[pt] O estudo da influência de fatores comuns na determinação dos preços de equilíbrio dos mais diversos ativos financeiros, em especial dos títulos de renda fixa, tem recebido bastante atenção nas literaturas de Finanças e Macroeconomia. Mais recentemente, Diebold, Li e Yue (2008) mostraram que os fatores que governam a dinâmica da curva de juros dos treasuries emitidos pelos governos dos EUA, Alemanha, Japão e Reino Unido são parcialmente determinados por influências globais, ou seja, que afetam os fatores nesses países simultaneamente. O objetivo desse trabalho é mostrar que esse fenômeno ainda é observado quando adicionamos países emergentes à amostra (mais especificamente, Brasil, México e Colômbia), quando analisamos o mercado de corporate bonds negociados nos EUA e emitidos por empresas privadas atuando em três setores da economia e com diversos níveis de risco e quando trabalhamos com dados misturados, ou seja, de países e empresas. As principais contribuições desse trabalho são estender o resultado de Diebold, Li e Yue (2008) para uma coleção mais ampla de ativos e identificar novos fatores comuns que não puderam ser revelados na análise efetuada por esses autores. / [en] The study of the influence of common factors in the determination of equilibrium prices of all kinds of financial assets, especially fixed return assets, has received a lot of attention from Macroeconomics and Finance literature. Most recently, Diebold, Li and Yue (2008) have shown that factors that govern the dynamics of the yield curve of the Treasuries issued by the American, German, Japanese and British Governments are partially determined by global influence, that is, that affect simultaneously factors in these countries. The purpose of this work is to show that this phenomena is still observed when we add emerging countries to the sample (more specifically, Brazil, Mexico and Colombia), when we analyze the corporate bond markets for companies with different risk levels in three sectors of the economy and when we work with mixed data, that is, of companies and countries. The main contribution of this paper is to extend the results obtained by Diebold, Li and Yue (2008) to a wider sample of assets and identify a new range of common factors that were not present in the analysis of these authors.

This thesis aims to increase the knowledge of courses and processes of change prior to and during psychodynamic child psychotherapy with parallel parent contact. The dissertation examines parents’ and psychotherapists’ stated goals and expectations prior to the child’s psychotherapy, processes of change focusing on the psychotherapeutic encounter between child and psychotherapist, and outcome gauged by standardized measures compared to experienced change regarding the child’s problems. This dissertation also wants to examine different instruments for describing the psychotherapeutic process. Data was collected from systematic case studies, at different times during the course of psychotherapy, with material from different sources, such as child psychiatric assessment before and after conducted psychotherapy, questionnaires, and video taping of therapy sessions. By examining the therapeutic encounter from the perspectives of child, parent and psychotherapist, an image of psychotherapy, which illustrates the complexity of the psychotherapeutic process, was created. The thesis is based on three articles: Study I examines parents’ and psychotherapists’ goals and expectations prior to psychotherapy. Study II is a close study of a video-taped individual therapy, in which the interaction between child and therapist is examined with the rating instrument Child Psychotherapy Q-set (CPQ), the psychotherapist’s description of the psychotherapy’s process, and the self-rating instrument Feeling Word Checklist (FWC-24). Study III examines change in global functioning ability after child psychotherapy. By examining several psychotherapies in order to construct qualitative understanding of low and high change, respectively, in rated global functioning, limitations in the rating instrument Children’s Global Assessment Scale (CGAS) are analyzed. The results point to: 1. The need for a culture of cooperation between family and the one conducting the treatment, where goals are formulated together and in accordance with the family’s frame of reference and life experiences, which can increase the possibility of creating positive expectations, and of adapting treatment to the family in question. 2. Different methods of examining psychotherapy reflect and complete the image of the psychotherapy process. 3. The psychotherapy process’s complexity and the difficulty in describing the effect of therapy with simple measurements or remaining psychiatric symptoms. Positive change in several areas, such as the child experiencing increased independence, gets access to more positive affections, has improved self-esteem and a more optimistic idea of the future, could be described as psychological phenomena and can be difficult to encompass with narrow psychiatric terminology. 4. The intersubjectivity between child and psychotherapist appears essential. The therapist’s attitude and interventions are characterized by creating a steady therapeutic framework for exploring the child’s problems. 5.  The importance of the therapist’s meta-competence, i.e., overarching competencies that psychotherapists need to use to guide any intervention, what interventions to use, and when they are suitable. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Submitted.</p>

Drogberoende är ett folkhälsoproblem och det flesta känner någon som har ett problematiskt droganvändande, vissa utvecklar sjukdomen andra ligger i riskzonen. Vi anser att brukarperspektivet inom svensk beroendevård får för lite uppmärksamhet, brukarnas upplevelse av en samhällelig intervention bör tillvaratas bättre, detta för att komma till rätta med problematiken. Den här studien syftar således till att undersöka individer som utvecklat ett drogberoende och deras upplevelse av en behandlingsintervention samt hur socialtjänsten i tillhörande kommun varit behjälplig. Informanterna var tio män respektive sex kvinnor i åldern 31-67 och deras gemensamma nämnare är att de erfarit en behandling till följd av deras missbruk. Tillsammans har de genomgått 62 interventioner både inom öppenvården, institutionsvård och frivilligt deltagande på behandlingshem. Interventionerna har ägt rum i olika städer i Sverige. Studien har en kvalitativ metodik och en semistrukturerad intervjuguide har formulerats för att utforska informanternas upplevelse av behandlingen. Empiriskt data har strukturerats tematiskt och analyserats med hjälp av Michael J. Lambert´s Common factors theory. Upplevelsen av en behandlingsintervention uppskattas överlag som en positiv erfarenhet och för en del har det varit existentiellt nödvändigt, trots att de flesta inte håller total avhållsamhet idag. En negativ upplevelse tycks vara förekomsten av att intagna använder droger under behandlingen. Majoriteten av studiens informanter värdesätter att terapeuterna har egna erfarenheter av ett drogberoende. Tvångsvårdande interventioner ringaktades eftersom de upplevdes som paternalistiska och förtryckande. Upplevelsen av öppenvården är en tid som anses som värdefull, antalet informanter med erfarenhet av öppenvården var emellertid låg. Desto fler hade varit iväg på ett behandlingshem och uppskattade miljöombytet. En signifikant andel har tillhandhållits en gruppterapeutisk behandling, vilket upplevs som en positiv terapiform från hälften av urvalet. Ett faktum att hörsamma är att en betydande andel informanter saknade enskilda samtal. De kvinnliga informanterna hade föredragit att interventionerna var mer könssegregerade. Resultatet indikerar även på att socialtjänsten har en del förbättringspunkter inom vissa kommuner. Att nämna är att vissa informanter lovordade sina hemkommuner och upplever sina socialsekreterare som hjälpsamma.

Syftet med detta arbete har varit att skapa klarhet kring vad som definierar begreppet den terapeutiska relationen, samt att ge en beskrivning av vad man som professionell samtalsledare bör tänka på när det gäller att skapa en så god terapeutisk relation som möjligt.Detta har gjorts i utgångspunkt av kvalitativa djupintervjuer med sju professionella samtalsledare, vilka i sina respektive beskrivningar, tillsammans kommit att utgöra en bild av hur man kan se på dessa två olika aspekter av begreppet. Det insamlade materialet från dessa intervjuer har sedan kommit att tematiseras utifrån en hermeneutisk tolkningsmetod, varpå resultatet tolkats utifrån ett socialkonstruktivistiskt, samt ett inlärningsteoretiskt perspektiv.Av resultatet framkom, bland annat, att en definition av begreppet den terapeutiska relationen var svår att särskilja från konkreta beskrivningar av hur en samtalsledare bör arbeta för att skapa en god terapeutisk relation, samt vilka personliga egenskaper som utmärker en god terapeut.Nyckelord:, Common factors, Den terapeutiska alliansen Den terapeutiska relationen, Four stages of competence, Samtalsbehandling, Socialkonstruktivism / The main purpose of this report was to bring clarity to the definition about the concept of the therapeutic relationship, as well as providing a description of what the therapist needs to consider, when it comes to creating the “good therapeutic relationship”.This has been done on the basis of qualitative in-depth interviews with a total of seven therapists, who in their descriptions, together came to form an understanding of these two different aspects of the concept. The collected material from these interviews was then thematized, in the basis of a hermeneutic interpretation method, in after witch these results were interpreted from a social constructivist, and a learning-theory perspective.The main results show that a definition of the therapeutic relationship was difficult to distinguish from the descriptions of how therapists work to create a good therapeutic relationship, as well as the personal characteristics of “the good therapist”.Keywords: Common factors, Four stages of competence, Social constructivism, The therapeutic alliance, The therapeutic relation, Therapy

Diese Bachelorarbeit untersucht die wissenschaftliche Übertragung des Resonanzkonzepts nach Hartmut Rosa (2016) auf die therapeutische Interaktion zwischen Therapeut:in und Patient:in. Der theoretische Hintergrund orientiert sich am intersubjektiv-psychodynamischen Ansatz, wie er von Neumann und Naumann-Lenzen (2017) und Neumann (2023) beschrieben wird. Im Mittelpunkt des Forschungsinteresses steht das Spannungsfeld zwischen dem Streben nach Resonanz und dem Wahren von Abstinenz. Die Fragestellung der Arbeit lautet: Wie gelingt es Psychotherapeut:innen, eine Balance zwischen dem Streben nach Resonanz und dem Wahren von Abstinenz zu erreichen? Zur Beantwortung dieser Frage wurde ein qualitatives Untersuchungsdesign gewählt, das problemzentrierte Experteninterviews mit sechs psychologischen Psychotherapeut:innen umfasste. Die Untersuchung identifizierte zahlreiche Faktoren, die für das Erreichen einer Balance zwischen Resonanzstreben und Abstinenzwahrung von Bedeutung sind. Zu diesen zählen Präsenz, Verkörperung, Selbstwahrnehmung, Containment, situative Authentizität, Balance als dynamisches Wechselspiel, gemeinsame Orientierung und Selbstfürsorge. Weitere wesentliche Aspekte umfassen die Fähigkeit zur Kontrollabgabe anstelle von Kontrollverlust, Unabhängigkeit, die Passung zwischen Therapeut:in und Patient:in, Langsamkeit, den therapeutischen Rahmen, die Bedeutung von Supervision, Intervision und Selbsterfahrung sowie Erfahrung. Die Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass Resonanz und Abstinenz keine widersprüchlichen Bestrebungen, sondern komplementäre Aspekte eines dynamischen therapeutischen Prozesses darstellen. Abschließend lässt sich folgender Leitsatz für die therapeutische Praxis formulieren: So viel Resonanz, wie möglich - so viel Abstinenz, wie nötig. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Übertragung des Resonanzkonzepts auf den therapeutischen Kontext wertvolle Impulse für die therapeutische Praxis liefern kann. Weitere Untersuchungen sind empfohlen, um die Erkenntnisse zu vertiefen und ihre Relevanz zu evaluieren.:Tabellenverzeichnis 5 Abbildungsverzeichnis 5 Zusammenfassung 6 Abstract 7 1 Einleitung .........................................................................................................................8 2 Theoretischer Hintergrund................................................................................................8 2.1 Soziologie der Weltbeziehung.......................................................................................9 2.2 Intrasubjektive und Intersubjektive Resonanz ............................................................11 2.2.1 Intrasubjektive Resonanz .....................................................................................11 2.2.2 Intersubjektive Resonanz .....................................................................................11 2.2.2.1 Intersubjektive Abstimmungsprozesse ...........................................................12 2.2.2.2 Interpersonelle Affektregulation......................................................................12 2.2.2.3 Resonantes Unbewusstes..............................................................................12 2.3 Resonanz in der Psychotherapie .........................................................................13 2.3.1 Systemischer Ansatz .........................................................................................13 2.3.1.1 Theorien komplexer dynamischer Systeme....................................................14 2.3.1.2 Pathogenese aus systemtheoretischer Sicht..................................................14 2.3.1.3 Selbstorganisation als Grundlage in der Psychotherapie ...............................15 2.3.2 Embodiment .........................................................................................................15 2.3.3 Therapeutische Allianz .........................................................................................16 2.3.4 Affektregulation ....................................................................................................17 2.3.4.1 Arten von Affekten .........................................................................................17 2.3.4.2 Regulation und Dysregulation ........................................................................18 2.3.4.3 Selbstregulation und Ko-Regulation ...............................................................20 2.3.5 Übertragung und Gegenübertragung .................................................................21 2.3.5.1 Traditionelles Verständnis von Übertragung und Gegenübertragung .............21 2.3.5.2 Intersubjektives Verständnis von Übertragung und Gegenübertragung..........23 2.3.6 Abstinenz .............................................................................................................24 2.3.6.1 Berufsethische Begründung der Abstinenzregel.............................................24 2.3.6.2 Methodische Begründung der Abstinenzregel ................................................25 2.3.6.3 Intersubjektives Verständnis der Abstinenzregel ............................................26 2.3.7 Resonanz versus Abstinenz .................................................................................26 3 Fragestellung................................................................................................................27 4 Methodik......................................................................................................................28 4.1 Wahl der Forschungsmethode ................................................................................28 4.1.1 Qualitative Forschung...........................................................................................28 4.1.2 Problemzentrierte Experteninterviews ..................................................................28 4.2 Sampling.....................................................................................................................29 4.3 Datenerhebung ..........................................................................................................30 4.4 Datenanalyse..............................................................................................................31 4.4.1 Erste Auswertungsphase......................................................................................31 4.4.2 Zweite Auswertungsphase....................................................................................32 5 Ergebnisse ...................................................................................................................32 5.1 Ergebnisse der ersten Auswertungsphase ................................................................32 5.2 Ergebnisse der zweiten Auswertungsphase...............................................................35 5.2.1 Verdichtung ..........................................................................................................35 5.2.2 Komparative Paraphrasierung ..............................................................................38 6 Diskussion..................................................................................................................47 6.1 Interpretation der Ergebnisse .................................................................................47 6.1.1 Präsenz................................................................................................................47 6.1.2 Verkörperung........................................................................................................48 6.1.3 Selbstwahrnehmung.............................................................................................48 6.1.4 Containment.........................................................................................................49 6.1.5 Unabhängigkeit ....................................................................................................50 6.1.6 Balance als dynamisches Wechselspiel ...............................................................50 6.1.7 Kontrollabgabe statt Kontrollverlust ......................................................................51 6.1.8 Gemeinsame Orientierung....................................................................................51 6.1.9 Therapeutischer Rahmen .....................................................................................51 6.1.10 Passung .............................................................................................................52 6.1.11 Situative Authentizität .........................................................................................52 6.1.12 Langsamkeit.......................................................................................................53 6.1.13 Selbstfürsorge ....................................................................................................54 6.1.14 Supervision, Intervision, Selbsterfahrung............................................................54 6.1.15 Erfahrung............................................................................................................55 6.2 Zusammenfassende Darstellung der Ergebnisse .....................................................55 6.3 Kritische Würdigung....................................................................................................57 6.4 Die Güte der Forschung..............................................................................................58 6.5 Ausblick ......................................................................................................................60 7 Fazit ...............................................................................................................................61 8 Literaturverzeichnis ........................................................................................................63 Anhang...............................................................................................................................68 Anhang A: Berufsordnung der ostdeutschen Psychotherapeutenkammer (Auszug)..........68 Anhang B: Strafgesetzbuch (Auszug) ...............................................................................69 Anhang C: Einführung Problemstellung, PowerPoint Präsentation....................................70 Anhang D: Interview – Ablaufplan .....................................................................................77 Anhang E: Leitfaden .........................................................................................................78 7 Eidesstattliche Erklärung ...............................................................................................79 / This bachelor thesis examines the transfer of the resonance concept according to Hartmut Rosa (2016) from the scientific debate to the practical interaction between therapist and patient in therapy. The theoretical background is based on the intersubjective-psychodynamic approach as described by Neumann and Naumann-Lenzen (2017) and Neumann (2023). The focus of the study is the tension between the pursuit of resonance and the preservation of abstinence. The research question is: How do psychotherapists manage to achieve a balance between striving for resonance and maintaining abstinence? To answer this question, a qualitative approachwas chosen that included problem-centered expert interviews with six psychological psychotherapists. The study identified numerous factors that are important for achieving a balance between striving for resonance and maintaining abstinence. These include presence, embodiment, self-awareness, containment, situational authenticity, balance as a dynamic interplay, shared orientation and self-care. Other key aspects include the ability to relinquish control rather than lose control, independence, the fit between therapist and patient, slowness, the therapeutic framework, the importance of supervision, intervision and self- reflection, and experience. The results suggest that resonance and abstinence are not contradictory aspirations, but complementary aspects of a dynamic therapeutic process. Ultimately, the following guiding principle can be formulated for therapeutic practice: As much resonance as possible - as much abstinence as necessary. The results show that the transfer of the resonance concept to the therapeutic context can provide valuable impulses for therapeutic practice. Further studies are recommended in order to deepen the findings and evaluate their relevance.:Tabellenverzeichnis 5 Abbildungsverzeichnis 5 Zusammenfassung 6 Abstract 7 1 Einleitung .........................................................................................................................8 2 Theoretischer Hintergrund................................................................................................8 2.1 Soziologie der Weltbeziehung.......................................................................................9 2.2 Intrasubjektive und Intersubjektive Resonanz ............................................................11 2.2.1 Intrasubjektive Resonanz .....................................................................................11 2.2.2 Intersubjektive Resonanz .....................................................................................11 2.2.2.1 Intersubjektive Abstimmungsprozesse ...........................................................12 2.2.2.2 Interpersonelle Affektregulation......................................................................12 2.2.2.3 Resonantes Unbewusstes..............................................................................12 2.3 Resonanz in der Psychotherapie .........................................................................13 2.3.1 Systemischer Ansatz .........................................................................................13 2.3.1.1 Theorien komplexer dynamischer Systeme....................................................14 2.3.1.2 Pathogenese aus systemtheoretischer Sicht..................................................14 2.3.1.3 Selbstorganisation als Grundlage in der Psychotherapie ...............................15 2.3.2 Embodiment .........................................................................................................15 2.3.3 Therapeutische Allianz .........................................................................................16 2.3.4 Affektregulation ....................................................................................................17 2.3.4.1 Arten von Affekten .........................................................................................17 2.3.4.2 Regulation und Dysregulation ........................................................................18 2.3.4.3 Selbstregulation und Ko-Regulation ...............................................................20 2.3.5 Übertragung und Gegenübertragung .................................................................21 2.3.5.1 Traditionelles Verständnis von Übertragung und Gegenübertragung .............21 2.3.5.2 Intersubjektives Verständnis von Übertragung und Gegenübertragung..........23 2.3.6 Abstinenz .............................................................................................................24 2.3.6.1 Berufsethische Begründung der Abstinenzregel.............................................24 2.3.6.2 Methodische Begründung der Abstinenzregel ................................................25 2.3.6.3 Intersubjektives Verständnis der Abstinenzregel ............................................26 2.3.7 Resonanz versus Abstinenz .................................................................................26 3 Fragestellung................................................................................................................27 4 Methodik......................................................................................................................28 4.1 Wahl der Forschungsmethode ................................................................................28 4.1.1 Qualitative Forschung...........................................................................................28 4.1.2 Problemzentrierte Experteninterviews ..................................................................28 4.2 Sampling.....................................................................................................................29 4.3 Datenerhebung ..........................................................................................................30 4.4 Datenanalyse..............................................................................................................31 4.4.1 Erste Auswertungsphase......................................................................................31 4.4.2 Zweite Auswertungsphase....................................................................................32 5 Ergebnisse ...................................................................................................................32 5.1 Ergebnisse der ersten Auswertungsphase ................................................................32 5.2 Ergebnisse der zweiten Auswertungsphase...............................................................35 5.2.1 Verdichtung ..........................................................................................................35 5.2.2 Komparative Paraphrasierung ..............................................................................38 6 Diskussion..................................................................................................................47 6.1 Interpretation der Ergebnisse .................................................................................47 6.1.1 Präsenz................................................................................................................47 6.1.2 Verkörperung........................................................................................................48 6.1.3 Selbstwahrnehmung.............................................................................................48 6.1.4 Containment.........................................................................................................49 6.1.5 Unabhängigkeit ....................................................................................................50 6.1.6 Balance als dynamisches Wechselspiel ...............................................................50 6.1.7 Kontrollabgabe statt Kontrollverlust ......................................................................51 6.1.8 Gemeinsame Orientierung....................................................................................51 6.1.9 Therapeutischer Rahmen .....................................................................................51 6.1.10 Passung .............................................................................................................52 6.1.11 Situative Authentizität .........................................................................................52 6.1.12 Langsamkeit.......................................................................................................53 6.1.13 Selbstfürsorge ....................................................................................................54 6.1.14 Supervision, Intervision, Selbsterfahrung............................................................54 6.1.15 Erfahrung............................................................................................................55 6.2 Zusammenfassende Darstellung der Ergebnisse .....................................................55 6.3 Kritische Würdigung....................................................................................................57 6.4 Die Güte der Forschung..............................................................................................58 6.5 Ausblick ......................................................................................................................60 7 Fazit ...............................................................................................................................61 8 Literaturverzeichnis ........................................................................................................63 Anhang...............................................................................................................................68 Anhang A: Berufsordnung der ostdeutschen Psychotherapeutenkammer (Auszug)..........68 Anhang B: Strafgesetzbuch (Auszug) ...............................................................................69 Anhang C: Einführung Problemstellung, PowerPoint Präsentation....................................70 Anhang D: Interview – Ablaufplan .....................................................................................77 Anhang E: Leitfaden .........................................................................................................78 7 Eidesstattliche Erklärung ...............................................................................................79

The purpose of the thesis is to introduce novel measure of real marginal cost in the New Keynesian Phillips Curve (NKPC) and compares its performance with conventional mea- sures such as output gap and labour share of income. Real marginal cost is derived from a flexible function whereas labour share is based on restrictive assumption of Cobb-Douglas technology. Dynamic correlations and results of NKPC indicate that real marginal cost is better than ad hoc measure of output gap and labour share. Given the heterogeneity in price setting behaviour across sectors, cost functions and NKPC are estimated for the agriculture, manufacturing and other sectors of Pakistan's economy. Real marginal cost is derived from static and dynamic cost functions. In the presence of adjustment costs, dynamic cost functions that are consistent and integrated with their static systems are required. Such dynamic translog cost functions are estimated after testing the theoretical properties and existence of long term relationships in the static functions. Cost attributes, marginal cost, total factor productivity, technological progress, demand and substitution elasticities are derived from static and dynamic functions. Three specifications of forward looking and hybrid form of the Phillips curves are estimated with real marginal cost, output gap and labour share. Results indicate that hybrid specifications perform better than the forward looking models in terms of goodness of fit and statistical significance. Further, comparison of Phillips curves estimated with real marginal cost, output gap and labour share indicate that real marginal cost performs better in explaining inflation dynamics in Pakistan. The results indicate that forward looking behaviour dominates and high level of nominal rigidities persists in Pakistan. Finally, hybrid form of the NKPC is estimated for a panel of sixteen Asian economies. With the consideration of heterogeneity and aggregation bias, the mean group, random coefficient and weighted average coefficients are derived from individual estimates. The unobserved time variant common factors cause cross correlation in the errors that may lead towards inconsistent estimates. Therefore, cross section averages of the explanatory and the dependent variables are augmented in hybrid specification to capture the effect of latent variables. Findings suggest that the discount factor is almost 0.94, the nominal rigidities are 33% and the weights of expected and past inflation are 66% and 33% respectively. Nominal rigidities of the Asian economies are lower than the estimates for US and Euro areas. The weights of expected and past inflation of the Asian economies are consistent with the US but lower than the estimates from the Euro areas.

This study investigated the variance in subjective well-being (SWB) of early adolescents (n = 54) exposed to a positive psychology intervention aimed at increasing positive affect and life satisfaction as well as decreasing negative affect through intentional activities (e.g., gratitude journals, acts of kindness, use of character strengths, optimistic thinking). Understanding how to increase SWB among youth is important because of its associations with positive indicators of psychological and academic functioning. However, prior research is limited regarding interventions targeting SWB in youth and excludes the relation of common factors of therapeutic change. Based on the literature regarding therapeutic change, youth factors (i.e., parent support, social self-efficacy), therapeutic alliance, and participant expectancy for change were investigated to determine possible relation beyond the effects of intervention. Results of simultaneous multiple regression analyses indicate that specific common factors (i.e., expectancy, child-rated alliance, social self-efficacy), but not the SWB intervention, significantly relate to positive affect; further, data trends indicate the probable relation of positive psychology intervention to life satisfaction. Other data trends and indications for future research are discussed.

Substance use disorder (SUD) is a serious disorder with severe consequences for the individual, the family and for society. Comorbidity is common in the SUD population and the diversity of the disorder calls for a multiplicity of treatment options. The overall aim of this thesis was to explore the role of affects in psychotherapy for SUD. Further aims were to investigate affect-focused therapeutic orientations, demonstrate the importance of common factors and evaluate a measure of affect phobia. In Study I a naturalistic design was employed to examine how the discrepancy between patients' expectations and experience of psychotherapy related to alliance in 41 patients: 24 in individual therapy and 17 in group. An additional analysis concerned whether different dimensions of role expectations predicted retention in psychotherapy. Study II was the first psychometric evaluation of the Affect phobia test – a test developed to screen the ability to experience, express and regulate emotions. Data were collected from two samples: A clinical sample of 82 patients with depression and/or anxiety participating in a randomized controlled trial of Internet-based affect-focused treatment, and a university student sample of 197 students. Data analysed included internal consistency, test-retest reliability, factor analysis and calculation of an empirical cut-off. Study III focused on the feasibility of individual 10 week Affect Phobia Therapy (APT) for patients diagnosed with mild to moderate alcohol use disorder (AUD) and problematic affective avoidance in a nonconcurrent multiple baseline design. Study IV comprised an evaluation of the feasibility and preliminary effectiveness of APT adapted to a structured group format for patients (n=22) with comorbid substance use disorder and ADHD with core features of affective avoidance/emotion dysregulation in an open design. In Study I an overall discrepancy between role expectations and experiences was significantly related to a lower level of therapeutic alliance in group therapy. This relationship was not found in individual therapy. Expectations prior to psychotherapy characterized by defensiveness correlated negatively with therapy retention, even when controlling for waiting time for therapy. In Study II the internal consistency for the total score on the Affect phobia test was satisfactory but it was not for the affective domains, Anger/Assertion, Sadness/Grief, and Attachment/Closeness. Test retest reliability was satisfactory. The exploratory factor analysis resulted in a six-factor solution and only moderately matched the test´s original affective domains. An empirical cut-off between the clinical and the university student sample were calculated and yielded a cut-off of 72 points. In Study III patients reported no adverse events due to the treatment and finished the whole study period. The patients had different trajectories of alcohol consumption and craving and the hypothesis that heavy episodic drinking would subside during the time in therapy did not hold true. In Study IV patients reported significant pre-to post changes in increased self-compassion and decreased affect phobia but no change in psychological distress or emotion dysregulation. Craving fluctuated throughout the study period and patients’ drinking pattern changed in the direction of more social drinking. Main conclusions are the following: The Affect Phobia Test is a useful screening instrument for detecting emotional difficulties related to psychological malfunction. APT in both group and individual format are feasible treatments for the SUD population and has the potential to broaden the treatment options for some patients with SUD. Investigating expectations and fears prior to therapy may be means to prevent attrition. / Substansberoende är en allvarlig störning och samsjuklighet ofta förekommande Den stora variationen av svårigheter kräver olika behandlingsalternativ. Syftet med avhandlingen var att undersöka affekters roll i psykoterapi för populationen. Ytterligare syften var att undersöka betydelsen av gemensamma faktorer i psykoterapi samt normera ett självskattningsformulär för affektfobi. I studie I undersöktes skillnaden mellan patienters förväntningar, erfarenheter av terapi och allians. I studie II utvärderades de psykometriska egenskaperna hos affektfobitestet. I studie III och IV undersöktes genomförbarheten av affektfobiterapi individuellt och i grupp. Resultaten av studierna visade att större skillnad mellan rollförväntningar inför- och erfarenheter av terapi var signifikant korrelerade med lägre allians i gruppterapi. Affektfobitestets psykometriska egenskaper var tillfredsställande avseende skalan som helhet. Affektfobiterapi visade sig öka adaptiv affektiv förmåga och självmedkänsla, men behandlingen gav inget säkert stöd för påverkan på substansbruket. Slutsatserna är att fokus på affekter i terapi för substansberoende har betydelse och att affektfobiterapi är en genomförbar behandling för populationen. Genom att undersöka förväntningar och rädslor inför terapi kan avhopp förhindras. / <p>Information om opponent saknas Information about opponent is missing</p>

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