As climate change persists full bore, economists continue to estimate the cost effectiveness of various climate mitigation strategies. Minimal research has considered fertility-reducing policies, such as women's education (WE) and family planning (FP), as competitive emissions abatement strategies. Both WE and FP can mitigate climate change in two ways: they reduce emissions by lowering population growth, and reduce damages by reducing the number of vulnerable persons, especially when implemented in African countries. Previous research focuses exclusively on the former and neglects the latter entirely. By including the full scope of climate benefits from fertility reduction, it is clear that both WE and FP are highly cost-competitive with other climate mitigation strategies. Additionally, WE and FP are highly valued for social and ethical reasons, but are currently underfunded. Recognizing them as viable climate mitigation strategies could help garner the additional funding that is demanded in the literature. It is long overdue that WE and FP receive international funding on the basis of climate change mitigation, in addition to the fund they already receive for humanitarian reasons.

In Malawi, an estimated 202 000 children are out of school and of those in school, less than 50 percent reach grade five. Increasingly, alternatives to the formal school system are gaining traction as a means to reach these excluded children. Recognizing the necessity, the Malawian government recently stipulated a non-formal provision in its education plan. As demand increases, it is important to consider what makes these programmes appealing and sustainable. Using qualitative interview methods, this study explores the lives of ten rural Malawian youth who are participating in an alternative initiative and investigates factors that have influenced the students to initially join and remain in the programme. The study sheds light on experience with alternative education initiatives as seen from the student perspective and provides insight into influences, motivation and successful non-formal programming by linking the theoretical framework to the findings.

In Malawi, an estimated 202 000 children are out of school and of those in school, less than 50 percent reach grade five. Increasingly, alternatives to the formal school system are gaining traction as a means to reach these excluded children. Recognizing the necessity, the Malawian government recently stipulated a non-formal provision in its education plan. As demand increases, it is important to consider what makes these programmes appealing and sustainable. Using qualitative interview methods, this study explores the lives of ten rural Malawian youth who are participating in an alternative initiative and investigates factors that have influenced the students to initially join and remain in the programme. The study sheds light on experience with alternative education initiatives as seen from the student perspective and provides insight into influences, motivation and successful non-formal programming by linking the theoretical framework to the findings.

Many South African educators seek employment in Saudi Arabian schools, drawn by monetary incentives and better working conditions. However, little consideration is given to differences in cultural and educational values synonymous with the two entities. This research deals with the role of conflicting values in the teaching experiences of South African educators in Saudi Arabian schools by means of a literature study and empirical investigation. Qualitative data collection was done by in-depth personal interviews and personal narratives, written and sourced via e-mail. Findings revealed that the preconceived educational values of the South African educators sometimes acted as a barrier to teaching, restricting the educators from fully optimising their educational experiences. However, positive features of the Saudi education system were highlighted. The implications indicate a need for better orientation for South African educators working or planning to work in Saudi Arabia with emphasis on societal norms, customs and values. / Educational Studies / M. Ed. (Comparative Education)

SANTOS, Cícero Edinaldo dos. Juventude e relações de gênero no ensino misto confessional: a pedagogia salesiana em Juazeiro do Norte–CE (1970-1985). 2014. 131f. – Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-graduação em Educação Brasileira, Fortaleza (CE), 2014. / Submitted by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2014-08-08T14:13:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_dis_cesantos.pdf: 1694249 bytes, checksum: 7c4ec62734197684de62bb7cd52a8944 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo(marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2014-08-08T17:42:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_dis_cesantos.pdf: 1694249 bytes, checksum: 7c4ec62734197684de62bb7cd52a8944 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-08T17:42:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_dis_cesantos.pdf: 1694249 bytes, checksum: 7c4ec62734197684de62bb7cd52a8944 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Esta dissertação dialoga com os domínios epistemológicos da Educação Comparada e História da Educação. Trata da Transição para e Consolidação do ensino misto confessional no Colégio Salesiano de Juazeiro do Norte – Ceará, destacando o período de 1970 a 1985. Parte da análise dos fluxos discursivos entre Dom Bosco – fundador do Sistema Preventivo na Itália – e Padre Cícero – primeiro interessado pela implantação da Pedagogia Salesiana em Juazeiro do Norte. Enfatiza a operacionalização das práticas pedagógicas dos Salesianos imigrantes, nos primeiros anos de atuação no referido município. Em seguida, toma como foco a transição do ensino confessional masculino para o ensino misto confessional. Para isso, destaca o processo de feminização do magistério, a atuação dos padres-professores e a ideia de uma “pedagogia da igualdade” direcionada e executada por distintos sexos/gêneros. Ressalta os dilemas da educação católica, no contexto investigado e a ação pedagógica dos Salesianos, demonstrando a existência de performatividades (des) generificadas no cotidiano escolar. A fim de entender como o Sistema Preventivo buscou reproduzir sujeitos para além dos muros institucionais, discorre sobre o Regime Militar e a Pastoral da Juventude, vendo-os como pontos basilares para a consolidação do ensino misto confessional na realidade do município. Antes de finalizar, dialoga com as noções de vigilância preventiva e a urgência da coeducação salesiana, deixando questionamentos em aberto. Evidencia que, para a condução desta investigação, foi de suma importância à abordagem interdisciplinar, a leitura da historiografia consultada, além das crônicas da casa, regulamentos, relatórios anuais, circulares e subsídios preservados no arquivo escolar salesiano, bem como quatro entrevistas com ex-alunos e ex-alunas (atuais funcionárias) da referida instituição. Como resultado, apresenta um conjunto de evidências de que o projeto educacional do Padre Cícero, isto é, a atuação dos Salesianos em Juazeiro do Norte, foi aceito pela população local, a qual via na educação escolar um caminho para o progresso e civilidade do município. Na transição para o ensino misto confessional, o processo foi amistoso, embora tenha despertado uma série de ressignificações de sentidos no cotidiano pedagógico. A condição juvenil e as performatividades de gênero foram mantidas. O sexo visto como natural e ligado à anatomia física. A juventude, dependendo da situação, discursada com enunciados positivos ou negativos. Em busca da desnaturalização da vida, dos sexos, gêneros e idades, esta dissertação encerra com alguns questionamentos sobre a coeducação nas instituições ligadas à Igreja Católica, buscando despertar reflexões e futuros estudos.

There were two purposes of this study. The first was that of determining, through an analysis of Texas and Thai biology textbooks, which objectives -- cognitive, affective, manual skill, processes of scientific inquiry, and orientation—were emphasized in three major and twenty-seven minor fields of biology. The second purpose was to determine if significant differences exist in the frequency distribution of these objectives. Only one biology program is used in schools throughout Thailand. This program, which was published by the Ministry of Education, consists of four textbooks with 1977 copyright date. The five Texas textbooks used in this study were those adopted under the provisions of the Textbook Law. The contents of each of the six texts included in the study were classified by using the criteria of Klopfer's Table of Specifications for Science Education.

No bojo das conflituosas transformações decorrentes de políticas neoliberais-privatistas estão as universidades e o Sistema de Educação Superior (SES). Ao longo da década de 2000, apesar de as políticas neoliberais-privatistas terem ganho repúdio de amplos setores da sociedade, o que contrastou com a defesa mais explícita desse modelo político em década anterior, subsistiram não poucas permanências e traços do privatismo, sobretudo na Educação Superior (ES). Tal como países em desenvolvimento, Brasil e Argentina vivem, em ritmos, formas e intensidades específicas, o paradoxo de ter o respectivo SES pressionado por políticas privatistas, ao mesmo tempo em que a esses sistemas se impõem desafios de expansão da cobertura de vagas e melhoria na qualidade da educação que permitam a efetiva democratização das oportunidades no nível superior do ensino. Em meio a complexos problemas, um dos direcionamentos que podem ser identificados é a articulação da expansão do ensino superior com o privatismo. Nessa linha, a presente pesquisa analisou os processos de expansão e privatismo da ES no Brasil e na Argentina, buscando investigar, do ponto de vista do desenvolvimento da esfera pública e privada, o progresso do ensino superior ocorrido entre 1989 e 2009. O período abordado na análise se justifica por contemplar o vigor do neoliberalismo nos dois países a partir do final dos anos 1980, bem como permanências e mudanças consumadas nos referidos SES, particularmente até a metade do mandato de Cristina Kirchner e o segundo Governo de Lula, no ano de 2009. Partindo de peculiaridades do ponto de vista original da universidade em cada país analisado, buscaram-se semelhanças e diferenças na evolução dos SES. O foco do acompanhamento do ensino superior brasileiro e argentino, em análise comparativa, centrou os eixos de abordagem nas categorias ES pública e ES privada. Tendo como unidade de análise o SES dos dois países, a metodologia utilizada recaiu sobre a educação comparada. Na análise dos processos de expansão e privatismo na ES, as variáveis observadas foram as seguintes: crescimento quantitativo das IES; matrícula e acesso nos estabelecimentos públicos e privados; terminalidade nos SES; financiamento público e alguns programas para a ES nos dois países. A pesquisa verificou, dentre os sistemas do Brasil e da Argentina, o ensino superior no âmbito de diferenças de formação histórica de cada SES e os respectivos ajustes, as mudanças na legislação e o potencial reordenamento dos estabelecimentos da ES em direção a uma lógica induzida pelo capital. A comparação da configuração histórica da universidade em ambos os países evidenciou a presença original da iniciativa privada na ES no Brasil muito mais dominante do que na Argentina, sinalizando o protagonismo de uma e outra natureza jurídica a pública e a privada , além de características mais elitistas ou massificadas nos respectivos SES. Na análise das variáveis comparadas, aferiu-se, em especial nos anos 1990, maior voracidade do privatismo na ES de ambos os países. Na década de 2000, apesar de alguns traços não suprimidos de permanências da situação anterior, evidenciou-se, na Argentina, maior ruptura com as políticas privatistas dos anos 1990. No Brasil, em que pese o incremento de políticas públicas quanto à expansão do acesso, observa-se, simultaneamente ao aumento numérico de IES públicas, a continuidade e intensificação do privatismo sob outras formas de estímulos. / In the midst of the conflicting arising changes given the neo-liberal privatist political model, stands the University and Higher Education Systems (HES). Throughout the 2000s, despite neo-liberal privatist policies won repudiation of broad sectors of society, which contrasted with the more explicit defense of this political model in the previous decade, more than a few traces of privatism and permanencies survived mainly in Higher Education (HE). Amid these complex problems, one of the directions that can be identified is the articulation between HE expansion and privatism. In this way, the present study examined the processes of expansion and privatism of HE in Brazil and Argentina in order to investigate, in view of the development of public and private spheres, the progress of higher education that occurred between 1989 and 2009. The period covered in this analysis is justified by contemplating the effect of neo-liberalism in both countries from the late 1980s, as well as continuities and changes in those consummated SES, particularly until the mid-term of Cristina Kirchner and the second government of Lula, in 2009. Assuming the peculiarities of the original point of view of the university in each country, similarities and differences were searched in the evolution of HES. The focus of HE tracking in Brazil and Argentina, in a comparative analysis, centered the approach axes in HE private and public categories. Having as analysis unit the HES of both countries, the methodology focused in comparative education. In the analysis of the expansion and privatism processes in HE, the observed variables were the quantitative growth of IES; the enrollment and access to public and private education establishments; the completion in the HES; the public funding and some programs for the HE in both countries. The research verified, in the systems of Brazil and Argentina, HE from the perspective of comparison in the framework of differences in each HES historical formation and their respective adjustments, changes in legislation and the potential redevelopment of HE establishments towards a logic induced by capital. The comparison of the historical configuration of the university in both countries showed the original presence of private enterprise in Brazils HE much more prevalent than in Argentina, signaling the role of one and another legal nature the public and the private , besides more elitist or massify characteristics in each HES. In the analysis of compared variables, it was measured up, particularly in the 1990s, most voracious privatism in the HE of both countries. In the 2000s, although some traits not suppressed of previous situation stays, there was, in Argentina, a greater rupture from the 1990s privatist policies. In Brazil, in spite of public policies growth regarding access expansion, it is observed, simultaneously to the increased number of public HES, the carrying and intensification of other privatism forms of stimuli.

Ao analisar o histórico da educação de massa a nível mundial, nota-se que este surgiu principalmente com o aparecimento dos estados nacionais ao longo dos séculos XIX e meados do século XX. Se num momento histórico a educação de massa foi fundamental para formação dos estados nacionais, como se comportaria nos dias atuais com a maioria dos territórios já definidos. Nas últimas décadas sob a égide do neoliberalismo, evidencia-se uma relação muito estreita entre economia e educação, onde políticas públicas, sem objetivos sociais, acabam por fazer da educação um instrumento para ampliar as desigualdades sociais e econômicas, onde as pessoas que detém o saber possuem cada vez mais privilégios dentro do espaço social, inclusive o acesso a um nível mais elevado de educação devido a alta renda, enquanto os iletrados são segregados espacialmente e com baixo poder aquisitivo estão cada vez mais distantes de uma educação emancipadora, num círculo vicioso que tende ser agravado pela crescente mercantilização da educação. Neste estudo pode-se visualizar este fenômeno espacialmente, seja em locais historicamente consolidados, no caso do Vale do Paraíba Paulista, ou em zonas de fronteiras agrícola, onde territórios subnacionais estão ainda em formação, principalmente na Amazônia Legal. Esta visão geográfica do espaço social através da cartografia permitiu constatar e analisar estas desigualdades, para que possa ser útil aos planejadores diante da complexidade e especificidade de problemas sociais, econômicos e ambientais que ocorrem desde os níveis globais até os locais. Trata-se, portanto de uma análise de Educação Comparada, sem o intuito de criar paradigmas educacionais com base em regiões ou países desenvolvidos, mas levar a uma reflexão mais ampla diante da complexidade dos problemas atuais que necessitam primordialmente de soluções ao nível local tendo em vista as suas especificidades, diante das influências e as repercussões globais, uma vez que, as diversidades e desigualdades sócio-econômicas se tornam cada vez mais evidentes e recrudescentes diante das contradições capitalistas e da globalização que divulga XII um paradigma de desenvolvimento, sem levar em consideração a diversidade humana ou ambiental local, ressalvando-se, tão somente, quando são características favoreçam uma exploração econômica lucrativa e imediatista. Com a interdisciplinaridade da Geografia Regional e a Educação Comparada, esta dissertação procura fundamentar esta análise e prospecção territorial da educação com base nas formas, funções e estruturas que produzem determinados espaços sociais ao longo de um processo histórico, resumindo-se num estudo de Geografia da Educação / In reviewing the history of mass education in the world, it is noted that this was mainly with the emergence of nation states throughout the nineteenth and mid twentieth century. If a historic moment mass education was essential for formation of national states, what would happen today with most territories already defined. In recent decades under the aegis of neoliberalism, it is evident a very close relationship between economics and education, where public policy, not social goals, end up making education a tool to broaden the social and economic inequalities, where people holding the know have more privileges within the social space, including access to a higher level of education due to high income, while the uneducated are spatially segregated and with low purchasing power are increasingly distant from emancipatory education as a vicious circle which tends to be exacerbated by the increasing commoditization of education. In this study we can see this phenomenon spatially, whether in historical consolidated local in the case of Vale do Paraíba Paulista, or in agricultural frontier areas, where sub-national areas are still in training, especially in the Amazon. This vision of social space through geographical mapping allowed us to verify and analyze these inequalities, so it can be useful to planners on the complexity and specificity of social, economic and environmental impacts that occur from global levels to the site. It is therefore an analysis of comparative education, without the intention of creating educational paradigms based on regions or countries, but lead to a broader reflection on the complexity of current problems that need solutions primarily at the local level taking into their specific views in the face of global influences and repercussions, since the diversity and socio-economic inequalities are becoming more evident and recrudescent on the capitalist contradictions and globalization which discloses a development paradigm, regardless human diversity or environmental site, subject to, alone, when there are features favoring an immediate and profitable economic exploitation. With the interdisciplinary of Regional Geography and Comparative Education, this essay attempts to base this XIV analysis and exploration of territorial education based on the forms, functions and structures that produce social spaces along a historical process, summarizing a study of Education Geography.

Le monde, depuis des millénaires, est bâti sur les fondations de sociétés bilingues. Or, ce « parler multiple » semble depuis toujours être source de conflit. Loin d’être considéré comme une richesse, le bilinguisme (ou plurilinguisme) semble plutôt représenter un problème auquel on tâcherait de trouver une solution. « La multiplicité » dit Louis-Jean Calvet (1999), « est chose mauvaise, on lui préfère de façon toute jacobine un bon gros Etat monolingue bien cerné dans ses frontières politiques et linguistiques ».La région caraïbe occupe une place tout à fait intéressante sur cette scène en perpétuel mouvement qu’est la mondialisation. Ces pays/îles doivent continuellement chercher l’équilibre entre appartenance locale, régionale et internationale, grand nombre d’entre eux luttant toujours aujourd’hui pour concilier leur statut d’anciennes colonies et le rythme rapide de la mondialisation. Cette thèse porte sur la place des langues vivantes dans les écoles du premier degré à la Martinique et à la Dominique et sur les enjeux d’un enseignement bilingue pour ces deux îles qui appartiennent à la fois à la Caraïbe et au monde. Nous proposons, dans un premier temps, une étude de la situation actuelle de l’enseignement des langues dans les deux îles : quelles sont les politiques linguistiques dans les deux contextes? Dans quelle mesure sont-elles mises en œuvre? L’enseignement des langues répond-il aux exigences des textes officiels ? Les politiques linguistiques sont-elles adaptées aux réalités sociolinguistiques de ces îles ? Dans un deuxième temps, nous interrogeons la possibilité d’un enseignement bilingue dès l’école préélémentaire dans les îles de la Martinique et de la Dominique et nous expérimentons des approches d’enseignement des langues en milieu institutionnel et en contexte périscolaire. Nous nous interrogeons sur des modes de fonctionnement différents : ne pourrait-on pas imaginer d’autres manières de faire ? Que pouvons-nous proposer comme solutions complémentaires et/ou alternatives à l’existant ?Enfin, dans un troisième temps, dans une perspective plus globale, nous posons la question de l’éducation bilingue, par une approche comparée, en analysant les faits éducatifs dans deux systèmes différents et en nous intéressant à la question de l’altérité. La compréhension de l’Autre peut-elle améliorer l’existant dans le cas de la Martinique et de la Dominique ? Nous revenons ainsi à la question de l’intérêt et des enjeux d’une comparaison de l’enseignement des langues dans ces deux systèmes, en prenant en compte les identités locales, régionales et internationales à travers des analyses historiques et sociolinguistiques. A la suite de cette analyse, nous faisons des propositions concrètes en faveur d’un enseignement bilingue intégré dans ces deux îles. Ces propositions concernent les domaines tels que la didactique, la planification en éducation et le curriculum bilingue, la formation des enseignants et la politique linguistique de la Caraïbe. Notre question centrale est la suivante : comment enseigner aujourd’hui pour mieux préparer les citoyens caribéens au monde de demain ? / The Caribbean region occupies an interesting space in the perpetually changing scene of globalisation. Caribbean countries or islands must continually seek to balance their sense of belonging to a local, regional and international community. This is sometimes a difficult task as any of them are still fighting to balance their evolution as old colonies with the fast pace of globalisation in a new world.This thesis focuses on language teaching at primary level in the islands of Martinique and Dominica. It examines the many issues surrounding language teaching and questions the role of bilingual education in the development of these two Caribbean islands as they evolve within the Caribbean and the world. Firstly, we propose a careful study of the current situation of language teaching in Martinique and Dominica. What are the language policies of these islands? How and to what extent are they implemented? Does language teaching truly reflect the objectives of official texts? Are the present language policies adapted to the sociolinguistic reality of each island?Secondly, we raise the question as to the possibility of the implementation of bilingual education at the pre-primary level in the islands of Martinique and Dominica. We examine the question through the experimenting of different language teaching methods within a school setting and as part of an extracurricular bilingual program. Can we envision alternative approaches to the present situation? What complementary or alternative solutions can we propose to improve on what already exists?Lastly, we look at the subject from an overall perspective and we address the question of bilingual education. We analyse how comparative education, the study of other education systems and the understanding of others play a major role in developing solutions to present day situations. This analysis takes into account issues relating to local, regional and international identities through a study of the historical and sociolinguistic context of the islands of Dominica and Martinique.Based on our analysis and on the literature, we put forward concrete proposals for holistic bilingual education on the islands of Martinique and Dominica. These proposals focus on areas such as language teaching pedagogy, education planning, the bilingual curriculum, teacher training, and language policy for the Caribbean. The main question underlying this thesis is: how do we teach today to better prepare Caribbean citizens for the world of tomorrow?

This thesis examines pupils’ justice conceptions regarding educational assessment. Due to the context-dependency of norms and values as well as of assessment, the study compares the justice conceptions of pupils in two different’socio-educational’ contexts: Sweden and Germany. The main interest of the study is to understand and to reconstruct pupils’ own relevance structures and what just assessment means from a pupils’ point of view. Here, the study aims to reach beyond the level of mere description by providing theoretical conceptualisations of pupils’ justice conceptions regarding assessment. Thus, the study´s methodological foundation is characterised by a combination of a context-sensitive comparative approach on the one hand, and on the other hand a pragmatist Grounded Theory approach. Data were mainly generated through focus group interviews with pupils attending the last year of the lower secondary level in the Swedish comprehensive school as well as in different school types in the German school system. In total, the sample consists of 95 pupils, who were interviewed in 21 focus group interviews. In addition, other sources of data were included, such as regulations and guidelines that supported a context-sensitive analysis of pupils’ conceptions. The theoretical conceptualisation that explains pupils’ justice conceptions is ‘meta-assessment’. ‘Meta-assessment’ refers to pupils’ evaluation of the assessment they experience in terms of justice and represents the shared, abductively derived and overlying analytical category regarding pupils’ conceptions. Pupils’ ‘meta-assessment’ is based on normative justice conceptions as well as on justice conceptions that are related to pupils’ situation and context-bound experiences with assessment. The first ones are about the ethico-moral character of pupils’ justice conceptions. The second shed light on the contextual conditions and consequences of the logics and practices underlying educational assessment as experienced by pupils on an everyday basis. This implies that just assessment from a pupils’ perspective needs to be understood in its wider contextual embedment; and in relation to teaching and learning in order to understand the complex interrelations of what just assessment ‘is’, and ‘should be’ from the perspective of those, who are mainly affected by it.