Cette thèse a pour objet de répondre à la question suivante : un choix de service public est-il compatible avec un choix d'ordre financier, car faisant intervenir des critères financiers, parmi lesquels celui de rentabilité financière ? Elle se situe dans un contexte de profondes mutations du secteur public. Prenant comme cadre théorique le New Public Management, constatant une appropriation par le droit administratif des notions d'intérêt financier et de rentabilité, cette recherche exploratoire se poursuit par des entretiens auprès d'élus et d'administratifs de 26 communes. Elle montre un poids des critères financiers proche de celui des critères de service public et un net intérêt porté à un outil de calcul de rentabilité financière, répondant là positivement à la question. Elle démontre également que les administratifs jouent un véritable rôle d'experts financiers. Enfin elle laisse entrevoir qu'élus et administratifs pourraient exercer un micro-pouvoir sur les spécialistes français du management public et les personnalités politiques, adhérant plutôt à l'idée d'incompatibilité d'un choix de service public et de la notion de rentabilité financière.

The historiographic struggle over the representation of the Paris Commune, as begun by the daily press in 1871 and continued in the works of many subsequent scholars, is in fact part of a larger ideological battle. This thesis argues that in order to understand the significance of the Commune, it is necessary to return to contemporary writings. It studies the bourgeois reaction to the Paris Commune using as source material diaries, correspondence and monographs of upper class observers of the Commune. Through these writings, the Commune is seen as a socialist threat to bourgeois stability, and a sign of the disintegration of the ideals of the French Revolution.

Diss. Lund. phil. / Lunder germanistische Forschungen. 29. -IIc-Xa-

Nous entreprenons la traduction de la métaphore procédant à l’analyse d’un corpus à trois codes linguistiques l’anglais, l’arabe et le français, différents par leur système et leur usage linguistique. Dans quelle mesure la métaphore a-t-elle été traduite sans être défigurée ? Nous avons analysé la métaphore dans une étude comparée de l’anglais au français du poète Thomas Stearns Eliot vers Pierre Leyris dans La Terre vaine, Mercredi des cendres, et de l’arabe au français du poète Mahmoud Darwich vers le traducteur Elias Sanbar dans Pourquoi as-tu laissé le cheval à sa solitude ? Ne t’excuse pas et Comme des Fleurs d’amandier ou plus loin. Toutefois, notre thèse s’articule autour de trois parties : la première repense la métaphore en évaluant ses définitions en langue, en grammaire traditionnelle, en rhétorique et en définissant ses caractéristiques en linguistique, la deuxième, afin de pallier les difficultés de traduire la métaphore en poésie, nous avons posé le postulat de reclasser les six types de métaphores en deux : commune et particulière, la troisième aboutit aux stratégies. Traduire la métaphore est interrogé à l’aune de la linguistique contrastive et de traduction: l’échantillon, composé de 30 obstacles, montre que les traducteurs Leyris et Sanbar partagent les mêmes problèmes : l’ordre lexico-sémantique, le lexique inapproprié ou la création d’une nouvelle unité lexicale et l’approche de traduction de la métaphore prouve que les traducteurs recourent à trois stratégies : la traduction par un même référent, par un différent référent et la conversion. Lançons la question cruciale : la métaphore commune traduisible de l’anglais au français serait-elle modélisable ? / We undertake to study the metaphor translation carrying out corpora in three linguistics codes: English, Arabic and French different by their system and their linguistic use. To what extent the metaphor has it been translated without being disfigured? We analyse in a comparative study the metaphors translated from English into French of the poet Thomas Stearns Eliot by Pierre Leyris in The Waste Land, Ash Wednesday, and Ariel Poems putting the verse in the standard English. We also study Mahmoud Darwich metaphors translated From Arabic into French by Elias Sanbar in three poetry books: Why do you let the horse to loneliness? Don’t apologize and as an almond tree flowers or farther. However, our thesis is divided into three chapters: firstly, we rethink the metaphor by evaluating its definitions in language, traditional grammar, rhetoric and it redefines the metaphor features linguistically. Secondly, in order to solve the difficulties metaphor translation in poetry, we postulate reclassifying six metaphor rhetoric variations in two sets: common metaphor and particular one. Thirdly, it postulates many kinds of metaphor translation strategies. Translate the metaphor can be asked in the contrastive linguistic and traductological perspective explaining the translator difficulties. The sample, composed of 30 difficulties, shows that the translators Leyris and Sanbar share the same problems: the lexicon and semantic order, the lexicon inappropriate or the creation of a new lexical unit and the translation approach of the metaphor proves that the translators highlight three strategies: the translation by the same reference, the different reference and the conversion. In order to achieve the results, we ask this following question: common metaphor translation from English into French, would it be modeled?

Cette étude a comme finalité l’analyse ponctuelle des caractéristiques de la société et des institutions de la ville de Pistoia et de leur évolution dans la période qui va approximativement de la fin du XIIe jusqu’à la moitié du XIIIe siècle. Pistoia, ville considérée comme « mineure » à l’intérieur de la Toscane des « métropoles », possède en effet des caractéristiques propres d’une réalité en rien mineure. A l’intérieur de la première partie, on présentera d’une manière synthétique le tableau général du peuplement, de la disposition territoriale et des structures économiques de la ville et à une plus petite échelle du territoire.Dans la deuxième partie on dessinera la réalité d’une société urbaine de la fin du XIIe siècle dans laquelle les représentants des familles d’origine « seigneurial » occupent, d’une façon manifeste, les charges au sommet des institutions. Vers la fin du XIIe siècle quelques transformations modifient la situation sur le plan social et institutionnel. On assiste en fait à Pistoia comme dans d’autres villes, au développement d’un mouvement soit-disant du « Peuple » qui recueille les aspirations d’une grande partie des familles de la ville qui étaient, jusqu’à alors, exclues du pouvoir.Dans un contexte pareil vient se greffer, aussi à Pistoia, le conflit qui oppose les partisans et les adversaires de Frédéric II, rassemblés respectivement sous les drapeaux gibelin ou guelfe. C’est à partir des années 60 qu'un autre conflit va provoquer des blessures irrémédiables au tissu social, et non seulement, de la ville. / The research deals with a careful examination of social, institutional and political characteristics of the city of Pistoia approximately between the end of the XIIth and the mid-XIIIth century. Pistoia is usually considered a less important city than the others in the Tuscan region. The analysis underlines that it isn’t so. In order to explaine these facts, the first chapter briefly describes the general situation of the city’s peopling, territorial structure and economical activities.The analysis leads to an imagine of the civic society at the end of the XIIth century in which the seigneurial families’ members hold the majority of the Comune’s offices. Their relationship with the city is crucial for the institutional developement. By the beginning of the XIIIth century some social and institutional changes alter the situation. Pistoia’s civic society shows a different structure, in which merchant families have more political influence.In this environment the conflict between emperor Frederick the IInd’s supporters and opponents increases, but in a less harsh way than in Florence.

No description available.

A desiccation-tolerant cyanobacterium <i>Nostoc commune</i> accumulates a novel group of water stress proteins (Wsp) in response to cycles of repeated drying and rehydration. Antibodies, specific for Wsp, were used to screen a lambdafix II library of <i>N. commune</i> UTEX 584 Bam H1 DNA fragments and an 8.5-kb fragment, containing a gene cluster that synthesized a 59-kDa cross-reactive protein. The cloned fragment comprised five ORF’s. The ORF’s 59, 24, 22, 36, and 70, each potentially encode products of molecular weights of 59, 24, 22, 36, and 70-kDa, respectively. The 59 and 24 ORF products were found to be expressed in <i>E. coli</i>. The 59-kDa product of this fragment gives the strongest cross-reaction with the Wsp antiserum. The 59-kDa protein was partially purified. The 24-kDa product was successfully purified to homogeneity and partially characterized. This study used <i>E. coli</i> strain DH10B transformed with the pTrc 99A plasmid. The pTre 99A contains the 8.5-kb gene cluster fragment of interest. The products of ORF 24 and 59 were isolated using an initial 40-60 % ammonium sulfate precipitation of a clarified <i>E. coli</i> cell lysate. The clarified cell lysate was then subjected to streptomycin sulfate precipitation. The cell lysate was then dialyzed extensively. The cell lysate was then applied to a Mono Q HR 5/5 anion exchange column using a 2 M KCl gradient elution procedure. The Mono Q column yielded a fraction containing both ORF products which eluted with approximately 400 mM KCl. This fraction was then applied to a Superose 12 HR 10/30 gel filtration column. The eluent fraction containing the ORF 24 product was then reapplied to the Superose 12 to yield the final fraction containing only the ORF 24 product. The final fraction of ORF 24 was purified to homogeneity as determined by SDS-PAGE analysis. Approximately 750 μg of ORF 24 was isolated. This preparation was used for characterization studies. Characterization studies of ORF 24 consisted of an amino-terminal sequence analysis, an estimation of the molecular weight using gel filtration chromatography and SDS-PAGE analysis, and an analysis of enzymatic activity as suggested by amino acid sequence homologies. The amino-terminal sequence of ORF 24 is P V E Q R S H D. The molecular weight of ORF 24 using gel-filtration chromatography and SDS-PAGE analysis is 26-kDa and 23-kDa, respectively. From gene sequence analysis, the molecular weight of ORF 24 is known to be 24,340-Da. These data indicate that ORF 24 is a monomer. ORF 24 was found to have amino acid sequence homologies with a pectate lyase (E 4.2.2.2) periplasmic precursor from <i>Erwinia caratovora</i> subspecies and a dextransucrase (EC 2.4.1.5) precursor from <i>Streptoccocus mutans</i> GS-5. However, pectate lyase activity was not detected in cellular extracts over a 24 hour period. In addition, ORF 24 was not found to interact with 10 % substrate solutions of N-acetylglucosamine, pectin, UTEX 584 sheath material, DRH1 sheath material, sucrose, or glucose using thin layer chromatography. These studies indicate that the enzymatic activities proposed from amino acid sequence homologies have not been detected. The suggestion that ORF 24 is a water stress protein with a protective function on a structural level with regards to desiccation-tolerance requires further study. / Master of Science

Investigations into the nitrogen fixing apparatus in cyanobacterium Nostoc commune revealed a gene encoding for a hemoprotein, known as cyanoglobin. The cyanoglobin gene was isolated and subcloned into Escherichia coli previously. The study presented here encompasses the optimization of growth conditions for the transformed F. coli, with subsequent induction of cyanoglobin synthesis. These conditions were applied to large-scale (24-1) fermentor culture, permitting purification of approximately 200 mg cyanoglobin. Structural analyses, including absorption spectroscopy and circular dichroism, are presented. These studies indicate that cyanoglobin is a cytoplasmic hemoglobin with properties quite unlike those of leghemoglobin a and sperm whale myoglobin, which are used as references of comparison. For example, the optical spectral properties of oxycyanoglobin are different from those of leghemoglobin α and sperm whale myoglobin. In addition, the met-form of cyanoglobin has characteristics of a low-spin hemoglobin, in contrast to the high-spin met-forms of sperm whale myoglobin and leghemoglobin α. Unusually, the met- form of cyanoglobin fails to coordinate the strong-field ligands, cyanide and azide, at pH 7 and pH 9. The Soret region circular dichroism (CD) spectrum of cyanoglobin is unlike that of sperm whale myoglobin, yet is very similar to leghemoglobin α, suggesting a similar heme environment in these two hemoproteins. Far-UV CD of cyanoglobin revealed alphahelical character comparable to that of sperm whale myoglobin and leghemoglobin α. Cyanoglobin is the first monomeric hemoglobin detected in a prokaryote, raising questions concerning a possible role of cyanoglobin in early globin gene evolution. / Master of Science

My research provides a historical, geographical reading of land enclosure in the context of economic and agrarian crises in late imperial Russia. Using original records of Russian land deals that I obtained in the federal and provincial archives, I explore how the coalitions of landed nobility, land surveyors, landless serfs, and peasant proprietors used land enclosure as a conduit for coercive governance, accumulation of landed capital, or, in contrary, as a means of resistance. Through critical discourse analysis, I illustrate how the Russian imperial state and territories in the periphery were dialectically co-produced not only through institutional manipulations, resettlement plans, and husbandry manuals, but also through political and public discourses. I argue that land enclosure exploited practices of autonomous land management in the commune and furthered growing agrarian and economic crises in the countryside. The urban periphery became a strategic territory used for the accumulation of new wealth and displacement of two million peasant households, which accommodated capitalist development under the Russian Tsarist and, later, Soviet political regimes. Through this example, my research reexamines predominant assumptions about the land, territory, and crisis triad in Russia by positioning the rural politics of the late imperial period within the global context of land enclosure. At the same time, by focusing on the historical reading of territory from the Russian perspective, this study introduces a more nuanced alternative to the traditional colonial territory discourse often found in Western interpretations. / PHD / My research provides a historical, geographical analysis of land enclosure in the context of economic and agrarian crises in late imperial Russia. Using original records of Russian land deals that I obtained in the federal and municipal archives, I explore how the coalitions of landed nobility, land surveyors, landless serfs, and peasant proprietors used land enclosure as a conduit for coercive governance, accumulation of landed capital, or, in contrary, as a means of resistance. Through critical discourse analysis, I illustrate how the Russian imperial state and territories in the periphery were dialectically co-produced not only through institutional manipulations, resettlement plans, and husbandry manuals, but also through political and public discourses. I argue that land enclosure exploited practices of autonomous land management in the commune and furthered growing agrarian and economic crises in the countryside. The urban periphery became a strategic territory used for the accumulation of new wealth and displacement of two million peasant households, which accommodated capitalist development under the Russian Tsarist and, later, Soviet political regimes. Through this example, my research reexamines predominant assumptions about the land, territory, and crisis triad in Russia by positioning the rural politics of the late imperial period within the global context of land enclosure. At the same time, by focusing on the historical reading of territory from a Russian perspective, this study introduces a more nuanced alternative to the traditional territory discourse often found in Western interpretations.

O objetivo desta dissertação é analisar a gênese da tradição legal relativa à escravidão negra nas Américas castelhana e portuguesa e a sua conformação entre o início do século XVI e a primeira metade do século XVIII, período em que prevalecia a cultura jurídica do ius commune. A hipótese com a qual se trabalha é a de que a partir da articulação entre processo legislativo e prática social constituiu-se um modo de produção das leis escravistas típico aos ibéricos. Diante da infinidade de matérias abordadas na legislação, procurou-se efetuar um recorte temático que propiciasse a realização do escopo da investigação dentro das limitações de uma pesquisa de mestrado. Os temas eleitos em função da compreensão de sua importância na dinâmica dos regimes de escravidão ibero-americanos foram: manumissão e políticas de controle da rebeldia escrava. / The aim of this dissertation is to analyze the genesis of the legal tradition on African slavery in the Castilian and Portuguese Americas and its configuration from the beginning of XVIth century to the first half of XVIIIth century, a period when the legal culture of the ius commune prevailed. The hypothesis is that by the relationship between legislative process and social practice a particular Iberian slave law mode of production took shape. Due the great diversity of subjects approached by this legislation, the dissertation makes a thematic selection appropriate to a M.A. Regarding its importance to the dynamics of Iberian American slave regimes, the themes elected to the inquiry were the manumissions and the politics of controlling slave resistance.