Shock compaction experiments were performed on soft magnetic phases Fe₄N and Fe₁₆N₂, and hard magnetic phases Nd₂Fe₁₄B and Sm₂Fe₁₇N₃ in order to determine their thermo-mechanical stability during shock loading and explore the possibility of fabricating a textured nanocomposite magnet. Gas gun experiments performed on powders pressed in a three capsule fixture showed phase transformations occurring in Fe₄N, Fe₁₆N₂, and Nd₂Fe₁₄B, while Sm₂Fe₁₇N₃ was observed to be relatively stable. Shock compaction of FCC Fe₄N resulted in a partial transformation to HCP Fe₃N, consistent with previous reports of the transition occurring at a static pressure of ~3 GPa. Shock compaction of Fe₁₆N₂ produced decomposition products alpha-Fe, Fe₄N, and FeN due to a combination of thermal effects associated with dynamic void collapse and plastic deformation. Decomposition of Nd-Fe-B, producing alpha-Fe and amorphous Nd-Fe-B, was observed in several shock consolidated samples and is attributed to deformation associated with shock compaction, similar to decomposition reported in ball milled Nd-Fe-B. No decomposition was observed in shock compacted samples of Sm-Fe-N, which is consistent with literature reports showing decomposition occurring only in samples compacted at a pressure above ~15 GPa. Nd-Fe-B and Sm-Fe-N were shown to accommodate deformation primarily by grain size reduction, especially in large grained materials. Hard/Soft composite magnetic materials were formed by mixing single crystal particles of Nd-Fe-B with iron nanoparticles, and the alignment-by-magnetic-field technique was able to introduce significant texture into green compacts of this mixture. While problems with decomposition of the Nd₂Fe₁₄B phase prevented fabricating bulk magnets from the aligned green compacts, retention of the nanoscale morphology of the alpha-Fe particles and the high alignment of the green compacts shows promise for future development of textured nanocomposite magnets through shock compaction.

In this investigation, SCCs were prepared by keeping the total mass of cementitious materials (cement and fly ash) constant at 500 kg/m3, in which 30, 40, 50, 60, and 70% of cement, by weight, was replaced by the high-lime and low-lime fly ash. For comparison, a control SCC mixture without any fly ash was also produced. The fresh properties of the SCCs were observed through, slump flow time and diameter, V-funnel flow time, L-box height ratio, U-box height difference, segregation ratio and the rheological parameters (relative yield stress and relative plastic viscosity). Relations between workability and rheological parameters were sought. Setting times and temperature rise of the SCC were also determined. The hardened properties included the compressive strength, split tensile strength, drying shrinkage and permeation properties (absorption, sorptivity and rapid chloride permeability tests) up to 360 days. The results obtained indicated that it is possible to produce SCC with a 70% of cement replacement by both types of fly ash. The use of high volumes of fly ash in SCC not only improved the workability and permeability properties but also made it possible to produce concretes between 33-40 MPa compressive strength at 28 days.

Thèse (M.Eng.) -- Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, programme extensionné à l'Université du Québec à Rimouski, 2003. / Bibliogr.: f. [189-195]. Document électronique également accessible en format PDF. CaQCU

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The objective of this work was to modeling runoff in soils with different physical characteristics, with three simulated rainfall intensities (30, 60 and 120 mm h-1) in Rio Grande do Sul and Uruguay. For simulated rainfall was used a portable rainfall simulator of multiple nozzles. Six plots were delimited by metal sheet borders (0,5 m2), with a runoff collector in the lower part. The runoff was determinate each five minutes. On each soil was determinate initial time and rate of runoff, rainfall (total, time and intensities), direction of slope, crop residue and cover percentage, soil densities (bulk and particle), soil porosity (bulk, macro and micro), textural fractions (clay, silt and sand), initial and saturated soil moisture. The runoff was estimated with Smith s modified model. The model parameters were adjusted by multivariate equations. The runoff losses accumulated in Uruguay was 64, 32, 30 e 15% from total rain, for Vertissolo 1, Chernossolo, Argissolo 2 e Vertissolo 2, respectively. The runoff losses accumulated in Rio Grande do Sul was 67, 45 and 27% from total rain, for Argissolo 1, Neossolo e Latossolo, respectively. In most of the cases, the initial runoff time decreased with increasing soil moisture and rain intensity, independently of the soil surface conditions. Smith s modified model estimated better the runoff with high soil moisture. The model adjustment was satisfactory for Rio Grande do Sul. / Com o objetivo principal de modelar o escoamento superficial para solos com diferentes características físicas a partir de diferentes intensidades de precipitação e duração das chuvas, realizaram-se chuvas simuladas em diferentes solos no Rio Grande do Sul e Uruguai, com intensidade de 30, 60 e 120 mm h-1. As chuvas artificiais foram aplicadas utilizando-se um simulador estacionário de bicos múltiplos e oscilantes. Seis parcelas foram delimitadas por chapas metálicas galvanizadas cravadas no solo (0,5m2), contendo na parte inferior uma calha coletora, para coletar a água do escoamento superficial (mensurado em intervalos de cinco minutos). Em cada solo foi determinado o tempo de início e a taxa de escoamento superficial, além da chuva (quantidade, duração e intensidade), declividade do terreno, massa seca na superfície e cobertura do solo, densidade (do solo e de partícula), porosidade do solo (macro, micro e total), textura (argila, silte e areia), umidade inicial e de saturação do solo. Utilizou-se o modelo modificado de Smith para estimativa do escoamento superficial. Os parâmetros do modelo foram ajustados através de equações multivariadas. No Uruguai, as perdas acumuladas por escoamento superficial foram de 64, 32, 30 e 15% do total aplicado, para o Vertissolo 1, Chernossolo, Argissolo 2 e Vertissolo 2, respectivamente. No Rio Grande do Sul, as perdas acumuladas por escoamento superficial foram de 67, 45 e 27% do total aplicado, para o Argissolo 1, Neossolo e Latossolo, respectivamente. Na maioria dos casos houve uma redução no tempo de início de escoamento superficial, com o aumento da umidade inicial do solo e da intensidade da chuva, independentemente das condições da superfície do solo. O modelo modificado de Smith estima melhor o escoamento superficial em condições de elevada umidade do solo e o ajuste foi satisfatório para o Rio Grande do Sul.

Orientador: Mônica Pinto Barbosa / Banca: Cassio Roberto Macedo Maia / Banca: Oswaldo Cascudo Matos / Resumo: O concreto auto-adensável (CAA) é um material que representa um dos maiores avanços na tecnologia do concreto das últimas décadas. O desenvolvimento do CAA propiciou eficiência e melhora nas condições de trabalho em canteiro de obras e na indústria de pré-moldados. Do ponto de vista reológico, o CAA é uma mistura fluida que proporciona diferenças de comportamento quando comparado ao concreto convencional. Neste contexto, a proposta desta pesquisa foi estudar, num primeiro plano, as características reológicas nas fases de pasta, argamassa e concreto do CAA no estado fresco e seu comportamento no estado endurecido. Para isso, optouse por empregar a metodologia de Repette e Melo (2005), que considera a resistência à compressão como ponto de partida para a composição do traço do CAA e que estuda os aspectos reológicos envolvidos nas diferentes fases de sua dosagem. Os materiais empregados para estudo de dosagem foram o fíler basáltico como adição, areia média, brita 19 mm, aditivo superplastificante e dois tipos de cimento. Foram elaborados dois concretos, com cimentos distintos, ambos com mesma classe de resistência igual a 40 MPa. Num segundo plano, foi realizado um estudo da avaliação da resistência à compressão desses concretos quando submetidos à cura térmica a vapor, variando-se as temperaturas de cura (entre 65oC e 80oC), assim como o patamar isotérmico de cura em 4 h,6 h e 8 h para cada temperatura. A avaliação das propriedades mecânicas dos concretos foi realizada empregando o Método da Maturidade. No emprego da maturidade foram utilizados as funções de Nurse e Saul e a proposta por Freiesleben-Hansen e Pedersen (FHP). As análises comparativas foram realizadas em função do tipo de cimento empregado, temperatura de cura e tempo de patamar isotérmico / Abstract: The self-compacting concrete (SCC) is a material that represents one of the greatest advances in concrete technology in recent decades. The development of SCC has resulted in improved efficiency and working conditions at the construction site and the precast industry. Rheological point of view, the SCC is a fluid mix that provides behavior differences when compared to conventional concrete. In this context, the proposal of this research was to study, in the foreground, the rheological phases of paste, mortar and concrete of SCC in the fresh state and its behavior in the hardened state. For this, we chose to employ the methodology Repette e Melo (2005), which considers the compressive strength as a starting point for the composition of the trace of SCC and studying the rheological aspects involved in the different stages of their dosage. The materials used to study the dosage was basalt fillers such as addition, medium sand, gravel 19 mm, superplasticizer additive and two types of cement. We prepared two concretes with different cements, both with the same strength class of 40 MPa. In the background, a study assessing the compressive strength of concrete when subjected to steam curing, varying the curing temperatures (between 65oC and 80oC) as well as the level of isothermal cure at 4 h, 6 h and 8 h for each temperature. The evaluation of mechanical properties of concrete was carried out using the Maturity Method. Employment of maturity was used to Nurse e Saul function, as well as function proposed by Freiesleben-Hansen and Pedersen (FHP). Comparative analysis were performed according to the type of cement used, curing temperature and isothermal plateau / Mestre

The present research is conducted to investigate the structural behaviour of continuously supported deep beams made with SCC. A series of tests on eight reinforced two-span continuous deep beams made with SCC was performed. The main parameters investigated were the shear span-to-depth ratio, the amount and configuration of web reinforcement and the main longitudinal reinforcement ratio. All beams failed due to a major diagonal crack formed between the applied mid-span load and the intermediate support separating the beam into two blocks: the first one rotated around the end support leaving the rest of the beam fixed on the other two supports. The amount and configuration of web reinforcement had a major effect in controlling the shear capacity of SCC continuous deep beams. The shear provisions of the ACI 318M-11 reasonably predicted the load capacity of SCC continuous deep beams. The strut-and-tie model recommended by different design codes showed conservative results for all SCC continuous deep beams. The ACI Building Code (ACI 318M-11) predictions were more accurate than those of the EC2 and Canadian Code (CSA23.3-04). The proposed effectiveness factor equations for the strut-and-tie model showed accurate predictions compared to the experimental results. The different equations of the effectiveness factor used in upper-bound analysis can reasonably be applied to the prediction of the load capacity of continuously supported SCC deep beams although they were proposed for normal concrete (NC). The proposed three dimensional FE model accurately predicted the failure modes, the load capacity and the load-deflection response of the beams tested.

The Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) it needs of the high amount of fine in yo ur composition to assist your properties in the fresh state. In the context of the fine materials if show the Residue of the Improvement of the Marble and Granite (RBMG), which was chosen to compose the dosagem of CAA in that research. This was a form of contributing with the technological progress and maintainable development of the concrete. Using Gomes' Methodology (2002) for obtaining of SCC, the study of the paste was developed through the rehearsals in the Cone of Marsh and in the Mini-slump and the study of the mortar using the rehearsals in the Cone of Marsh and in the cone log of the consistence table, all, in the sense of obtaining the percentile great of superplasticizer and an appropriate amount of RBMG in the composition of the mixture. Starting from parameters obtained in the study of the paste and mortar was given segment to a practical application of completion of premolded pieces, without the use of any type of mechanical vibration, with self-compacting mortar. Soon after, through the study of the composition of the granular skeleton it was obtained the great relationship among the small and great aggregate. The study of the concrete was developed using the rehearsals of Slump-flow, V Funnel, L Box and U Pipe, for the tests of your properties in the fresh state, such as: filling ability, passing ability and segregation resistance. In this study they were obtained two Self Compacting Concrete, a just using RBMG and other with 3% of sílica fume; in this it was verified some improvements in the viscosity and in the cohesion of the mixture. For both concretes they were moulded cylindrical specimens of 10cm x 20cm and 15cm x 30cm for study of the resistance to the compression to the 7 days and the 28 days; module of static deformation and resistance to the traction in the diametrical compression to the 28 days. The results of the accomplished rehearsals indicated for the technical viability of the use of RBMG in the production of SCC. / O Concreto Auto-Adensável (CAA) necessita de uma alta quantidade de finos em sua composição para atender suas propriedades no estado fresco. No contexto dos materiais finos se apresenta o Resíduo do Beneficiamento do Mármore e Granito (RBMG), o qual foi escolhido para compor a dosagem do CAA nessa pesquisa. Esta foi uma forma de contribuir com o avanço tecnológico e desenvolvimento sustentável do concreto. Utilizando a Metodologia de Gomes (2002) para obtenção do CAA, foi desenvolvido o estudo da pasta através dos ensaios no Cone de Marsh e no Mini-slump e o estudo da argamassa usando os ensaios no Cone de Marsh e no Tronco de cone da mesa de consistência, todos, no sentido de se obter o percentual ótimo de superplastificante e uma quantidade adequada do RBMG na composição da mistura. A partir de parâmetros obtidos no estudo da pasta e argamassa foi dado segmento a uma aplicação prática de preenchimento de peças pré-moldadas, sem a utilização de nenhum tipo de vibração mecânica, com argamassa auto-adensável. Em seguida, através do estudo da composição do esqueleto granular foi obtida a relação ótima entre o agregado miúdo e graúdo. O estudo do concreto foi desenvolvido utilizando os ensaios de Espalhamento, Funil V, Caixa L e Tubo em U, para os testes de suas propriedades no estado fresco, tais como: capacidade de preenchimento, capacidade de passagem por obstáculos e resistência à segregação. Neste estudo foram obtidos dois Concretos Auto- Adensáveis, um usando apenas o RBMG e outro com 3% de sílica ativa; neste foi verificado algumas melhoras na viscosidade e na coesão da mistura. Para ambos concretos foram moldados corpos-de-prova cilíndricos de 10cm x 20cm e 15cm x 30cm para estudo da resistência à compressão aos 7 dias e aos 28 dias; módulo de deformação estática e resistência à tração na compressão diametral aos 28 dias. Os resultados dos ensaios realizados indicaram pela viabilidade técnica da utilização do RBMG na produção de CAA.

The Self-compacting concrete (SCC) is already in use in several countries and represents one of the biggest advances in concrete technology in the last decades. Its name is related to the growth of productivity, the improvement on constructive environment and the contribution of sustainable concrete technology that is characterized as an environment-friendly material, obtained with high volumes of industrial waste. As its development is characterized mainly by its properties in its fresh stage, the studies of its mechanical properties, such as compressive strength (fc), diametral compressive strength or traction strength (ft), and the modulus of elasticity (Ec), as its evolution and relations between each other have been little developed. The c.p s molding procedures with SCC is only modified, since the self-compacting concrete doesn t need any vibration. Within that focus, a SCC added with marble and the filler RSMG is produced, and its mechanical properties are determined and compared with a conventional concrete of reference and others SCC. The c.p. molding is also analyzed in order to verify its compactibility.The study prove that the best way to fill the mold, is similar to the one used for the reference conventional concrete, except the process of vibration. Equations of the evolution of fc and relations between fc x ft e fc x Ec to SCC are also accomplished and compared with the ones presented for conventional concrete. The results proved that the equations used of conventional concrete are accepted for the SCC. / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Alagoas / O concreto auto-adensável (CAA) já é utilizado em vários países e representa um dos maiores avanços na tecnologia do concreto das últimas décadas. Seu nome está relacionado com o aumento na produtividade, melhora do ambiente construtivo e contribuição da tecnologia sustentável do concreto, sendo caracterizado como um material ambientalmente amigável, e podendo ser obtido com altos volumes de resíduos industriais. Como seu desempenho está mais associado às suas propriedades no estado fresco, estudos de propriedades mecânicas, como: resistências à compressão (fc) e à tração (ft) e o módulo de deformação longitudinal (Ec), assim como sua evolução e relações entre as mesmas, têm sido pouco desenvolvidos. Dos procedimentos que antecedem a determinação das propriedades mecânicas do concreto, a moldagem dos c.p. com CAA é a única modificada, pois, o adensamento do concreto não necessita de vibração. Dentro deste enfoque, um concreto auto-adensável com a adição mineral do resíduo de serragem de mármore e granito (RSMG) é produzido, e suas propriedades mecânicas são determinadas e comparadas com as de um concreto convencional e de outros CAA. Diferentes métodos de moldagem em c.p cilíndricos com o CAA também são analisados, a fim de verificar sua auto-adensabilidade. O estudo comprova que a melhor forma de preenchimento dos moldes com CAA é semelhante ao adotado para concretos convencionais, a menos do processo de vibração. Equações de evolução de fc e relações fc x ft e fc x Ec para CAA também são obtidas e comparadas com as apresentadas para concreto convencional. Os resultados comprovam que as relações usadas para concreto convencional são aceitas para o CAA.

The use of recycled aggregate in the production of self-compactig concrete (SCC) is relatively recent. Few studies have been developed, but, there are numerous advantages in its application. The recycled lightweight self-compacting concrete (RLSCC) offers several advantages of SCC, due to the self-compacting properties, it absorbs construction residues, in the use as recycled aggregates, and the lightness due to the smaller specific mass of the recycled aggregates, it promotes the reduction of the loads due to the own weight . However, studies carried out in concrete with recycled aggregates (RA) have shown to be very complex due to the characteristics of these aggregates, such as: high porosity, high water absorption, irregular shape, rough surface, etc. These characteristics tend to lead to mixtures with less workable and lower mechanical strength. In this way, the study had as objective to obtaining the RLSCC, separate the process in two steps: aggregates and mortar. Where, the characterization of the RA is the way to understand its characteristics and the limitations that it will impose in the mixture of concrete. The study of mortars, to verify a composition with the best parameters of fluidity and rheological, since the difficulty faced by researchers in obtaining workable mixtures. Thus, it was verified that the standardized characterization methodologies, for natural aggregates, face some difficulties in their application in recycled aggregates, rendering them inefficient. The characteristics of the recycled aggregate could be attenuated with a composition study, reaching very workable mortars, with low yield stress and moderate viscosity. The SCC was obtained through a study of maximum content of recycled coarse aggregate, through concrete tests. The obtained concrete presented compression strength of 30 MPa and apparent specific mass of 2000 kg/m³, classifying it as concrete of structural application and light. / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A utilização de agregado reciclado na produção de concreto autoadensável (CAA) é relativamente recente. Poucos estudos têm sido desenvolvidos, mas, observam-se inúmeras vantagens em sua aplicação. O concreto autoadensável leve reciclado (CAALR) oferece diversas vantagens do CAA, devido às propriedades de autoadensabilidade, absorve resíduos de construções, na utilização como agregados reciclados, e a leveza devido a menor massa específica dos agregados reciclados, promove a redução das cargas devido ao peso próprio. No entanto, estudos realizados em concreto com agregados reciclados (AGR), têm se mostrado muito complexos devido às características destes agregados, como: elevada porosidade, alto teor de absorção de água, forma irregular, superfície rugosa, etc. Características estas que tendem a conduzir a misturas pouco trabalháveis e de resistência mecânica inferior. Desta forma, o estudo teve como objetivo a obtenção CAALR, separando o processo em duas etapas: agregados e argamassa. Onde, a caracterização do AGR é o meio para o entendimento de suas características e das limitações que ele irá impor na mistura de concreto. Já o estudo de argamassa, o objetivo foi verificar uma composição com os melhores parâmetros de fluidez e reológicos, visto as dificuldades enfrentadas por pesquisadores em obter-se misturas trabalháveis. Assim, verificou-se que as metodologias de caracterização normatizadas, para agregados naturais, enfrentam algumas dificuldades na sua aplicação em agregados reciclados, tornando-as pouco eficientes. As características do agregado reciclado miúdo puderam ser atenuadas com um estudo de composição, chegando a argamassas muito trabalháveis, com baixa tensão de escoamento e viscosidade moderada. A obtenção do CAA foi possível, através de um estudo de teor máximo de agregado reciclado graúdo, através de ensaios em concreto. O concreto obtido apresentou resistência de 30 MPa e massa específica aparente de 2000 kg/m³, classificando-o como concreto de aplicação estrutural e leve.

L'objectif de ce travail est de contribuer à la valorisation du métakaolin en substitution du ciment dans les matrices cimentaires en levant certains verrous scientifiques. En effet l'utilisation d'additions minérales modifie les propriétés des bétons, que cela soit à l'état frais, à l'état durcissant ou à l'état durci. A l'état frais, la rhéologie a été étudiée avec l'adaptation et l'application d'une méthode de formulation pour béton auto-plaçant. Cette application a été développée jusqu'à l'échelle industrielle. A l'état durcissant, la phase d'hydratation a été étudiée en s'attardant particulièrement sur l'effet de la nature du ciment substitué sur la réactivité du métakaolin. Enfin à l'état durci deux caractéristiques de durabilité ont été explorées, à savoir l'effet du métakaolin sur la carbonatation dans une première partie, puis sur la diffusion des chlorures dans une deuxième partie. / The objective of the present thesis was to promote the use of metakaolin as substitute for cement in cementitious matrix by unlocking several scientific challenges. The use of mineral additions modifies the properties of concrete in the fresh state, the hardening state and the durability state. In the fresh state, rheology was studied by adapting a formulation method for self-compacting concretes. This application was then further developed to be used at an industrial scale. In the hardening state, the hydration phases were analysed with a focus on the effect of the cement nature on the metakaolin reactivity. Finally in the durability state, two particular features were studied:1) the metakaolin effect on the carbonation kinetic and 2) the effect of the metakaolin on the chloride diffusion.