Thesis (MCur)--Stellenbosch University, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The impact of infant feeding practices in the prevention of mother-to-childtransmission of HIV raised concerns in the field of health services. Breast feeding adds an additional 15-30% risk of HIV transmission to the infant; therefore, mothers who are HIV-positive are in need of information regarding safe infant feeding. A descriptive design for this particular study was applied with a primary quantitative approach. A convenient sample of sixty (n=60) participants between the ages of 15 – 37 were taken from subjects that enrolled in the prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) programme in Onandjokwe district. The sample formed 85% of the target population (N=71). A structured questionnaire with closed and openended questions was used and completed by the researcher. Ethical approval for the study was obtained from the Ethics Committee at the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch. Permission to conduct the research was obtained from the Ministry of Health and Social Services, Namibia, and the Onandjokwe district Hospital. A pilot study was conducted that constituted 25% of the sample. Validity and reliability was insured by the pilot study and the consultation of an expert in HIV research and an expert in nursing research. The presentation of results was mostly descriptive in nature by using frequency tables and a pie chart. The results showed that all participants (n=60/100%) were offered HIV counselling and testing during antenatal care. Mothers who were HIV positive knew that there is a possibility that the baby might be infected through breast milk. Furthermore, the study found that 70% (n=42) of participants used breast feeding exclusively, 20% (n=12) used replacement feeding and 10% (n=6) used mixed feeding practices. It was concluded that pregnant women and mothers known to be HIV-infected should be informed of the infant feeding practice recommended by the national or subnational authority to improve HIV-free survival of HIV-exposed infants. This includes information about the risks and benefits of various infant feeding options based on local assessments and guidance in selecting the most suitable option for their own situation. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die invloed van voedingspraktyke vir babas by die voorkoming van moeder-na-kindoordrag van die menslike immuungebrekvirus (MIV) het kommer op die gebied van gesondheidsdienste laat ontstaan. Borsvoeding dra ’n addisionele 15–30% risiko van MIV-oordrag tot die baba by en daarom benodig moeders wat MIV-positief is inligting ten opsigte van veilige voeding van hulle babas. 'n Beskrywende ontwerp vir hierdie besondere studie is gebruik tesame met 'n primêr kwantitatiewe benadering. 'n Gerieflikheidsteekproef van sestig (n=60) deelnemers tussen die ouderdomme 15–37 jaar is gekies uit persone wat ingeskryf het vir die voorkoming van moeder-na-kind-oordrag (VMNKO) program in Onandjokwe-distrik. Die steekproef het 85% van die teikenpopulasie (N=71) uitgemaak. 'n Gestruktureerde vraelys met geslote en oop vrae is gebruik en deur die navorser voltooi. Etiese goedkeuring vir die studie is verkry van die Etiese Kommitee van die Fakulteit Gesondheidswetenskappe, Universiteit Stellenbosch. Toestemming om die navorsing te doen, is verkry van die Ministerie van Gesondheid en Maatskaplike Dienste, Namibië, en die Onandjokwe Distrikshospitaal. 'n Loodsstudie is onderneem wat 25% van die steekproef behels het. Geldigheid en betroubaarheid is verseker deur die loodsstudie en oorlegpleging met 'n kundige op die gebied van MIV-navorsing en 'n kundige in verpleegnavorsing. Die aanbieding van resultate was meestal deskriptief van aard deur van frekwensietabelle en 'n sektordiagram gebruik te maak. Die resultate het getoon dat MIV-berading en -toetsing gedurende voorgeboortesorg aan alle deelnemers (n=60/100%) aangebied is. Moeders wat MIV-positief is, het geweet dat daar 'n moontlikheid bestaan dat die baba moontlik deur moedersmelk geïnfekteer kan word. Verder het die studie bevind dat 70% (n=42) van deelnemers uitsluitlik borsvoeding gebruik, 20% (n=12) gebruik ’n vervanging vir moedersmelk en 10% (n=6) gebruik gemengde voedingspraktyke. Daar is tot die slotsom gekom dat swanger vroue en moeders van wie bekend is dat hulle MIV-geïnfekteer is, ingelig behoort te word oor die babavoedingspraktyk aanbeveel deur die nasionale of subnasionale owerheid vir die verbetering van MIVvrye oorlewing van babas wat aan die MIV blootgestel is. Dit sluit in inligting oor die risiko’s en voordele van verskeie babavoedingsopsies gebaseer op plaaslike assesserings en leiding ten opsigte van die kies van die geskikste opsie vir hulle eie situasie.

<p><i>Chlamydophila pneumoniae</i> (<i>C. pneumoniae</i>) has been suggested as a stimulator of chronic inflammation in atherosclerosis. <i>C. pneumoniae</i> DNA was demonstrated in aortic biopsies in 50% of patients with stable angina pectoris or acute coronary syndrome undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. <i>C. pneumoniae</i> mRNA, a marker of replicating bacteria, was demonstrated in 18% of the aortic biopsies. </p><p>Inflammation may have a role in the pathogenesis of thoracic aortic aneurysm, aortic dissection and aortic valve stenosis. <i>C. pneumoniae </i>DNA was demonstrated in aortic biopsies in 26% of thoracic aortic aneurysm patients and in 11% of aortic dissection patients undergoing thoracic surgery and in 22% of stenotic aortic heart valves from patients undergoing aortic valve replacement. No bacterial mRNA was demonstrated in these aortic biopsies, nor in the valves, suggesting that the infection has passed into a persistent state. <i>C. pneumoniae</i> DNA was demonstrated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in only 5% of aortic valve stenosis patients and not in thoracic aortic aneurysm or aortic dissection patients, suggesting that the bacterium disseminated to the cardiovascular tissue long before the patient required surgery. The copper/zinc ratio in serum, a marker of infection/inflammation, was significantly elevated in thoracic aortic aneurysm patients, supporting an inflammatory pathogenesis. Patients positive for <i>C. pneumoniae</i> in the aortic valve had more advanced coronary atherosclerosis, further supporting a possible role for <i>C. pneumoniae</i> in atherosclerosis. </p><p>Mice were infected with <i>C. pneumoniae</i> that disseminated to all organs investigated (i.e. lungs, heart, aorta, liver and spleen). Trace element concentrations were altered in infected animals with an increased copper/zinc ratio in serum, a progressively increased iron concentration in the liver and a progressively decreased iron concentration in serum. Iron is important for <i>C. pneumoniae</i> metabolism, and a changed iron homeostasis was noted in infected mice by alterations in iron-regulating proteins, such as DMT1 and hepcidin.</p>

Background: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading causes of morbidity and mortality among adults in Vietnam. Little is known about the magnitude of socioeconomic inequalities in NCDs and other NCD-related factors in urban areas, in particular among the poor living in slum areas. Understanding these disparities are essential in contributing to the knowledge, needed to reduce inequalities and close the related health gaps burdening the disadvantaged populations in urban areas.  Objective: To examine the burden and health system responsiveness to NCDs in Hanoi, Vietnam and investigate the role of socioeconomic inequalities in their prevalence, subsequent healthcare utilization and related impoverishment due to health expenditures.  Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 3,736 individuals aged 15 years and over who lived in 1211 randomly selected households in 2013 in urban Hanoi, Vietnam. The study collected information on household’s characteristics, household expenditures, and household member information. A qualitative approach was implemented to explore the responsiveness of commune health stations to the increasing burden of NCDs in urban Hanoi. In-depth interview approach was conducted among health staff involved in NCD tasks at four commune health stations in urban Hanoi. Furthermore, NCD managers at relevance district, provincial and national levels were interviewed.  Results: The prevalence of self-reported NCDs was significantly higher among individuals in non-slum areas (11.6%) than those in slum areas (7.9%). However, the prevalence of self-reported NCDs concentrated among the poor in both slum and non-slum areas. In slum areas, the poor needed more health care services, but the rich consumed more health care services. Among households with at least one household member reporting diagnosis of NCDs, the proportion of household facing catastrophic health expenditure and impoverishment were the greater in slum areas than in non-slum areas. Poor households in slum areas were more likely to face catastrophic health expenditure and impoverishment. The poor in non-slum areas were also more likely to face impoverishment if their household members experienced NCDs. Health system responses to NCDs at commune health stations in urban Hanoi were weak, characterized by the lack of health information, inadequate human resources, poor financing, inadequate quality and quantity of services, lack of essential medicines. The commune health stations were not prepared to respond to the rising prevalence of NCDs in urban Hanoi.  Conclusion: This thesis shows the existence of socioeconomic inequalities in the prevalence of self-reported NCDs in both non-slum and slum areas in urban Hanoi. NCDs associated with the inequalities in health care utilization, catastrophic health expenditure and impoverishment, particular in slum areas. Appropriate interventions should focus more on specific population groups to reduce the socioeconomic inequalities in the NCD prevalence and health care utilization related to NCDs to prevent catastrophic health expenditure and impoverishment among the households of NCD patients.  The functions of commune health stations in the urban setting should be strengthened through the development of NCDs service packages covered by the health insurance.

Estudo sobre o fenômeno dos grupos de apoio aos pacientes sob a ótica da Ciência da informação, tendo em vista as questões relacionadas ao acesso à informação e ao conhecimento no campo da saúde pública. O contexto preparatório da transição paradigmática da modernidade para a pós-modernidade tem como fenômeno inovador a ação dos grupos de apoio aos pacientes na promoção da saúde e da melhoria global da qualidade de vida, por meio de ações de informação. As ações desses grupos são observadas por meio de pesquisa empírica qualitativa. São investigadas de forma específica as fontes às quais recorrem os pacientes de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis para lidar com a incerteza. Os resultados de entrevistas com profissionais de saúde e pacientes reforçam a importância dos grupos e a confiança e solidariedade subjacentes a eles. Conclui-se que os pacientes recorrem em primeiro lugar ao médico quando necessitam de informação de alta confiabilidade, mas também aos enfermeiros, amigos e à mídia. Os resultados sugerem a necessidade de ampliação da operação pública dos grupos de apoio com vistas à promoção da saúde, ao acesso livre e aberto à informação científica transliterada em saúde pública. Sugerem também a necessidade de criação de sistemas de informação voltados especificamente para os mediadores dos grupos de apoio aos pacientes, segmento ainda não contemplado com dispositivos informacionais adequados de apoio ao desenvolvimento de suas ações. / Study on the phenomenon of the support groups for the patients under the optics of Information Science, with a view to the issues related to the information access and knowledge in public health; in the context of the paradigmatic transition of the modernism to post modernism, the support groups are considered as innovative input for patients under the standpoint of the support for the health promotion and the quality of life improvement. The research, a qualitative empirical survey, analyzes entities that promote support groups for patients of non communicable chronicle diseases, aims to identify which information sources the patients seek in order to deal with the uncertainty, and distress in face of the diagnosis of a chronicle disease. The results of the interviews with health professionals and patients show the importance of the groups and their character of confidence and underlying solidarity. It concludes that the patients consider physicians as their most important sources of information, but also ask the nurses, friends and the media for more information. The study suggests some parameters for the expansion of the public operation of the support groups with a view to the health promotion, to the free and open access to \"translated\" scientific information in public health. It suggests also that there is a lack of specific information systems to support the professionals that work as information intermediaries in such groups.

This dissertation had three primary aims. The first aim was to systematically review evidence documenting incidence of sexually transmitted infections (STI) during pregnancy. Eighteen papers were included in the final review which reported incidence of five STIs: chlamydia, gonorrhea, human papillomavirus (HPV), herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The review found that there are very limited data on incidence of STIs during pregnancy and even fewer data comparing risk between pregnant and non-pregnant women. Although data are limited, studies suggest that women continue to acquire STIs during pregnancy, with incidence varying by type of infection, population of interest and geographic setting. Highest incidence was found for HPV and chlamydia although some studies of chlamydia showed low proportions of pregnant women infected. Studies in which partners were known to be infected with HSV-2 and HIV showed higher rates of acquisition in pregnant women compared to studies where partner status was not known. The second aim of this dissertation was to describe the impact of pregnancy on behavioral risk factors and vaginal practices that are associated with increased risk of STI acquisition. Data for this and the following aim came from the Methods for Improving Reproductive Health in Africa (MIRA) study, a randomized clinical trial conducted in South Africa and Zimbabwe 2003-2006. The analysis for the second aim included women in the MIRA trial who had a pregnancy during follow-up. Pregnancy was found to decrease sexual activity, particularly in the third trimester, but women were more likely to report sex without condoms while pregnant. There were lower reports by women during pregnancy of other risk factors for STI acquisition, including anal sex, concurrent sexual relationships and new sex partners. Vaginal wiping and insertion of material into the vagina, potentially important mechanisms for STI acquisition, were also less common during pregnancy. The data from this aim present a complicated picture of risk for STIs during pregnancy as a result of increased unprotected sex but decreased frequency of other known behavioral risk factors. The third and final aim of the dissertation was to measure incidence of four STIs in pregnant and non-pregnant women and to evaluate whether women are at greater risk during pregnancy for acquiring four STIs: chlamydia, gonorrhea, trichomoniasis and HIV. This analysis included 4,549 women 18-50 years of age, 17% (N=766) of whom had a pregnancy during follow-up. In general, women continued to be sexually active but reported less overall sex than non-pregnant women. Report of condom use was lower during pregnancy as were other types of high risk sexual behaviors, such as multiple sexual partners, sex in exchange for drugs or money and anal sex, as well vaginal practices. STI incidence was measured during pregnancy and it was found that women continued to acquire STIs when pregnant. In addition, during periods when women became pregnant, they appeared to be a high risk for acquiring chlamydia, trichomoniasis and HIV. Finally, in examining the association between pregnancy status and STI risk, we found that in multivariable models adjusted for demographic and time-varying self-reported behavioral risk factors and vaginal practices, pregnancy was not associated with increased STI risk. However in visit intervals when women became pregnant, they appeared to be at higher risk for contracting chlamydia compared to non-pregnant periods.

Non-communicable diseases are on the increase worldwide, causing more than 36 million deaths each year. Evidence of the link between the role of nutrition and reducing non-communicable diseases is predominant in the literature. The factors influencing intervention strategies/policies and activities, however, need attention. AIM: The study aims to examine the factors that influence nutrition interventions within the United Arab Emirates’ healthcare system. METHOD: This research adapts an interdisciplinary approach where a triangulation mixed methodology is applied. Both qualitative and quantitative methods are used, through the analysis of ten interviews with policy makers, four case studies and 161 questionnaires. Furthermore, the research framework, which emerged from the literature search and qualitative analysis, is tested and validated by rigorous quantitative analysis using SPSS. The statistical analysis, using factor analysis, MANCOVA and ranking analysis aims to provide solid support for the resulting factors. MAIN FINDING: The study identifies five factors that influence nutrition interventions in a healthcare system, and could enhance the effectiveness of nutrition interventions. The factors are 1) quality and processes, 2) training and use of technology, 3) senior management involvement and responsibility, 4) patient diversity, and 5) multidisciplinary teams. CONCLUSION: This study contributes to the emerging literature on management in nutrition interventions and the theory and importance of preventative measures in relation to nutrition. This study provides a roadmap for policy makers to adopt in order to enhance the role of nutrition interventions in healthcare settings.

A total of 338 infants with suspected clinical sepsis were investigated, 115 of whom were found to be clinically infected. Twenty-one healthy term neonates were recruited as control subjects. The expression of CD64 on neutrophils in infected infants was significantly elevated at both 0 h and 24 h, compared with those of noninfected infants or controls (both p &lt; 0.0005). The calculated optimal cutoff value for CD64 was 6136 antibody-phycoerythrin molecules bound/cell. CD64 has a very high sensitivity (96%) and NPV (97%) at 24 h. The use of CRP in combination with CD64 as predictive markers only marginally enhanced the sensitivity and NPV (97% and 98%, respectively). There was no statistical difference in the expression of monocyte HLA-DR among infected, noninfected, and control subjects. As a result, the optimal cutoff value for HLA-DR could not be determined. The technology of flow cytometry has potential applications for use in the diagnosis of neonatal sepsis because the measurement is quantitative, requiring only a minimal amount of whole blood and a short duration (within 3 h) for the provision of results. (Abstract shortened by UMI.) / Term newborns in whom infection was suspected when they were &lt;72 h of age were recruited into the study. The expressions of CD64 on neutrophils and HLA-DR on monocytes were measured by flow cytometry at 0 h (the time of sepsis evaluation) and 24 h after the onset of presentation. A full sepsis screen, including complete blood count, serial C-reactive protein (CRP), blood culture, cerebrospinal fluid culture, and chest radiograph were performed. The demographic and clinical data were documented. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of neutrophil CD64, monocyte HLA-DR and the combination of markers for predicting neonatal sepsis were determined. / This prospective study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic utilities of two cell surface markers, neutrophil CD64 and monocyte HLA-DR, for the identification of early-onset clinical infection and pneumonia in term infants. The optimal cutoff value of each marker was defined according to the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve so that it could be used as a reference with which future studies can be compared. / Li Geng. / "May 2005." / Adviser: Pak Cheung Ng. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 67-01, Section: B, page: 0174. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 129-150). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / School code: 1307.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / As doenças infecto-parasitárias, ainda hoje, em pleno século XXI são responsáveis por uma quantidade generosa de morbidade e mortalidade no Brasil e no mundo. Muitas delas são amplamente influenciadas pelas mudanças climáticas que estão ocorrendo em todo o planeta fazendo com que sua incidência e distribuição geográfica aumentem. A dengue é considerada a principal doença reemergente nos países tropicais e subtropicais. A malária tem forte incidência nos países ao sul do deserto do Saara na África, ocorrendo também em vários países da América do Sul que possuem parte da região Amazônica em seu território. Várias doenças voltam a assolar a população de vários locais como as leishmanioses, a Doença de Lyme, erlichioses entre outras. Em março de 2009 começam a ocorrer os primeiros casos de uma nova doença inicialmente denominada Influenza suína, a qual, levou alguns indivíduos a óbito em Oaxaca, uma cidade mexicana localizada a 400 quilômetros da capital. Rapidamente, a doença se espalhou pelo país e posteriormente, no começo do mês de abril de 2009 já, existiam relatos de casos em vários países. O objetivo geral desta pesquisa é verificar em que medida o cuidado de enfermagem realizado expressou um maior ou menor grau de controle do enfermeiro sobre seu trabalho, apontando para os potenciais riscos (biológicos) de adoecimento e impactos negativos na saúde deste trabalhador. O presente estudo foi desenvolvido por meio de uma abordagem quantitativa com desenho longitudinal e observacional, delineamento de pesquisa não experimental e caráter descritivo. Foi feita a análise observacional nas tendas quanto a sua infraestrutura e posteriormente foi passado um questionário aos enfermeiros pautado em questões sobre o risco biológico que estes estavam sendo submetidos. Faz-se necessário que a cultura do improviso acabe e comece a se pensar em uma nova realidade: as doenças transmissíveis são uma realidade, elas existem e há de ser feito um adequamento de tudo que esteja ligado à área de saúde pensando em um novo contexto. É imperioso que tanto as autoridades como os profissionais revejam e reflitam sobre o que aconteceu, para que os erros do passado possam ficar para trás e não se repitam. / Infectious-parasitic diseases, up to the present, in XXI century are responsible for a high morbidity and mortality rate in Brazil as well as overseas. Many of them are widely influenced by climatic modifications that have been occuring all over the planet leading to an increase in their incidence and geographical distribution. Dengue is considered the main reemerging disease in tropical and subtropical countries. Malaria has strong incidence in countries that are in the south of Sahara desert in Africa, also occuring in many countries of South America that have part of their territory in Amazon region. A great deal of diseases have been frightening the population once again in many places, as leishmanioses, Lyme Disease, erlichioses, for instance. In March, 2009 the first cases of a new disease initially termed Influenza swine started to appear, leading some subjects to death in Oaxaca, a mexican city localized 400 kilometers far from the capital. Rapidly ,the disease had spread all over the country and later, in the beginning of April , 2009 there were some related cases in several countries. The overall aim of this study is to verify to what extent the nursing care that is carried out has expressed a higher or lower degree of control from the part of the nurse about his/her job, pointing at potential risks (biological) of illnesses and negative impacts into the worker health status. This study was developed by means of quantitative approach with longitudinal and observational design, a non experimental research and descriptive features. An observational analysis was carried out at the tents for their infra-structure and after this, a questionnaire was applied to the nurses based on matters as the biological risk they were being exposed. It is necessary that the improvisation culture comes to an end and a new reality come true : transmissible diseases are a reality, they exist and adjustments in relation to everything that is linked to health have to be achieved in order to envision a new context. It is essential that both authorities and professionals reflect and reconsider on the events from the past so as to old mistakes can be left behind and do not repeat again.

Estudo sobre o fenômeno dos grupos de apoio aos pacientes sob a ótica da Ciência da informação, tendo em vista as questões relacionadas ao acesso à informação e ao conhecimento no campo da saúde pública. O contexto preparatório da transição paradigmática da modernidade para a pós-modernidade tem como fenômeno inovador a ação dos grupos de apoio aos pacientes na promoção da saúde e da melhoria global da qualidade de vida, por meio de ações de informação. As ações desses grupos são observadas por meio de pesquisa empírica qualitativa. São investigadas de forma específica as fontes às quais recorrem os pacientes de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis para lidar com a incerteza. Os resultados de entrevistas com profissionais de saúde e pacientes reforçam a importância dos grupos e a confiança e solidariedade subjacentes a eles. Conclui-se que os pacientes recorrem em primeiro lugar ao médico quando necessitam de informação de alta confiabilidade, mas também aos enfermeiros, amigos e à mídia. Os resultados sugerem a necessidade de ampliação da operação pública dos grupos de apoio com vistas à promoção da saúde, ao acesso livre e aberto à informação científica transliterada em saúde pública. Sugerem também a necessidade de criação de sistemas de informação voltados especificamente para os mediadores dos grupos de apoio aos pacientes, segmento ainda não contemplado com dispositivos informacionais adequados de apoio ao desenvolvimento de suas ações. / Study on the phenomenon of the support groups for the patients under the optics of Information Science, with a view to the issues related to the information access and knowledge in public health; in the context of the paradigmatic transition of the modernism to post modernism, the support groups are considered as innovative input for patients under the standpoint of the support for the health promotion and the quality of life improvement. The research, a qualitative empirical survey, analyzes entities that promote support groups for patients of non communicable chronicle diseases, aims to identify which information sources the patients seek in order to deal with the uncertainty, and distress in face of the diagnosis of a chronicle disease. The results of the interviews with health professionals and patients show the importance of the groups and their character of confidence and underlying solidarity. It concludes that the patients consider physicians as their most important sources of information, but also ask the nurses, friends and the media for more information. The study suggests some parameters for the expansion of the public operation of the support groups with a view to the health promotion, to the free and open access to \"translated\" scientific information in public health. It suggests also that there is a lack of specific information systems to support the professionals that work as information intermediaries in such groups.

Submitted by Cássia Santos (cassia.bcufg@gmail.com) on 2014-10-17T12:52:33Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Helen de Lima 2013.pdf: 9777714 bytes, checksum: cc6650482217d50ed3a20d235b2fe54a (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jaqueline Silva (jtas29@gmail.com) on 2014-10-17T20:38:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Helen de Lima 2013.pdf: 9777714 bytes, checksum: cc6650482217d50ed3a20d235b2fe54a (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-17T20:38:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Helen de Lima 2013.pdf: 9777714 bytes, checksum: cc6650482217d50ed3a20d235b2fe54a (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-09-17 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / The aim of this study was to analyze the prevalence and distribution of mortality hospitalizations and costs for non-communicable chronic diseases (cardiovascular diseases, cancer, chronic respiratory diseases and diabetes mellitus ) in the State of Goiás, from 2006-2012 about the epidemiological dimension and proposed strategic actions. Methodological procedures included descriptive statistics with frequency analysis, absolute and percentage, and frequency conversion rate of deaths per 10 000 inhabitants, for all of the municipalities and their distribution in the large and small regions of health. We used the databases of deaths and hospitalizations from national health information by selecting admissions frequently occurring above 100 in 2011, according to the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10). Copied these databases. It was created an environment tab, using TabWin Exploratory Analysis applicative, version 3.6. The process of extracting the data consisted in taking some filters so that the extracted data were only and exclusively of non-communicable chronic diseases and disabled residents in the state of Goiás and only during the selected period. The findings show that, for the variable death, the most frequent cause was the circulatory system diseases. Struck both sexes in the age groups in their extreme stratification. These diseases are also prevalent when analyzing hospital admissions, and the majority occur in women. When assessing the cost of hospital admissions, there is a growing expense, in general, for all causes. The large region health, the Midwest has the highest death rates and higher expenses, R$ 182.84 million in the period. The causes cancer affects men more than 60 years of age or above with the death rate was 3.6 cases per 10 000 inhabitants. Chronic respiratory diseases and diabetes mellitus occur respectively in men aged 70 and above and women 50 years of age or above. The study also revealed that, for large region health, death rates had great variation. The highest rate corresponds to the large region Midwest, which has characteristics of great development. The study revealed the presence of significant and diverse death rate in the large regions of health. The findings indicate the need for consideration of the possibilities and limits of punctual interventions, compensatory cyclical character, and the importance of intersectoral interventions, integral for amending the conditions of life of the whole population. It also demonstrates the importance of the adoption of public policies and intersectoral actions guided by the community – based approach, amplifying the reach of intervention of public agencies in the prevention and control of NCDs, one of the large, if not the biggest, challenge for the public health of the XXI century. / O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a prevalência e distribuição da mortalidade, das internações e dos custos por doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (doenças do aparelho circulatório, câncer, doenças respiratórias crônicas e diabetes mellitus) no Estado de Goiás, no período de 2006 a 2012 no tocante a dimensão epidemiológica e a propostas de ações estratégicas. Os procedimentos metodológicos incluíram estatística descritiva com análise de frequência, absoluta e percentual, e conversão da frequência em taxa de óbitos para cada 10 mil habitantes, para o conjunto de municípios e a distribuição destes nas macrorregiões e microrregiões de saúde. Foram utilizadas as bases de dados de óbitos e de internações hospitalares dos sistemas nacionais de informação em saúde, selecionando-se as internações com frequência de ocorrência acima de 100 no ano de 2011, segundo a Classificação Internacional de Doenças (CID-10). Copiadas essas bases de dados, criou-se um ambiente de tabulação, com o uso do aplicativo de Análise Exploratório TabWin, versão 3.6. O processo de extração dos dados consistiu em assumir alguns filtros de forma que os dados extraídos fossem únicos e exclusivamente de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis e os enfermos residentes no Estado de Goiás e apenas no período selecionado. Os achados demonstram que, para a variável óbito, a causa de maior ocorrência foi doenças do aparelho circulatório. Acometeu ambos os sexos nas faixas etárias em seus extremos de estratificação. Esses agravos também predominam quando da análise das internações, sendo a maior ocorrência em mulheres. Ao avaliar o custo das internações, observa-se um crescente gasto, de forma geral, para todas as causas. A macrorregião de saúde, Centro Oeste, tem as maiores taxas de óbitos e os maiores gastos, R$ 182,84 milhões, no período. A causa câncer acomete mais homens de 60 anos de idade ou acima com taxa de óbito de 3.6 casos por 10 mil habitantes. As doenças respiratórias crônicas e o diabetes mellitus ocorrem, respectivamente, em homens de 70 anos ou acima e mulheres de 50 anos de idade ou acima. O estudo revelou ainda que, por macrorregião de saúde, as taxas de óbito tiveram grande variação. A maior taxa corresponde à macrorregião Centro Oeste, que tem característica de grande desenvolvimento. O estudo evidenciou a presença relevante e diversificada de taxa de óbitos nas microrregiões de saúde. As conclusões indicam a necessidade de ponderação acerca das possibilidades e limites das intervenções pontuais, de caráter conjuntural e compensatório, bem como a relevância de intervenções intersetoriais, integrais que visem modificar as condições de vida do conjunto da população. Demonstra ainda a importância da adoção de políticas públicas e ações intersetoriais orientadas pela abordagem de base comunitária amplificando a capilaridade de intervenção dos órgãos públicos na prevenção e controle das DCNT um dos grandes, senão o maior, desafio para a saúde pública do século XXI.