Pornography use has been reported to have harmful effects on relationships and individuals. However, research on effective treatment for problematic pornography use (PPU) is limited. This manuscript reviews the previous treatment literature for PPU and highlights the gaps that need further study. Then, I discuss how I performed a qualitative study of 11 couples who had successfully been treated for PPU in order to analyze the key mechanisms of change that were employed in their recovery process and address the missing gaps in this field of research. The five major emerging themes from this study are Catalysts for Recovery, Foundation of Support for Recovery, The Work of Recovery, Healing Perspective of Recovery and Meaning Making, and Hindrances and Recovery Cautions (see figure in Appendix E). These themes are outlined with associated subthemes and representative quotes. Key implications for clinicians and future research are discussed.

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Tidigare studier visar på vikten av den initiala kontakten i en terapeutisk relation, bland annat eftersom patienten redan under det första mötet gör sin bedömning av terapeutens tillförlitlighet. Det initiala bandet mellan patient och terapeut är en av de grundläggande byggstenarna i en terapeutisk relation. När det kommer till hur en kontakt initieras mellan kurator och patient och vilken påverkan det kan ha på deras fortsatta kontakt verkar det dock finnas en brist på forskning. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur kontakt mellan kurator och patient initieras samt hur tillvägagångssättet påverkar kontakten. Metoden som används för att besvara studiens syfte och frågeställningar är semistrukturerade intervjuer med fyra kuratorer från två olika regioner i Sverige. Materialet analyseras med en tematisk analys. Resultatet visar att kuratorer har olika uppfattningar om hur olika tillvägagångssätt påverkar kontakten mellan kurator och patient. Det framkommer att olika situationer kräver olika tillvägagångssätt för att initiera kontakt. Att patienten själv aktivt efterfrågar kuratorskontakt skapar bäst förutsättningar för en bra relation mellan kurator och patient, samt är betydelsefullt utifrån patientens självbestämmande och integritet. Denna uppsats bidrar till kunskap inom ett område som i stora drag verkar vara outforskat. Dock är det endast kuratorers uppfattningar som lagt grunden för vårt resultat. Vidare forskning skulle med fördel kunna fokusera på även patienters uppfattningar, för att skapa en större förståelse för eventuella följder av tillvägagångssätt för att initiera en kuratorskontakt.

Meta-analytic reviews of decades of comparative efficacy psychotherapy research consistently reveal that all tested models of marriage and family therapy (MFT) work, and they generally work equally well. Researchers have hypothesized that this may be due to factors common across models responsible for change. Despite a sizable body of common factors literature in psychology, such research in MFT is still in its infancy. The purpose of this study is to contribute to the development of a theory of common factors responsible for change in MFT. Semi-structured, open-ended qualitative interviews were conducted with three different MFT model developers (i.e., Dr. Susan M. Johnson, Emotionally Focused Therapy; Dr. Frank M. Dattilio, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; and Dr. Richard C. Schwartz, Internal Family Systems Therapy), Dr. Johnson and Dr. Schwartz's former students, and each of their former clients who had terminated therapy successfully. Transcripts were coded using the grounded theory techniques of open coding, axial coding, and relational statements. Coding was done utilizing a constant comparative method in which data were simultaneously analyzed and coded. Common factors fell into two main categories of model-dependent factors and model-independent factors. Factors within the model-dependent category include those aspects of therapy directly informed by the therapist's model. Model-dependent categories include common conceptualizations, common interventions, and common outcomes. Factors within the model-independent category include general aspects of therapy that are not directly related to the therapist's model. Model-independent categories include client variables, therapist variables, the therapeutic alliance, therapeutic process, and expectancy and motivational factors. Each model-dependent and model-independent category has several subcategories. Results are discussed in both model-specific and common factors conceptualizations. A sequential model outlining how model-dependent factors appear to combine to produce therapeutic change while being mediated by model-independent variables is proposed. The findings are integrated with the current common factors literature in psychology and MFT. Clinical, training, and research implications are discussed. / Ph. D.

Objective: The objective for this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of Psychodynamic Therapy Scale (PTS), including inter-rater reliability, internal consistency and predictive validity. Method: 20 video-taped sessions from 16 different therapists were evaluated by two independent raters using the PTS. The therapy conducted was Life-Stress Interview which is a single-session treatment that stems from psychodynamic theory. Inter-rater reliability was calculated using Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC). Internal consistency was measured using Cronbach's α. Predictive validity was calculated using a linear regression model on the change between baseline and six week follow-up on two outcome measures (DERS-16 & PHQ-15). Results: The ICC for the complete 12-item scale was .77, suggesting a good inter-rater reliability for the PTS. The internal consistency was α = .82 for the entire scale, indicating a good internal consistency. The regression analysis did not show any significant regression on either outcome measure, despite DERS-16 coming close. Discussion: The results indicate that the PTS has a good overall inter-rater reliability and internal consistency. However, further research is needed to determine if these findings still holds true when evaluating more traditional psychodynamic therapy methods and with a higher degree of independence between the raters. Furthermore, future studies could explore if there are potential alterations that can be made to improve the scale.

Hästunderstödda insatser (HUI) är ett komplement till traditionella behandlingsmetoder inom det psykosociala fältet. HUI inkluderar både fysiska och psykiska moment. Syftet med arbetet är att belysa de professionellas uppfattningar om vilka faktorer i hästunderstödda insatser som anses vara verksamma och de professionellas erfarenheter av vilka målgrupper som insatserna är lämpade för. Resultatet grundar sig i en kvalitativ intervjustudie där två uppdragsgivare och tre uppdragstagare deltagit. Intervjuerna har analyserats och sammanfattats i teman efter olika faktorer och dess påverkan på ungdomarna. Det framkommer i arbetets resultat att det finns olika verksamma faktorer och dessa anses ha en positiv påverkan på ungdomarna. Vi fann även flera nya resultat som visar på de professionella upplever att ungdomarna blir motiverade och känner en positiv känsla när de ser ett direkt resultat av sitt arbete. Vidare kan HUI ge ungdomarna en chans till identitetsutveckling där de utvecklar en identitet kring hästarbetet samt kan de få en förståelse för verksamheten runt hästarna. Resultatet visar även att miljön i ett behandlingsarbete kan vara en bidragande faktor. Slutligen framkom det även att socialtjänstens förståelse kring behandlingsmetoden skulle kunna vara en utomterapeutisk faktor på samhällsnivå som påverkar ungdomarnas förändring.

In order to continue to improve the effectiveness of psychotherapy, researchers must identify key change processes. Unfortunately, there are disparate views in the field about the relative importance and potency of specific techniques versus relationship factors. Few measures have been developed to examine the relative contribution of these factors, particularly for child-focused treatment. The Common-Factor Therapist Competence Scale for Youth Psychotherapy (COMP-CF) was developed to address this deficit. For this study, 142 video-taped sessions of child CBT for anxiety were observed and rated by independent coders using the COMP-CF. The measure demonstrated good reliability and internal consistency. Significant between-therapist and between-session differences were noted that warrant further exploration. The COMP-CF also demonstrated initial validity when compared to other observer-rater measures of therapeutic processes such as alliance, CBT-specific competence, and adherence. Recommendations for further development and refinement are discussed. Used in conjunction with adherence measures, the competence measure developed here may help improve our understanding of the therapeutic process.

The aim of the present master thesis was to explore which experiences members at a Swedish clubhouse for psychosocial rehabilitation describe as important in their recovery process and for their (re)entrance in the labor market, and more specifically if and how they consider the clubhouse helpful in this process. With an inductive approach, six qualitative interviews with clubhouse members who had moved on from the clubhouse to employment in the labor market were carried out and analyzed through thematic analysis. The interviewees described helpful aspects of the clubhouse within five themes: A place to go to, Something sensible to do, Community and friendship, To recapture one's identity, and Moves on (but stays a member). These five themes illustrate different aspects of the overarching theme Individuality through community. The way the clubhouse was described as helpful in the interviews was further discussed in relation to common factors within all helpful interventions, Frank and Frank’s concept of demoralization, and the reconstruction of the sense of self according to Davidson and Strauss. In the present study, the clubhouse is described as a place where recovery from psychiatric problems can be supported.

<p>Barn och ungdomar som upplever våld i familjen är ett område som först på senare år uppmärksammats inom forskning. En utvärdering utifrån barnens och ungdomarnas beskrivningar saknas när det gäller Trappan-modellen, den modell som används mest som intervention för dessa barn och ungdomar i Sverige. Ungdomar är den grupp som troligtvis upplevt våldet under en lång tid och har en ökad risk att ta med sig våldet till sina senare nära relationer eller hamna i våldsamma relationer. Det är därför viktigt att få ungdomarnas perspektiv på om modellen lett till en förändring, på så sätt kan interventioner utvecklas för att bättre tillfredställa ungdomarnas behov.</p><p>Syftet med studien är att få fördjupad kunskap om ungdomarnas beskrivningar av förändring efter Trappansamtal.</p><p>Studien är en kvalitativ undersökning av nio intervjuer med ungdomar i åldern 12-19 år som alla varit med om Trappansamtal.</p><p>Nästan samtliga ungdomar beskriver någon slags förändring efter att de haft Trappansamtal. Deras beskrivningar tyder dock på att det till största delen varit generella faktorer som bidragit till förändringen och inte Trappan-modellen som en specifik åtgärd. Beskrivningar tyder på att Trappan-modellen inte alltid är en tillräcklig åtgärd för allas problematik och behov.</p> / <p>Children that experience domestic violence are a relatively new field whithin research. An evaluation from the childrens point of view has not been made when it come to Trappan-modellen, an Swedish intervention that is often used when it come to those children with this kind of experiences. Children in there youth have probably lived with the violence through out their entire childhood and they have an increased risk for getting in to violent relationships later on in life. Witch is why it´s importent to study the change after the intervention from theire perspektive so that interventions like Trappan-modellen can develop so they more meet theire needs.</p><p>The purpose with this essay was to get more knowledge about children in their youth´s descriptions of change after Trappan-modellen.</p><p>The essay is an qualitative examination of nine children in their youth from 12-19 years old all of them have experience Trappan- modellen as an intervention.</p><p>Almost everyone describes changes after Trappan-modellen as an intervention. It indicate from theirs describtions that common factors had played a big part in their progress of change and not so mutch the Trappan-modellen as a specific factor. Their describtions indicate that Trappan-modellen not always meet all of the children in their youth´s problem and needs.</p>

Barn och ungdomar som upplever våld i familjen är ett område som först på senare år uppmärksammats inom forskning. En utvärdering utifrån barnens och ungdomarnas beskrivningar saknas när det gäller Trappan-modellen, den modell som används mest som intervention för dessa barn och ungdomar i Sverige. Ungdomar är den grupp som troligtvis upplevt våldet under en lång tid och har en ökad risk att ta med sig våldet till sina senare nära relationer eller hamna i våldsamma relationer. Det är därför viktigt att få ungdomarnas perspektiv på om modellen lett till en förändring, på så sätt kan interventioner utvecklas för att bättre tillfredställa ungdomarnas behov. Syftet med studien är att få fördjupad kunskap om ungdomarnas beskrivningar av förändring efter Trappansamtal. Studien är en kvalitativ undersökning av nio intervjuer med ungdomar i åldern 12-19 år som alla varit med om Trappansamtal. Nästan samtliga ungdomar beskriver någon slags förändring efter att de haft Trappansamtal. Deras beskrivningar tyder dock på att det till största delen varit generella faktorer som bidragit till förändringen och inte Trappan-modellen som en specifik åtgärd. Beskrivningar tyder på att Trappan-modellen inte alltid är en tillräcklig åtgärd för allas problematik och behov. / Children that experience domestic violence are a relatively new field whithin research. An evaluation from the childrens point of view has not been made when it come to Trappan-modellen, an Swedish intervention that is often used when it come to those children with this kind of experiences. Children in there youth have probably lived with the violence through out their entire childhood and they have an increased risk for getting in to violent relationships later on in life. Witch is why it´s importent to study the change after the intervention from theire perspektive so that interventions like Trappan-modellen can develop so they more meet theire needs. The purpose with this essay was to get more knowledge about children in their youth´s descriptions of change after Trappan-modellen. The essay is an qualitative examination of nine children in their youth from 12-19 years old all of them have experience Trappan- modellen as an intervention. Almost everyone describes changes after Trappan-modellen as an intervention. It indicate from theirs describtions that common factors had played a big part in their progress of change and not so mutch the Trappan-modellen as a specific factor. Their describtions indicate that Trappan-modellen not always meet all of the children in their youth´s problem and needs.