, procedures, justifications for the protocol and forms of assistance. Regarding the ethical aspects there were lack of clarification that participation was voluntary, on the use and storage of biological material, contact information for the investigator and the IRB, investigator identification, confidentiality and even the lack of informed consent. All consent forms referred for aid exhibited a high level of difficulty for understanding, requiring an average of 16.52 years of schooling and average rate of readability of 19.47, which is considered a high level of difficulty in reading. In addition to difficulty with complex words, we observed that subjects with low education have little interest or focus on technical terms even when they are part of the procedures to be performed. In the audit part of the project we observed that three projects did not include informed consent for all research subjects, three did not use the informed consent approved by the IRB-UNICAMP and eighteen were inadequately completed. Our findings demonstrated a high level of non-compliance with IRB/EC requirements regarding the informed consent, the investigator's need for guidance in the documentation process and the importance of IRB/EC follow-up on approved projects is evident. Providing continuous ethical education for the professionals involved in research with human subjects is an important step towards investigators with ethical attitudes when confronted with scientific developments, shifting moral patterns and new ethical questions / Doutorado / Ciencias Biomedicas / Doutor em Ciências Médicas

O presente trabalho visa estabelecer quais são as condições responsáveis por permitir à oposição o poder de influenciar o processo decisório em Legislativos. Para tanto, a pesquisa se divide em duas frentes, a primeira teórica e a segunda empírica. Em campo teórico o trabalho chama a atenção para a inviolabilidade do princípio majoritário no que diz respeito à produção legislativa e às suas regras regimentais e, por fim, demonstra como a sua desconsideração pode levar a equívocos no tocante à expectativa sobre o comportamento dos diversos atores envolvidos. Em solo empírico, demonstrarse- á que a incorporação deste princípio é essencial para compreendermos de que maneira a oposição pode intervir no processo decisório, assim como quando e porquê acontecerão mudanças regimentais que aumentem ou restrinjam os direitos da minoria. / The present thesis aims to establish the conditions that give oppositions the power to influence the decision-making process in Legislatives. Our research will be presented in two views, the first theoretical and the second, empirical. On the theoretical view, the study draws attention to inviolability of the majority principle in conducing the legislative process and its regimental rules and ultimately, how disregarding it can lead to mistakes in expectations of involved actors\' behavior. On the empirical view it will be shown that embedding that principle is essential to understand in which way the opposition can intervene in the decision-making process, as well as how and why regimental changes will happen either to restrict or to widen the minority rights.

With the growth experienced in the Building Industry, it is increasingly important to have a contract document that can be used on projects that is reasonably acceptable to all parties concerned. The objective of the research was to determine the effectiveness of the Joint Building Contracts Committee Series 2000 Principal Building Agreement (JBCC 2000 PBA)(Edition 4.1, March 2005) currently used in the Building Industry. The literature reviewed and results of quantitative research amongst contractors formed the basis of this study. The study revealed that the JBCC 2000 PBA is the most favourable contract document used by contractors in the Building Industry. With the inclusion of a range of construction guarantee alternatives in the contract document in lieu of the retention clause, more than half of the respondents have indicated that they are in favour of a retention clause to be included in the contract document as an alternative security option. The study also showed that there are still areas of concern with regards to the difficulty in interpreting and implementing numerous clauses of the document and that amendments were made to the document without legal advice, resulting in disputes. The research further also revealed that developing building contractors experience difficulties in general where the JBCC 2000 PBA is used as contract document on projects. There also seems to be no balance of risk between the employer and contractor in most cases where this contract document is used. The research concluded with proposals on revisions to some clauses to ensure a better contract document that will be acceptable to all contractors in the Building Industry and ultimately to be an internationally acceptable document.

Magister Legum - LLM / South Africa

Extant research finds inconclusive evidence about the CEO horizon problem. One possibility is that compensation committees design CEO compensation in a way that discourages retiring CEOs from opportunistic earnings management and R&D reduction. However, compensation committees dominated by co-opted directors may not be as effective as those with fewer co-opted directors in mitigating the CEO horizon problem, because directors co-opted by the CEO tend to bias their decisions in favor of the CEO. I find that compensation committees dominated by co-opted directors are associated with higher CEO compensation packages. I document R&D reduction and accruals management in firms with retiring CEOs and compensation committees dominated by co-opted directors, and find that R&D reduction and income-increasing accruals are less discouraged by compensation committees dominated by co-opted directors when deciding CEO compensation. I also examine the effect of boards of directors and compensation committee characteristics on CEO compensation and on mitigating the CEO horizon problem. I find that CEO compensation positively associates with CEO power, director independence, and the percentage of busy directors, and negatively associates with board of directors and committee size and director ownership. Moreover, I find that retiring CEOs are more likely to reduce R&D expenditures when CEOs have more power, and director tenure is longer; retiring CEOs in firms with large boards of directors and compensation committees are less likely to manage accruals.

This research was initiated by an outbreak of fowl adenovirus (FAdV) associated inclusion body hepatitis (IBH) in South Africa (SA) during 2008. The fowl adenoviruses involved in this outbreak could be identified by restriction enzyme fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) and sequencing of the PCR amplification products from the FAdV L1 hexon loop. The relationship of these strains to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) reference strains for FAdV could be established by phylogenetic analysis. The SA FAdV isolates showed close relationship (99 %) to the ICTV reference strain T8-A and 764 for FAdV-8b and the reference strain P7-A for FAdV-2. Although a complete epidemiological study was not performed data obtained from the phylogenetic analysis data also suggested that the fowl adenoviruses involved in this outbreak of IBH might have been introduced into the country. A dose of 106.00 EID50 /mℓ virulent FAdV-2 and 105.97 EID50 /mℓ virulent FAdV-8b was sufficient to cause 80-87 % mortality rates for embryos challenged with FAdV-2 and 65-80 % mortality in SPF embryos challenged with FAdV-8b. v Fowl adenovirus type-specific antibodies are masked by group-specific antibodies in ELISA. The L1 hexon loop of the fowl adenoviral capsid contains type-specific epitopes located between group-specific regions which could be used for development of a type-specific ELISA. A novel approach to include additional type-specific FAdV epitopes to select for type-specific antibody binding was followed during the development of the ELISA described in this study. A dimeric protein which targets the type-specific region within the L1 loop region of the FAdV-2 and FAdV-8b hexon was designed to include additional type-specific epitopes. Amino acid alignment of this region showed less than 46 % homology which presented an opportunity to investigate its use as coating antigen to detect type-specific antibodies in an indirect ELISA. The purified expression products of dimeric codon optimised genes encoding the variable regions within the FAdV L1 hexon loop for FAdV-2 and FAdV-8b were used as coating antigen in ELISA. The assay conditions were optimised with the Taguchi method for optimisation of experiments with multiple variables. The diagnostic performances of the ELISA were evaluated using 100 serum samples from vaccinated birds and birds with no previous history of exposure. The assay was able to detect type-specific antibodies with an overall assay accuracy of 85.1 % for FAdV-2 and 92.3 % for FAdV-8b. An embryo challenge model to measure the ability of maternal antibodies to protect against challenge with virulent FAdV was developed in this study. This challenge model was supported by macroscopical, histopathological and PCR data and was sensitive enough to be used for vaccine efficacy studies. A comparative study to evaluate the performance of formalin inactivated autogenous vaccine which contained whole virus to a fiber subunit vaccine which contained insoluble and refolded fiber proteins of both FAdV-2 and FAdV-8b. Synthetic genes encoding the complete fiber proteins of both FAdV-2 and FAdV-8b were cloned and expressed in E. coli. Both the fiber proteins were insoluble but were used as crude extracts in an experimental vaccine for vaccination of SPF birds. Purified refolded fiber protein fractions were also prepared from these insoluble fractions and were used for vaccination of another group of SPF parent birds. The autogenous bivalent formalin inactivated FAdV vaccine completely protected embryos from vaccinated parent birds against in ovo challenge with both FAdV-2 and FAdV-8b. Whilst the insoluble FAdV-8b fiber protein subunit vaccine protected against challenge, the FAdV-2 fiber protein did not. Vaccine prepared from purified refolded fiber proteins of FAdV-2 and FAdV-8b did not protect embryos from vaccinated parents upon in ovo challenge. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Veterinary Tropical Diseases / Unrestricted

The South African Schools Act 84 of 1996 prescribes how schools should manage their finances and involve their stakeholders in financial management decision-making. The relevant literature reveals that principals in many schools situated in township and rural areas play a dominant role in the financial management of their schools which is contrary to the prescriptions of the South African Schools Act. This study aimed to identify financial management decision-making processes utilized in fee-paying public primary schools, the factors that influence financial management decision-making and the role and influence of individual stakeholders in financial management decision-making. The study followed a qualitative research approach with a multiple case study research design. Five fee-paying public primary schools were purposively selected. Participants included governing body chairpersons, principals and financial managers of the schools. Data was collected by means of semi-structured interviews and document analysis. The findings from the data suggest that financial management decision-making processes utilized in fee-paying public primary schools are: needs analysis, budget drafting and procurement processes. The study also reveals that members of school governing bodies (SGB) in fee-paying schools situated in affluence areas are educated professionals who, as required by the South African School Act, exert a strong influence in financial management decision-making in schools. / Dissertation (MEd)--University of Pretoria, 2017. / Education Management and Policy Studies / MEd / Unrestricted

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