The final thesis is focused on restoration masonry building. Concretely assessment of resistance joist's floors, design alternative's strengthening and impact of surcharge on pronounces constructions. The choice one of alternatives strengthening, design and check of floor structure over the second floor.

[pt] O uso de sistemas estruturais mistos no mercado brasileiro tem aumentado nos últimos anos. Nesses sistemas as seções de diversos elementos estruturais são compostas por aço e concreto e suas resistências à tração e à compressão, respectivamente, são utilizadas de forma otimizada. Este estudo tem por objetivo avaliar o comportamento estrutural do vigamento de piso misto tipo Stub-Girder, modificado para melhor aproveitamento dos perfis em sua fabricação. O estudo é baseado em formulações não lineares físicas por meio do método dos elementos finitos (MEF), com uso do software ANSYS. Para calibrar o modelo numérico, foram utilizados dados de ensaios em escala real disponíveis na literatura, além de um ensaio em escala real realizado no Laboratório de Estruturas do departamento de Engenharia Civil e Ambiental da PUC-Rio. Uma análise paramétrica foi realizada utilizando diversos tipos de perfis disponíveis no mercado brasileiro para que o sistema Stub-Girder modificado pudesse ser avaliado no que diz respeito à resistência e rigidez. Foi ainda mostrado que os modelos constitutivos adotados para o concreto apresentam resultados coerentes e próximos dos obtidos em laboratório. / [en] Steel-concrete composite structural systems are increasingly adopted in Brazil s construction industry. In these systems steel and concrete are used to create sections that behave in structurally efficient manner by utilizing steel s tensile strength and concrete s compressive strength. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the structural behavior of a Stub-Girder floor system, modified to improve the use of steel profiles in its manufacturing process. A numerical procedure is developed, based on nonlinear analysis through the use of the finite element method (FEM), employing the software ANSYS. To calibrate the numerical model, data from full-scale tests available in the literature were used in addition to a full-scale test carried out in the Structures Laboratory (Civil Engineering and Environment department, PUC-Rio). A parametric analysis was performed using several types of profiles available in the Brazilian market so that the modified stub-girder system could be evaluated regarding strength and stiffness. The constitutive models for concrete were shown to be coherent with laboratory results.

No description available.

Este trabalho objetivou o estudo dos edifícios de múltiplos andares constituídos por elementos mistos aço-concreto, com enfoque acadêmico, porém abordando aspectos e recomendações normativas diretamente aplicadas na prática corrente da engenharia estrutural. A revisão bibliográfica foi realizada com base em estudos acadêmicos e normativos além do estudo de um edifício exemplo constituído por elementos mistos. Os elementos mistos lajes, vigas e pilares foram abordados inicialmente de forma isolada, com base nas recomendações normativas, sendo que ao final os elementos foram interligados, apresentando ao leitor os principais aspectos teóricos e normativos para o dimensionamento de um edifício completo constituído de elementos estruturais mistos. / This study aims the multiple storey buildings formed by composite elements steel-concrete, with academic emphasis, however approaching standard recommendations and aspects directly applied to the structural engineering. A bibliographic review based on academic and standard studies was made, besides the design of an example building formed by composite elements. The composite elements: slabs, beams and columns were firstly approached based on standard aspects, and in the end, the elements were interconnected and presented to the reader the main theoretical and standard aspects to the design of a complete building formed by composite structural elements.

The scope of this thesis is to reveal, identify and investigate promising routes for developing multifunctional composite structures with damage sensing capabilities towards the development of integrated non-destructive inspection (NDI) and structural health monitoring (SHM) capabilities. Two routes were identified and selected for further investigation; the enhancement of multifunctionality of composite systems through the use of nanotechnology and the development of novel damage sensing techniques based on the electrical properties of the composites. Both were selected in the view of better integration of NDI/SHM functionality. Initially, the use of nanotechnology to control the properties of polymer foam systems as part of multifunctional sandwich composite structures has been validated and proven feasible. Electrically conductive nano-composite foams were developed at a varying range of densities. The level of conductivity was controlled by the CNT concentration. The underlying mechanisms for the formation of the CNT network were analyzed closely and as a result a practical processing-structure-property map was proposed for describing the material capabilities. Towards the development of self-sensing functionality, the established electrical conductivity was studied as an index of strain and damage in nano-composite foams. A 1D electrical resistance sensing approach was followed during mechanical compression testing (Electrical Resistance Change Method – ERCM). The variations of the recordings revealed the strain and damage formation within the material. The distinct regions in the response curve were correlated to micro-structural strain and damage mechanisms, effectively demonstrating the capability to develop multifunctional structural materials with self-sensing capabilities. In the direction of novel sensing techniques, answering to the need for an electrical based approach that is transferable and scalable to 2D and even further to more complex 3D shell geometries, the concept of Electrical tomography and the ET inverse problem solution were proposed and studied as a tool for NDI and damage assessment of composite materials. The approach is based on the inherent electrical conductivity of the material and leads the step from conventional 1D electrical sensing to 2D imaging, offering a viable route for utilizing electrical sensing techniques in real applications. The technique delivers a conductivity change map which corresponds to the studied geometry and changes in conductivity are correlated with real damage. For each map, two features were extracted through automated algorithms; the Centre of Interest and the corresponding Region of Interest. It was found that the sensing principle was sensitive enough to extremely small variations of conductivity (less than 0.1% of the inspected area). The post-processing and feature extraction technique was effective in indicating to the location of the developed damage. Taking a step further, the knowledge of the composite material microstructure and expected failure modes have been translated and formulated into an additional mathematical constraint. The formulation is applied to constrain the solution of the ERT inverse problem greatly enhancing the solution and the damage localization in ERT. A concept for merging the two proposed routes for the development of multifunctional structures is then proposed and investigated. The establishment of a conductive 3D network of CNT is exploited using the previously formulated tomographic approaches. The development of a continuous artificial 3D CNT network within the matrix of a structural composite has been shown to provide electrical conductivity to previously non-conductive composites. This 3D network is used for the damage assessment of the composite as any structural damage introduced discontinuities in the 3D network which are located using tomographic approaches. ERT was applied providing 2D imaging for the NDI of composites based on electrical measurements taken from a CNT doped GFRP, effectively sensing variations in the electrical fields and identifying the location of the induced damage. Having shown that ERT can provide useful information on the health/damage state of composite materials, a step further was taken to identify the required steps to apply ERT to larger composite components with more complex geometry. The studied cylindrical component provided a case study to demonstrate the procedure for applying ERT to existing structural components while formulating the ERT inverse problem to cover cases that could not be covered with the up-to-date formulations. In parallel, an alternative approach for post-processing the electrical measurements taken using ET was proposed; the dipole technique. This observational technique was described, formulated and applied to the available experimental data. It was concluded that the dipole technique is effective in delivering a swarm of Damage Estimation Locations which formed convex Region of Interest, effectively locating the damage with small relative error and large inspection area suppression (reaching over 90%). Finally, a practical electrical-based approach was formulated for monitoring a real case of aeronautical component. The goal for monitoring the integrity of composite patch repair on an aluminium component was achieved by proposing a mapping technique to translate distributed 1D electrical measurements to a 2D damage probability map. The proposed approach was formulated theoretically and verified on experimental level under simulated service conditions. It was concluded that the technique can effectively identify the location of damage which was verified by thermographic imaging techniques. This final approach essentially bridges the area between 1D ERCM techniques on specimen level and the ERT approach proposed in this thesis. / Αντικείμενο της παρούσας διατριβής είναι η διερεύνηση, η αναλυτική μελέτη και η αποτίμηση της εφαρμογής νέων υλικών και μεθοδολογιών για την ανάπτυξη πολύ-λειτουργικών κατασκευών από Σύνθετα Υλικά (ΣΥ) με ικανότητα ανίχνευσης βλάβης. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, προτείνονται και μελετώνται δύο κατευθύνσεις: η ανάπτυξη νέων λειτουργιών και η ενίσχυση της πολυ-λειτουργικότητας των συνθέτων υλικών με χρήση νανοτεχνολογίας, και η ανάπτυξη νέων μεθοδολογιών για την ανίχνευση της βλάβης που να είναι βασισμένες στις ηλεκτρικές ιδιότητες του υλικού. Αμφότερες επιλέχθηκαν με στόχο την καλύτερη ενσωμάτωση της ικανότητας ανίχνευσης βλάβης με καινοτόμες μη καταστροφικές μεθόδους. Αρχικά, η χρήση νανοτεχνολογίας και συγκεκριμένα Νανο-Σωλήνων Άνθρακα (ΝΣΑ) για τον έλεγχο των ιδιοτήτων παραγόμενων πολυμερών αφρών ως συνιστώσα πολυλειτουργικών ΣΥ τύπου sandwich προτάθηκε, μελετήθηκε και αποδείχτηκε εφικτή. Αναπτύχθηκε η μεθοδολογία για την παραγωγή και κατασκευή ηλεκτρικά αγώγιμων νανοσύνθετων πολυμερών αφρών ως φορέων πολύ-λειτουργικότητας. Με χρήση τεχνικών διασποράς παρήχθησαν νανοσύνθετου αφροί ενισχυμένοι με Νανο-Σωλήνες Άνθρακα (ΝΣΑ) σε διάφορες περιεκτικότητες ΝΣΑ και πυκνότητες. Η ηλεκτρική αγωγιμότητα των αφρών μελετήθηκε ως προς τους δύο αυτές μεταβλητές και με χρήση στατιστικών μοντέλων περιγράφηκε η τελική ιδιότητα των υλικών. Τέλος, προτείνεται ένας χάρτης συσχέτιση μεταξύ παραμέτρων επεξεργασίας-δομής-ιδιότητας. Έχοντας αναπτύξει ηλεκτρικά αγώγιμους αφρούς, στη συνέχεια μελετήθηκε η εφαρμογή ηλεκτρικών μεθόδων παρακολούθησης για την ανίχνευση παραμόρφωσης και βλάβης σε αυτά τα συστήματα υλικών. Η ευρέως χρησιμοποιούμενη μέθοδος ηλεκτρικής ανίχνευσης Electrical Resistance Change Method (ERCM) διερευνήθηκε και αποδείχθηκε αποτελεσματική για τη αξιολόγηση της αναπτυσσόμενης βλάβης κατά τη διάρκεια πειραμάτων συμπίεσης των αφρών. Βάσει των αποτελεσμάτων προτείνεται μια χαρακτηριστική καμπύλη για το συσχετισμό της ηλεκτρικής μέτρησης και των διαφορετικών σταδίων της μηχανικής απόκρισης. Η καμπύλη αυτή καλύπτει ένα σημαντικό εύρος πυκνοτήτων σε αφρούς. Στην κατεύθυνση των νέων μεθοδολογιών ανίχνευσης βλάβης προτείνεται μια μεθοδολογία που βασίζεται στη διαφοροποίηση του αναπτυσσόμενου ηλεκτρικού πεδίου παρουσία βλάβης και αξιοποιώντας ηλεκτρικές μεθόδους 1-Διάστασης (ERCM) προτείνεται μία μεθοδολογία με εφαρμογή στις 2-Διαστάσεις για την αξιολόγηση βλάβης σε σύνθετα υλικά. Η μέθοδος ERCM έχει χρησιμοποιηθεί με επιτυχία σε μια σειρά από μελέτες μικρής κλίμακας, αλλά οι πραγματικές εφαρμογές της απαιτούν εργαλεία απεικόνισης σε 2-Διαστάσεις και 3-Διαστάσεις για το Μη Καταστροφικό Έλεγχο (ΜΚΕ) των κατασκευών. Το πρόβλημα που τοποθετείτε και επιλύεται είναι αυτό της ανίχνευσης και του εντοπισμού βλάβης σε σύνθετα υλικά με συνεχείς ίνες άνθρακα με χρήση κατανεμημένων μετρήσεων του ηλεκτρικού πεδίου και μεθοδολογιών αντίστροφων προβλημάτων. Περιγράφεται η ιδέα της ηλεκτρικής τομογραφίας με την περιγραφή του ευθέως και του αντιστρόφου προβλήματος. Παρουσιάζεται το σύστημα που αναπτύχθηκε για τους σκοπούς της παρούσας εργασίας και εκτελείται τόσο θεωρητική όσο και πειραματική μελέτη του προβλήματος. Διατυπώνεται η μεθοδολογία επίλυσης του αντίστροφου προβλήματος ηλεκτρικής τομογραφίας και εφαρμόζεται η προκειμένου να υπολογιστούν 2-Δ χάρτες ελέγχου των σύνθετων τμημάτων ως εργαλεία για το ΜΚΕ τους. Η τεχνική αποδεικνύεται ευαίσθητη σε πολύ μικρές βλάβες (<0.1% της παρακολουθούμενης επιφάνειας) και ικανοποιητικά ακριβής στον εντοπισμό της βλάβης καθώς οι εκτιμήσεις της μεθοδολογίας επεξεργασίας αποκλίνουν περίπου 10% από την πραγματική θέση. Η περιοχή ενδιαφέροντος που προσδιορίζεται συμπιέζει έως και 90% την περιοχή ελέγχου. Έχοντας αναδείξει την ευαισθησία και την αποτελεσματικότητα της μεθόδου της Ηλεκτρικής Τομογραφίας στη συνέχεια μελετάται η δυνατότητα συγχώνευσης των δύο προτεινόμενων κατευθύνσεων δηλαδή της χρήση φάσης στη νανο-κλίμακα και ηλεκτρικών τεχνικών παρακολούθηση βλάβης. Διερευνώνται έτσι συνδυαστικές προσεγγίσεις που επιτρέπουν την ανάπτυξη δομικών συστημάτων με ικανότητα ανίχνευσης βλάβης αξιοποιώντας το 3-διάστατο ανεπτυγμένο δίκτυο ΝΣΑ εντός των ΣΥ μέσω ηλεκτρικής τομογραφίας. Η μεθοδολογία επεξεργασίας και διασποράς ΝΣΑ που αναπτύχθηκε προηγούμενα χρησιμοποιείται για την κατασκευή αγώγιμων δομικών πλακών με ίνες γυαλιού. Ηλεκτρική τομογραφία για την ανίχνευση και τον εντοπισμό βλάβης εφαρμόζεται και αξιολογείται η αποτελεσματικότητα της προσέγγισης για ΜΚΕ. Τα αποτελέσματα είναι εξίσου ενθαρρυντικά και επιτυχή αναδεικνύοντας την πρακτικότητα του συστήματος που προτάθηκε. Κατανοώντας την ανάγκη για εφαρμογή της προτεινόμενης τεχνικής ΜΚΕ σε κατασκευές από σύνθετα υλικά μεγαλύτερης κλίμακας και διαφορετικής γεωμετρίας, στη συνέχεια γίνεται μελέτη προς την κατεύθυνση της ωρίμανσης της μεθοδολογίας της Ηλεκτρικής Τομογραφίας. Η μεθοδολογία αναπτύσσεται και εφαρμόζεται σε πειραματικό επίπεδο σε κυλινδρικές δομές. Τα βήματα για τη μετάβαση αυτή από επίπεδες δομές ΣΥ προσδιορίζονται και περιγράφονται ως παράμετροι σχεδιασμού για το σύστημα Ηλεκτρικής Τομογραφίας. Παρουσιάζονται επίσης περιπτώσεις μελέτης μέσω προσομοίωσης καθώς και πειραματικά αποτελέσματα από την εφαρμογή της μεθοδολογίας σε κυλινδρικές δομές από ΣΥ. Μια εναλλακτική προσέγγιση επεξεργασίας των δεδομένων ηλεκτρικής τομογραφίας για τον υπολογισμό σημειακών εκτιμήσεων της θέσης βλάβης προτείνεται και αξιολογείται ακολούθως. Η προτεινόμενη μεθοδολογία βασίζεται στην τεχνική του Ηλεκτρικού Δίπολου και εφαρμόζεται για την ανίχνευση βλάβης στις περιπτώσεις που αναπτύχθηκαν και διερευνήθηκαν προηγούμενα. Γίνεται αναλυτική σύγκριση των αποτελεσμάτων που προέκυψαν με τα υπάρχοντα δεδομένα και αποτιμάται η αποτελεσματικότητα της προτεινόμενης μεθόδου και τα όρια της. Τέλος, η εμπειρία που αποκτήθηκε, τα εργαλεία που αναπτύχτηκαν και η μεθοδολογία που αναπτύχθηκε εφαρμόζεται σε μια πραγματική περίπτωση αεροπορικής δομής. Η περίπτωση που μελετάται είναι αυτή της δομικής ακεραιότητας επιθεμάτων από σύνθετα υλικά που χρησιμοποιήθηκαν για την επισκευή βλάβης σε μεταλλικές κατασκευές από Αλουμίνιο, με χρήση της μεθόδου της ηλεκτρικής τομογραφίας. Η τεχνική που προτείνεται και αξιολογείται χρησιμοποιεί κατανεμημένες ηλεκτρικές μετρήσεις αντίστασης και υπολογίζει έναν διδιάστατο χάρτη του επιθέματος που αποτυπώνει τη χωρική κατανομή της πιθανότητα ύπαρξης βλάβης. Η τεχνική εφαρμόζεται πειραματικά στο κατακόρυφο ουραίο τμήμα ενός ελικοπτέρου και τα αποτελέσματα αξιολογούνται σε σύγκριση με συμβατικές μεθόδους ΜΚΕ.

Este trabalho objetivou o estudo dos edifícios de múltiplos andares constituídos por elementos mistos aço-concreto, com enfoque acadêmico, porém abordando aspectos e recomendações normativas diretamente aplicadas na prática corrente da engenharia estrutural. A revisão bibliográfica foi realizada com base em estudos acadêmicos e normativos além do estudo de um edifício exemplo constituído por elementos mistos. Os elementos mistos lajes, vigas e pilares foram abordados inicialmente de forma isolada, com base nas recomendações normativas, sendo que ao final os elementos foram interligados, apresentando ao leitor os principais aspectos teóricos e normativos para o dimensionamento de um edifício completo constituído de elementos estruturais mistos. / This study aims the multiple storey buildings formed by composite elements steel-concrete, with academic emphasis, however approaching standard recommendations and aspects directly applied to the structural engineering. A bibliographic review based on academic and standard studies was made, besides the design of an example building formed by composite elements. The composite elements: slabs, beams and columns were firstly approached based on standard aspects, and in the end, the elements were interconnected and presented to the reader the main theoretical and standard aspects to the design of a complete building formed by composite structural elements.

Composite laminated structures are prone to delamination. Rotorcraft flexbeams, apart from many other aerospace primary load carrying members are made up of composite laminated structures. A delaminated primary load carrying member can lead to catastrophic failure of the system of which it is a part. Delamination modeling and detection in composite laminated structures are challenging areas of ongoing research worldwide. Existing literature falls short of addressing effects of widthwise partial delamination on the modal characteristics of beams. To address this issue, a new partial delamination model for composite beams is proposed and implemented using the finite element method. Homogenized cross-sectional stiffness of the delaminated beam is obtained by the proposed analytical technique, including extension-bending, extension-twist and torsion-bending coupling terms, and hence can be used with an existing finite element method. A two-noded C1-type Timoshenko beam element with four degrees of freedom per node for dynamic analysis of beams is implemented. The results for different delamination scenarios and beams subjected to different boundary conditions are validated with available experimental results in the literature and/or with a 3-D finite element simulation using COMSOL. Results of the first torsional mode frequency for the partially delaminated beam are validated with the COMSOL results. The key point of the current work is that even partial delamination in long structures can be analyzed using a 1-D beam model, rather than using computationally more demanding 3-D or 2-D models. Rotor craft flexbeams are prone to delaminations, which in most realistic situations are partial along both the length and the width. However, the effect of partial delamination on the modal characteristics of the beam is not studied by researchers to the best of the author’s knowledge. Addressing this issue, a rotorcraft flexbeam is analysed here in the presence of delamination. A set of nonlinear governing equations for the rotating flexbeam are developed in hybrid basis. The flexbeam model developed has axial stretch, transverse displacement and flexural rotation in flapwise direction and twist as its degrees of freedom. The nonlinear governing differential equations are linearised and solved for eigenvalues and eigenvectors using a finite element method. The effects of angular speed and delamination size and location on the flexbeam modes are analysed. The results obtained using the proposed model are validated with the COMSOL 3-D finite element simulations. Next, the issue of delamination detection in beams is addressed. Mode shape curvature and Katz fractal dimension are used to detect the presence of partial delaminations in a beam. The effects of boundary conditions and location of delamination on the fractal dimension curve are studied. Usage of higher mode shape data for detection of delamination in beams is evaluated. Limitations of the Katz fractal dimension curve for delamination detection are enumerated. It is shown that fractal dimension measure and mode shape curvature can be used to detect the presence of partial delamination in beams. It is found that the torsional mode shape is best suited for partial delamination detection in beams. Apart from beams, Shell-and plate-like structures are also extensively used in aerospace structures. The modeling of multilayered plates is introduced herein with the intention to model delaminations in 2D. Carrera Unified Formulation(CUF)plate model, developed using variational formulations, is used to derive the stiffness matrices and to apply, the Principle of Virtual Displacement(PVD) and the Reissner Mixed Variational Theorem (RMVT). It is known that FEM implementation for plates leads to the phenomenon of numerical locking: the so-called membrane and shear locking effects. A well-known remedy for addressing locking is the use of the Mixed Interpolated Tensorial Components(MITC) technique. A strategy similar to MITC approach in the RMVT formulation is used to construct an advanced locking-free finite element to treat the multilayered plates. Composite laminated plates are prone to delamination. Implementation of delamination in the CUF frame work using nine-noded quadrilateral MITC9 elements is discussed. MITC9 elements are devoid of shear locking and membrane locking. Delaminated structures, as well as the corresponding healthy structures, are analysed for free vibration modes. The results from the present work are compared with those from available experimental or/and theoretical research articles or/and the 3-D finite element simulations. The effects of different kinds and different percentages of interfacial area of delaminations on the first three natural frequencies of the structure are discussed. The presence of the open-mode or breathing mode delamination mode shape for large delaminations within the first three natural frequencies is discussed. Also, the switching of the places between the second bending mode and the first torsional mode frequencies is discussed. Results obtained from different ordered theories are compared in the presence of delamination. Advantage of layer wise theory as compared to equivalent single layer theories for very large delaminations is stated. The effects of different kinds of delamination and its effect on the second bending and first torsional mode shapes are discussed.

L'interaction fluide-structure vise à étudier le contact entre un fluide et un solide. Ce phénomène est très présent lors de l’impact d’une vague sur une structure ou l’inverse. La réponse de la structure peut être fortement affectée par l'action du fluide. L'étude de ce type d'interaction est motivée par le fait que les phénomènes résultants sont parfois catastrophiques pour les structures composites ou constituent dans la majorité des cas un facteur dimensionnant important. Le fluide est caractérisé par son champ de vitesse et de pression. Il exerce des forces aérodynamiques ou hydrodynamiques sur l'interface de la structure qui subit des déformations sous leurs actions. Ces déformations peuvent affecter localement le champ de l'écoulement et donc les charges appliquées. Ce cycle des interactions entre le fluide et le solide est caractéristique du phénomène de slamming. Pour une conception optimale des structures marines, la vitesse du navire est devenue un paramètre important. Par conséquent, les exigences de conception ont été optimisées par rapport au poids structurel. D'autre part, l'apparition des structures composites au cours des dernières décennies a favorisé l'exploitation de ces matériaux dans les grands projets de construction pour les applications marines et aérospatiales. Ceci est dû à la nature de leurs propriétés mécaniques, car elles présentent un rapport rigidité / poids élevé. En revanche, l'interaction entre les structures déformables et la surface libre de l'eau peut affecter le flux du fluide en contact avec la structure ainsi que et les charges hydrodynamiques estimées par rapport au corps rigide, en raison de l'apparition des effets hydro-élastiques. En outre, ces structures sont toujours soumises à des mécanismes de dommages différents et complexes sous un chargement dynamique. Pour ces raisons, la flexibilité et les modes de défaillance dans les matériaux composites présentent une complexité supplémentaire pour prédire les charges hydrodynamiques lorsqu'il y a une interaction avec un fluide (l'eau). Ceci a présenté un défi majeur pour utiliser ces matériaux dans les applications maritimes. Par conséquent, une attention particulière doit être accordée dans la phase de conception et l'analyse des performances pendant l'utilisation à vie. Les principales contributions de ce travail sont l’étude expérimentale et numérique du comportement dynamique des panneaux composites et la quantification de l'effet de la flexibilité de ces panneaux composites sur les charges hydrodynamiques et les déformations résultantes. Pour étudier ces effets, des panneaux composites stratifiés et sandwichs avec deux rigidités différentes sont soumis à diverses vitesses d'impact à l'aide d'une machine de choc équipée d'un système de contrôle de la vitesse. La résistance dynamique a été analysée en termes de charges hydrodynamiques, de déformations dynamiques et de mécanismes de défaillance pour différentes vitesses d'impact. L'analyse des résultats expérimentaux a montré que l’effort maximal augmente avec l’augmentation de la flexibilité des panneaux. D'autre part, le modèle numérique de tossage a été implémenté dans le logiciel Abaqus / Explicit basé sur l'approche du modèle Couplé Euler Lagrange (CEL). En outre, différents modes de défaillance des matériaux composites ont été développés et implémentés à l'aide d'une subroutine « VUMAT » définie par l'utilisateur et mis en œuvre dans le code de calcul éléments finis. Pour couvrir tous les modes de défaillance possibles dans les structures composites, l’implémentation de l’endommagement comprend : la rupture intralaminar, la décohésion de l'interface peau / âme et le cisaillement de l’âme. La confrontation des résultats expérimentaux avec les modèles numériques sur la prédiction de la force hydrodynamique et de la déformation du panneau valide l’approche adoptée. / Generally, when marine vessels encounter the water surface on entry and subsequently re-enter the water at high speed (slamming), this can subject the bottom section of the vessels to both local and global effects and generate unwanted vibrations in the structure, especially over very short durations. In marine design, the vessel speed has become an important aspect for optimal structure. Therefore, design requirements have been optimized in relation to the structural weight. In other hand, the appearance of the composite structures in the last decades has encouraged the exploitation of these structures in major construction projects for lightweight marine and aerospace applications. This is due to the nature of their mechanical properties which shows a high stiffness-to-weight ratio. In contrast, the interaction between deformable structures and free water surface can be modified the fluid flow and changed the estimated hydrodynamic loads comparing with rigid body, due to appearance of hydroelastic effects. Moreover, these structures are always subject to different and complex damage mechanisms under dynamic loading. For these reasons, the flexibility and the damage failure modes in composite materials introduce additional complexity for predicting hydrodynamic loads when interactive with water. This considered a key challenge to use these materials in marine applications. Therefore, special attention must be taken in the design phase and the analysis of performances during lifetime use. The main contributions of this work are the experimental and numerical study of the dynamic behavior of composite panels and the quantification of the effect of the flexibility of these structures on the hydrodynamic loads and the resulting deformations. To study these effects, laminate composite and sandwich panels with two different rigidities and subjected to various impact velocities have been investigated experimentally using high speed shock machine with velocity control system. The dynamic resistance was analysed in terms of hydrodynamic loads, dynamic deformation and failure mechanisms for different impact velocities. The general analysis of experiment results were indicated that more flexible panel has a higher peak force as velocity increases compared with higher stiffness panels. On the other hand, the slamming model was implemented in Abaqus/Explicit software based on Coupled Eulerian Lagrangian model approach (CEL). In addition, different damage modes are developed and constructed using a user-defined material subroutine VUMAT and implemented in Finite element method, including the intralaminar damage, debonding in skin/core interface, and core shear to cover all possible damage modes throughout structures. The numerical model gave a good agreement results in judging with experimental data for prediction of the hydrodynamic force and panel deformation. Additionally, this study gives qualitative and quantitative data which provides clear guidance in design phase and the evolution of performances during lifetime of composite structures, for marine structure designers.

Composite structures are extremely useful for aerospace, automotive, marine and civil applications due to their very high specific structural properties. These structures are subjected to severe dynamic loading in their service life. Repeated exposure to these severe loading conditions can induce structural damage which ultimately may precipitate a catastrophic failure. Therefore, an interest in the continuous inspection and maintenance of engineering structures has grown tremendously in recent years. Sensitive aerospace applications can have small design margins and any inadequacy in knowledge of the system may cause design failure. Structures made from composite materials posses complicated failure mechanism as compared to those made from conventional metallic materials. In composite structural design, it is hence very important to properly model geometric intricacies and various imperfections such as delaminations and cracks. Two important issues are addressed in this thesis: (1) structural modeling of nonlinear delamination and uncertainty propagation in nonlinear characteristics of composite plate structures and (2) development of a model based damage detection system to handle uncertainty issues. An earlier proposed shear deformable C0 composite plate finite element is modified to alleviate modeling uncertainty issues associated with a damage detection problem. Parabolic variation of transverse shear stresses across the plate thickness is incorporated into the modified formulation using mixed shear interpolation technique. Validity of the proposed modification is established through available literature. Correction of the transverse shear stress term in the formulation results in about 2 percent higher solution accuracy than the earlier model. It is found that the transverse shear effect increases with higher modes of the plate deformation. Transverse shear effects are more prominent in sandwich plates. This refined composite plate finite element is used for large deformation dynamic analysis of delaminated composite plates. The inter-laminar contact at the delaminated region in composite plates is modeled with the augmented Lagrangian approach. Numerical simulations are carried out to investigate the effect of delamination on the nonlinear transient behavior of composite plates. Results obtained from these studies show that widely used unconditionally stable β-Newmark method presents numerical instability problems in the transient simulation of delaminated composite plate structures with large deformation. To overcome this instability issue, an energy and momentum conserving composite implicit time integration scheme presented by Bathe and Baig is used for the nonlinear dynamic analysis. It is also found that a proper selection of the penalty parameter is very crucial in the simulation of contact condition. It is shown that an improper selection of penalty parameter in the augmented Lagrangian formulation may lead to erroneous prediction of dynamic response of composite delaminated plates. Uncertainties associated with the mathematical characterization of a structure can lead to unreliable damage detection. Composite structures also show considerable scatter in their structural response due to large uncertainties associated with their material properties. Probabilistic analysis is carried out to estimate material uncertainty effects in the nonlinear frequencies of composite plates. Monte Carlo Simulation with Latin Hypercube Sampling technique is used to obtain the variance of linear and nonlinear natural frequencies of the plate due to randomness in its material properties. Numerical results are obtained for composite plates with different aspect ratio, stacking sequence and oscillation amplitude ratio. It is found that the nonlinear frequencies show increasing non-Gaussian probability density function with increasing amplitude of vibration and show dual peaks at high amplitude ratios. This chaotic nature of the dispersion of nonlinear eigenvalues is also revealed in eigenvalue sensitivity analysis. For fault isolation, variations in natural frequencies, modal curvatures and curvature damage factors due to damage are investigated. Effects of various physical uncertainties like, material and geometric uncertainties on the success of damage detection is studied. A robust structural damage detection system is developed based on the statistical information available from the probabilistic analysis carried out on beam type structures. A new fault isolation technique called sliding window defuzzifier is proposed to maximize the success rate of a Fuzzy Logic System (FLS) in damage detection. Using the changes in structural measurements between the damaged and undamaged state, a fuzzy system is generated and the rule-base and membership functions are generated using probabilistic informations. The FLS is demonstrated using frequency and mode shape based measurements for various beam type structures such as uniform cantilever beam, tapered beam in single as well as in multiple damage conditions. The robustness of the FLS is demonstrated with respect to the highly uncertain input information called measurement deltas (MDs). It is said, if uncertainty level is larger than or close to the changes in damage indicator due to damage, the true information would be submerged in the noise. Then the actual damaged members may not be identified accurately and/or the healthy members may be wrongly detected as damaged giving false warning. However, this being the case, the proposed FLS with new fault isolation technique tested with these noisy data having large variation and overlaps shows excellent robustness. It is observed that the FLS accurately predicts and isolates the damage levels up-to considerable uncertainty and noise levels in single as well as multiple damage conditions. The robustness of the FLS is also demonstrated for delamination detection in composite plates having very high material property uncertainty. Effects of epistemic uncertainty on damage detection in composite plates is addressed. The effectiveness of the proposed refined Reddy type shear deformable composite plate element is demonstrated for reducing the modeling or epistemic uncertainty in delamination detection.

The subject of this diploma thesis is the design and assessment of main load-bearing elements od the steel structure of shopping gallery in Hodonín. Part of floor plan is rectangular and rest of it is half-circled. Object's dimensions are 7é m x 147,75 m (and roof overhang 1,5 m on each side), the height of the ridge is 13,43 m and the height of the roof's dome is 22,70 m. It's a two-storey building. The load-bearing structure consist of pin-suported columns, in this case there is max. 8,5 m distance between them in direction of main frame. The distance between main frames is 9 m. The spatial rigidity of the structure is ensured with floor slabs and system of bracings. The cladding consists of sandwich panels, roof's fanlights and dome of glazed areas. Most of elements are made of S355 steel.