Magister Philosophiae (Land and Agrarian Studies) - MPhil(LAS) / This dissertation aims at understanding the legal implications of a grazing dispute that was reported in the western Kavango Region a few years after Namibia’s Independence in 1990. This dispute which was between Ovawambo cattle owners and herders from the Ohangwena and Oshikoto regions and the local Vakwangali community members (represented by the UKTA) was reported in 1992 (other reports suggest that it might even have originated as early as the 1960s and 1980s), when it was said that the Ovawambo cattle owners and herders with their hundreds of cattle had entered into western Kavango “illegally” in search of grazing. The Ovawambo cattle owners and herders were first charged in 2005 and were eventually evicted in 2009. This dissertation looks at how legislation was used to deal with the conflict and investigates the impacts of the court order on all parties involved. The methodology employed during this study was predominantly qualitative, mainly utilising individual interviews and focus group discussions with the participants. This study found that the Government of Namibia had delayed acting on the grazing dispute for mainly political reasons. The study also found that many herders had indeed entered western Kavango Region illegally because they could not provide any letters of consent from the Ukwangali Traditional Authority (UKTA); many herders also admitted that there were no written agreements between themselves and the UKTA. The research also found that although the eviction orders were issued to all the herders, some still remained in the area; this selective application of the law rendered the eviction order somewhat ineffective. The study found that some local or affected community members were satisfied with the consequences of the eviction order and reported positive results regarding their farming activities such as better grazing and improved yields in their crop fields. Other community members, however, were disappointed by the refusal of certain herders to vacate the area, as well as by the failure of the government to ensure that all the herders had left the area.

Collective or communal housing (Cohousing) is housing featuring joint facilities available to all residents, while the residents also maintain autonomous, self sufficient housing units. The communal spaces form a central characteristic of the housing complex and is not just an added amenity. The shared facilities should encourage and accommodate social interaction, group activities and the coordination and cooperation between residents to carry out common tasks. A distinct infill level in buildings is gradually emerging. This level contains all the equipment, non load-bearing partitions and a substantial amount of services. The infill level restores the building as provider of space and shelter and facilitates the specific needs and preferences of the inhabitants more directly. Traditional notions of the family is being challenged, placing increasing demand on homes to be flexible and responsive to changes in family structure. Since the long-range benefits of a stable community is jeopardised if residents have to move when their spatial requirements change, transformable interiors were used to reduce this risk. Flexibility is largely used in the housing units, relying on advanced computed aided manufacture that is able to fabricate components for easy assembly on site. For the purposes of this thesis an under utilised office building in the Pretoria central business district was chosen to illustrate a cohousing complex in an urban environment. Design energy was focused on designing the communal facilities and a sample housing unit, illustrating the support system and investigating the unit's versatility. / Dissertation (BInt)--University of Pretoria, 2004. / Architecture / unrestricted

The study undertaken aims at establishing the relevance, importance as well as justification of the practice of excommunication. The practice is interrogated through the literature review. The main era in which this practice is investigated is the Reformation era under the period of Martin Luther. This is a critical era of a person who is said to have influenced more than 400 million Christians from his time to date. He was the victim of excommunication himself. The study employed a qualitative research method which augmented the literature review by interviewing the victim survivors of the same practice, who shared their ordeal encounters with the kind of brokenness that called for maximum empathy and identification. In the final analysis a comparison of the Pentecostal’s constitution against the mainline denomination’s was done. This reflection revealed a deeper lack of consistency in the exercising of the ritual of excommunication. It is ultimately recommended that a conducive environment should be sought for where the victim survivor will appreciate the excommunication ritual so exercised on him/her. Furthermore, the procedures and processes are encouraged to be observed up to the letter of the word so as to finally bring about the desired healing to the offender when executing excommunication. Excommunication should not be seen as a wielded axe intending to terminate the existence of the weak or the offender. The study recommends a variety of Pastoral Care Methodologies ranging from authorities such as Charles Gerkin, Ann and Edward Wimberly and many other Pastoral Care scholars who advocate for a therapeutic approach when dealing with the wounded victim survivors. The Impact and Effects of Trauma were analysed in minute detail as a window into understanding a person who has undergone excommunication. This information led to the examination of the various behavioural patterns or characteristics resulting from excommunication. Stress resulting from trauma was analyzed as a means of helping with the understating of the desired approach when dealing with the victim survivor of excommunication. Finally a method of Pastoral Care is recommended which is informed by the literature consulted as well as the interviews conducted. This method proposes an establishment of a sound, unbiased and balanced system of approaching the victim survivor from the first phase of inquiring about the admission of guilt to the last stage of the enquiring processes. The system culminates with the therapeutic role the church as community meant to care should embark upon. / Dissertation (MA(Theol))--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Practical Theology / unrestricted

Bibliography: pages 77-83. / This thesis describes some of the communal land tenure systems pertaining to Namibia. Understandably, lands held under communal land tenure have tended to be neither fully documented nor legally and explicitly formalised; communal land tenure systems have been through the mercy of arbitrary action by the state, private individuals or other institutions (S.A Government, 1996: 43). The study attempts to examine the issues involved in the design of a communal land tenure information system for Namibia. It therefore seeks to examine the possibility of using information technology to plan and manage customarily held land, the requirement for an effective design and implementation of such a system and the method of designing such an information system to make room for continual improvement and the addition of finer detail. The research begins with an in-depth literature review of the communal land tenure systems in Namibia and a description of similar information systems. This is followed by the research methodology, which describes the technique used for collecting, analysing and presenting the results of the study. The needs analysis and the data structure contained in the atlas are outlined. The fundamental concepts of database design and the various steps taken by the author to design and construct the land tenure database model for the dissertation are also discussed. The pilot project is analysed, taking into account the capability of the system, its success in terms of a needs analysis, and the adequacy of the data. It specifically analyses the design in the light of social relationships, person or group interests and the spatial component of communal land tenure systems with respect to each area. In addition, it seeks to answer the question whether the tool fits the communal land tenure system, discusses the strengths and weaknesses of the overall system design and the implementation strategies. It is envisaged that, with the provision of the information system in union with its database, this will help to identify and document a communal land tenure system. For the rural dweller or farmer, this system will provide a pictorial image of what is really happening on the ground. The information system could later be upgraded and fully implemented, enabling individuals to effectively plan activities around the existing circumstances and conditions. The recommendation that came out from the study was that given the limited information available on communal land tenure systems, more effort should be spent to study and gather data on the system. It is strongly recommended, therefore, that research into conditions in the communal areas be regarded as a top pri01ity by the Government of Namibia. This could lead to a richer information base in the communal areas to be utilised to improve the lifestyle of the rural communities. Thus, the prototype project designed in this thesis should be implemented fully and later developed and incorporated into an information system which, in the past, has lacked communal land tenure input. The research could not touch on all the communal land tenure areas in Namibia. It is therefore advised that the rest should be investigated in more detail. The inheritance and conflict resolution mechanism which were not modelled effectively should also be reinvestigated.

0 / SPK / specialcollections@tulane.edu

No abstract available / Dissertation (MTh)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Science of Religion and Missiology / unrestricted

This study investigated the potential benefit of introducing Moringa oleifera (MO) and Leucaena leucocephala (LL) leaves as supplementary feed resource for indigenous goats feeding systems in southern Mozambique. The study started with a description of smallholder goat production systems in three resource-poor districts of Mozambique and subsequently investigated the variation and seasonal fluctuations of natural fodder quality in the Changalane district throughout a year period. Thereafter, the effect of tree forage supplementation on growth and reproductive performance of Landim goats were evaluated by simulating a typical feeding system used in the study area. In study one, a survey was conducted in three villages to collect data on indigenous goats and in smallholder husbandry practices in terms of feeding, health and reproduction management. Information from 45-smallholder goat keepers were recorded using a survey, which was complemented by interviews. Results showed that goats were raised under extensive systems, under free grazing. Tethering was a common management practice, with limited supplementation during the dry season. In general, during the dry season the natural pasture were scarcity and poor in quality and consequently does not sustained the energy and protein requirements of ruminants for maintenance and other functions. In study two, the eight key species that were consumed by the goats (namely Sclerocarya birrea, Spirostachys africana, Dichrostachys cinerea, Flueggea virosa, Acacia nigrescens, Acacia nilotica, Panicum maximum and Morus alba) were collected and analysed. Daily energy intake (4.27 ± 0.17 MJ/kg DM vs 3.71 ± 0.41 MJ/kg DM) and crude protein (CP) intake (92.83 ± 16.05 g DM/head/day vs. 59.38 ± 13.12 g DM/head/day) were higher in the rainy season than in the dry season. Daily intake of calcium and phosphorus did not show significant seasonal variations and were below the requirements levels for maintenance of a 20 kg bodyweight goat during the dry season and for the pregnant goat during both seasons. These results showed a need to supplement goats with energy, protein and phosphorus for maintenance, growth and reproduction during the dry season. In study three, the impact of supplementation with LL and MO on the growth and reproduction performance of indigenous goats were evaluated. Fifty-six goats were randomly divided into seven groups, with four castrated males and four females in each group. One group was used as the control group (animals grazing on natural veld without any supplementation), while first three groups were fed with LL and the other three groups with MO tree leaves, respectively. Compared to the control group, both treatments had a significant effect, irrespective of the level of supplementation in terms of overall body weight gain and the final body weight of the bucks. All female reproduction parameters measured for the supplemented groups were superior when compared to the control group. Findings of this study suggest the benefit of using LL and MO tree leaves as supplement for Mozambican goats to overcome the adverse effects of seasonal fluctuations in feed quality on their growth and reproductive performance. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2019. / Animal and Wildlife Sciences / PhD / Unrestricted

Through observation and critical response, Seven Loci: The Completion of Villa Maderni is for the author not only a work reflective of his still emergent design judgments, but also one birthed as he lived and worked in the physical fabric of the place. The primary goal of this work is to propose an inhabitable enclosure for the perimeter of an already sacred villa and garden in the Ticino region of Switzerland. The secondary goal of the thesis is to explore and propose an architecture which does not make a forgery of the villa, but one whose language is of its own time and materials, all the while responding to the invisible traditions of the town, street and site. / Master of Architecture

The purpose of this study is to determine what, if any, effect the September 11th terrorist attacks had on national suicide rates in the time following the attacks. Two schools of thought seem to give contradicting proposals. The first is the classical Durkheimian model, which predicts that the national integration brought on by the attacks should cause a decrease in anomie and consequently a decrease in suicides. The opposing view point is that of communal bereavement, which proposes an increase in suicides after a public tragedy due to the tendency of individuals to be emotionally impacted by events which do not involve them directly. To test which theoretical framework prevails, the suicide rates of one hundred days prior to September 11th, 2001 and one hundred days after were compared to the suicide rates of the days within the same time frame in the years 1999, 2000, and 2002 to test if there was a statistical change in the daily suicide rate. A series of regressions were conducted to determine if changes in suicide rates did in fact occur. Data was collected from the Center for Disease Control National Center for Health Statistics mortality database. Analysis showed that suicide rates do not change significantly after September 11th, 2001, as compared to the same time periods in 1999, 2000, and 2002. / Master of Science

An emerging field in rainwater harvesting (RWH) is the application of communal rainwater harvesting system. This system's main advantage compared to individual RWH is the centralization of water treatment, which some users of individual RWH find difficult to maintain. Despite alleviating one concern, this communal approach does not increase the RHW system's (RWHS) reliability nor necessarily satisfy all water demands, and hence is not a major improvement in terms of system performance. This research tackles this challenge with a novel approach to communal RWH for single-family houses. Instead of the traditional communal approach to RWH which uses only one storage location, we propose connecting multiple single-family homes' RWHSs to a communal backup tank, i.e., capturing overflow from multiple RWHS, which will increase reliability and water demand met in a way that will significantly improve the current performance of communal RWH. The proposed system will potentially maximize the availability of potable water while limiting spillage and overflow. We simulated the performance of the system in two cities, Houston and Jacksonville, for multiple private and communal storage combination. Results show that volumetric reliability gains, of 1.5% - 6% and 1.5% - 4%, can be achieved for seven to ten and six to seven connected households, respectively, for Houston and Jacksonville if the emphasis is on volumetric reliability (VR). As per total storage capacity, the system achieves higher VR gains for lower total storage capacity in Houston while the system achieves higher VR gains for higher total storage capacities in Jacksonville. With regards to the total cost of ownership per household for the individual system and for the communal storage system, the lifecycle cost of the system was performed using the Net Present Value (NPV) method, with an interest rate of 7% over 30 years. The NPV of the total system costs per household in the city of Houston is lowest for nine to ten connected households, as well as comparable to the base case of a rainwater harvesting system that is not connected to a communal tank for seven and eight connected households. This communal system is more resilient and can be a worthy addition to water and stormwater infrastructures, especially in the face of climate change. / Doctor of Philosophy / An emerging field in rainwater harvesting (RWH) is the application of communal rainwater harvesting system. This system's main advantage compared to individual RWH is the centralization of water treatment, which some users of individual RWH find difficult to maintain. Despite alleviating one concern, this communal approach does not increase the RHW system's (RWHS) reliability nor necessarily satisfy all water demands, and hence is not a major improvement in terms of system performance. This research tackles this challenge with a novel approach to communal RWH for single-family houses. Instead of the traditional communal approach to RWH which uses only one storage location, we propose connecting multiple single-family homes' RWHSs to a communal backup tank, i.e., capturing overflow from multiple RWHS, which will increase reliability and water demand met in a way that will significantly improve the current performance of communal RWH. The proposed system will potentially maximize the availability of potable water while limiting spillage and overflow. We simulated the performance of the system in two cities, Houston and Jacksonville, for multiple private and communal storage combination. Results show that volumetric reliability gains, of 1.5% - 6% and 1.5% - 4%, can be achieved for seven to ten and six to seven connected households, respectively, for Houston and Jacksonville if the emphasis is on volumetric reliability (VR). As per total storage capacity, the system achieves higher VR gains for lower total storage capacity in Houston while the system achieves higher VR gains for higher total storage capacities in Jacksonville. With regards to the total cost of ownership per household for the individual system and for the communal storage system, the lifecycle cost of the system was performed using the Net Present Value (NPV) method, with an interest rate of 7% over 30 years. The NPV of the total system costs per household in the city of Houston is lowest for nine to ten connected households, as well as comparable to the base case of a rainwater harvesting system that is not connected to a communal tank for seven and eight connected households. This communal system is more resilient and can be a worthy addition to water and stormwater infrastructures, especially in the face of climate change.