Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:34:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:09:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertação (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

abstract: This study focuses on implementing probabilistic nature of material properties (Kevlar® 49) to the existing deterministic finite element analysis (FEA) of fabric based engine containment system through Monte Carlo simulations (MCS) and implementation of probabilistic analysis in engineering designs through Reliability Based Design Optimization (RBDO). First, the emphasis is on experimental data analysis focusing on probabilistic distribution models which characterize the randomness associated with the experimental data. The material properties of Kevlar® 49 are modeled using experimental data analysis and implemented along with an existing spiral modeling scheme (SMS) and user defined constitutive model (UMAT) for fabric based engine containment simulations in LS-DYNA. MCS of the model are performed to observe the failure pattern and exit velocities of the models. Then the solutions are compared with NASA experimental tests and deterministic results. MCS with probabilistic material data give a good prospective on results rather than a single deterministic simulation results. The next part of research is to implement the probabilistic material properties in engineering designs. The main aim of structural design is to obtain optimal solutions. In any case, in a deterministic optimization problem even though the structures are cost effective, it becomes highly unreliable if the uncertainty that may be associated with the system (material properties, loading etc.) is not represented or considered in the solution process. Reliable and optimal solution can be obtained by performing reliability optimization along with the deterministic optimization, which is RBDO. In RBDO problem formulation, in addition to structural performance constraints, reliability constraints are also considered. This part of research starts with introduction to reliability analysis such as first order reliability analysis, second order reliability analysis followed by simulation technique that are performed to obtain probability of failure and reliability of structures. Next, decoupled RBDO procedure is proposed with a new reliability analysis formulation with sensitivity analysis, which is performed to remove the highly reliable constraints in the RBDO, thereby reducing the computational time and function evaluations. Followed by implementation of the reliability analysis concepts and RBDO in finite element 2D truss problems and a planar beam problem are presented and discussed. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Civil and Environmental Engineering 2012

O advento dos veículos aéreos não tripulados (VANTs) representa uma quebra de paradigma no ramo aeronáutico. São revisados os conceitos de projeto envolvidos no desenvolvimento de VANTs e levantadas as suas potenciais aplicações. São também analisadas as características de sua operação e discutidas as questões regulatórias envolvidas na certificação e integração dos VANTs ao tráfego aéreo civil. Dentre as várias características singulares dos VANTs, enfatiza-se a sua necessidade de realizar vôos a grande altitude e com longa autonomia. Isso leva ao emprego de materiais mais leves e configurações com asas de grande alongamento, que provocam menor arrasto induzido. É feita uma revisão sobre materiais compósitos, que são materiais de uso crescente no ramo aeronáutico por sua leveza e resistência, e que por sua característica de anisotropia, são suscetíveis à otimização estrutural. Métodos e ferramentas de otimização estrutural de compósitos laminados ainda são pouco empregados, por suas características discretas e pelo grande número de parâmetros envolvidos. Um método eficiente e adequado à otimização de um problema desse tipo é o método dos algoritmos genéticos (AG). Assim foi desenvolvida uma sub-rotina de otimização baseada em algoritmos genéticos, usando a linguagem de programação Fortran. A sub-rotina desenvolvida trabalha em conjunto com um programa comercial de análise estrutural baseado no método dos elementos finitos, o Ansys. Foi também proposta uma configuração de asa de um VANT típico, de grande alongamento e fabricada com materiais compósitos reforçados com fibras (CRF). A asa proposta teve o número e a orientação das camadas do laminado otimizadas com o uso da sub-rotina desenvolvida, e resultados satisfatórios foram encontrados. Foram também analisados os efeitos da variação dos parâmetros dos operadores do AG, como probabilidades de mutação, cruzamento, tipo de escalonamento, entre outros, no desempenho do mesmo. Também foram feitas otimizações no mesmo modelo de asa proposto, empregando outros métodos disponíveis no próprio programa de análise estrutural. Os resultados das otimizações através desses métodos foram comparados com os resultados obtidos com a sub-rotina desenvolvida / The advent of the unmanned air vehicles (UAVs) represents a paradigm break in the aeronautical field. The project concepts involved in the development of UAVs are revised and its potential applications are rose. Also the issues related to UAVs operation are assessed and the regulatory questions involved in their certification and integration to the civil air space are argued. Amongst many singular characteristics of the UAV, its necessity of performing flights at high altitudes and with long endurance is emphasized. This leads to the employment of lighter materials and to configurations with high aspect ratio wings that cause minor induced drag. A revision on composite materials, which are of increasing use in the aeronautical field for their lightness and strength, and that are appropriate for being optimized due to their anisotropy characteristics, is made. Methods and tools of structural optimization of laminated composites are still seldom employed, due to their discrete nature and to the large number of parameters involved. An efficient and suitable method for the optimization of this kind of problem is the genetic algorithm (GA). Thus, an optimization sub-routine based on genetic algorithms was developed, using FORTRAN programming language. The developed sub-routine works in combination with Ansys, a structural analysis commercial program based on the finite elements method. A configuration of a typical UAV wing, made from composite reinforced plastics (CRP) was also proposed. The proposed wing had the number of plies and the orientations of its layers optimized using the developed sub-routine, and satisfactory results had been found. Also the effect of the variation of AG’s operator parameters in its performance, as mutation probabilities, crossover probabilities, fitness scaling, among others, have been assessed. The same wing model considered was also optimized using other build-in methods of the structural analysis program. The results of these optimizations have been compared with the results obtained with the developed sub-routine

Cette thèse s'est déroulée dans le cadre du projet TOLEDO (Tolérance aux dommages par impact des réservoirs hyperbares) piloté par Air Liquide en partenariat avec le CEA Le Ripault et l'institut PPRIME.L'hydrogène est stocké au sein de réservoirs de type IV à une pression de service de 700 bar.Ces structures composites présentent comme particularités d'être épaisses (> 30 mm), d'avoir une forte courbure et d'être préchargées en pression lors d'un éventuel impact.Notre travail a montré que ces particularités modifient le type, la quantité et la localisation des différents endommagements couramment observés (rupture de fibres, délaminage et fissuration matricielle).Les endommagements ont pu être quantifiés par le biais de méthodes simples et originales.L'influence des particularités sur le comportement à l'impact a pu être déterminée par l'utilisation de deux dispositifs expérimentaux conçus et réalisés au cours de cette thèse.Le premier permet de précontraindre en tension uniaxiale des plaques composites épaisses.Le second permet de précharger en état de membrane un tube composite ce qui a permis de montrer que le cas d'impact le plus critique vis-à-vis des réservoirs est lorsque ces derniers sont vides.Cette étude a permis de mettre en évidence la criticité des ruptures de fibres sur les pertes de performance au sein des réservoirs hyperbares.Un modèle numérique prenant en compte la dispersion des contraintes à rupture et des différents types d'endommagements a été développé.Il permet d'introduire un endommagement initial et a confirmé certains résultats expérimentaux. / This thesis took place within the framework of the project TOLEDO (Tolerance in the damage by impact of the hyperbaric reservoirs) managed by Air Liquide in partnership with the CEA Le Ripault and PPRIME institute.The hydrogen is stored within the type IV vessel at a servive pressure of 700 bar.These composite structures present as peculiarities to be thick (> 30 mm), to have a strong curvature and to be precharged in pressure during a possible impact.Our work showed that these peculiarities modify the type, the quantity and the localization of the various usually observed damages (fiber breakage, délamination and matrix cracking).The damages were able to be quantified by means of simple and original methods.The influence of the peculiarities on the behavior in the impact was able to be determined by the use of two experimental devices designed and realized during this thesis.The first one allows to preload a thick composite plates in uniaxial tension thick composite plates.The second allows to preload in state of membrane a composite pipe and allowed to show that the most critical impact towards reservoirs is when they are empty.This study allowed to highlight the criticality of the fiber breakage on the loss of performance within the hyperbaric reservoirs.A digital model taking into account the dispersal of the failure stress and various types of damages was developed.It also allows to introduce an initial damage and confirm some experimental results.

This diploma thesis deals with evaluation of the conditions for laboratory testing of composite profiles with fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP). Theoretical part describes the main material properties of FRP profiles and method of manufacturing by pultrusion. Experimental part evaluates imposition of the test samples in alkaline environment and their subsequent changes in physical properties. Next part contains evaluation of cuts FRP profiles by electron microscopy in combination with element analysis. The outcome of this work is the method of evaluation of accelerated durability FRP profiles.

L'échantillonnage passif intégratif est de plus en plus reconnu comme une alternative à l'échantillonnage ponctuel pour la mesure des concentrations de micropolluants organiques dans les milieux aquatiques. Cette technique combine l'étape d'échantillonnage et de préconcentration in situ pour délivrer une concentration intégrée sur la durée d'exposition de l'échantillonneur passif (EP). Une des limitations principales de l'échantillonnage passif est la sélectivité imposée par la phase réceptrice pour une classe de contaminants restreinte (hydrophobes ou polaires). Ainsi, il est à l'heure actuelle nécessaire d'employer plusieurs EP pour mesurer des concentrations en pesticides caractérisés par une large gamme de polarité. L'objectif principal de cette thèse s'inscrit dans une démarche de développement de phases réceptrices pour l'échantillonnage passif de pesticides dans les milieux aquatiques. Afin de répondre à ce défi, nous avons sélectionné et formulé des matériaux pour la sorption de 28 pesticides aux propriétés physico-chimiques variées par le biais de tests en laboratoire. Nous avons d'une part sélectionné un élastomère de silicone de la marque Goodfellow® parmi 7 autres élastomères de silicone à partir de tests en laboratoire sur des critères de sorption. Nous avons démontré que les élastomères de silicone ont une forte affinité pour les pesticides plutôt hydrophobes, tout en accumulant également des pesticides polaires. Des propriétés de sorption différentes ont été identifiées selon leur formulation et un mécanisme d'adsorption est suspecté pour certains pesticides. D'autre part, nous avons formulé et testé plusieurs matériaux composites innovants dont le plus performant, renommé PACSiR, combine les propriétés de sorption d'un élastomère de silicone et d'un copolymère poreux (Oasis ® HLB). Nous avons mis en évidence que le PACSiR a des propriétés mécaniques adaptées pour une exposition directe dans le milieu aquatique et permet de capter une gamme de pesticides élargie vers les pesticides plus polaires par rapport à un élastomère de silicone. Ces deux matériaux ont été calibrés en laboratoire en tant qu'EP (TS à base de silicone et TSP à base de PACSiR), sous forme de tiges de petite dimension, afin de déterminer les constantes cinétiques d'accumulation et d'étudier l'impact de la vitesse de courant. Enfin, nous avons appliqué les TS et TSP dans des eaux de surface et de subsurface afin d'en évaluer et comparer les performances dans des situations contrastées d'exposition. La gamme d'utilisation de chaque EP en termes de polarité des pesticides a pu être définie (TS : 3 < log Kow < 5,5 et TSP : 2 < log Kow < 5,5.). Les concentrations en pesticides intégrées sur la durée d'exposition sont équivalentes à un échantillonnage d'eau moyenné au temps et les incertitudes sont du même ordre de grandeur sur les concentrations calculées. Ces EP ont permis de détecter des insecticides organophosphorés faiblement quantifiés par d'autres techniques de prélèvement d'eau. Nous avons démontré leur capacité à intégrer des pics de contamination fugaces en pesticides dans des contextes agricoles variés / Time integrative passive sampling is more and more accepted as an alternative to grab sampling for measurement of organic micropollutants concentrations in aquatic environment. This technique offers the advantage to provide a concentration integrated over the deployment period of the passive sampler and to reduce limit of quantification by combining sampling and in situ pre-concentration steps. The main limitation of passive sampling is the selectivity of the receiving phase for a restricted class of contaminants (hydrophobic or hydrophilic). In this way, we need to deploy several passive samplers for sampling of pesticides covering a wide range of polarities. The aim of this thesis was to develop a receiving phase for passive sampling of pesticides in a single step in aquatic environment.We selected and developed materials for sorption of 28 pesticides with varied physicochemical properties by laboratory tests. The two selected and studied materials were a silicone rubber and a porous copolymer (Oasis ® HLB). Indeed, we shown that silicone rubber have strong affinity for hydrophobic pesticides but they also accumulate polar pesticides. We identified different sorption properties of silicone rubbers owing to their formulation and a possible adsorption mechanism for some pesticides. The composite material developed had mechanical properties adapted for a direct exposition in the aquatic environment and accumulates a range of pesticides expanded for more polar pesticides. These two materials were then shaped as rods for a simple in situ deployment and recovery of pesticides in laboratory. They have been calibrated as passive samplers by studying the impact of flow velocity on uptake kinetic parameters. In situ applications of passive samplers in surface and subsurface waters made it possible to calculate time integrated concentrations of pesticides over a duration exposure of one week. Moreover, we detected organosphorous insecticides underquantified by other techniques of water sampling. They also showed a capacity to integrate short peak contamination of pesticides in various agricultural contexts

Aus der Einleitung: "Faser-Kunststoff-Verbund (FKV)-Werkstoffe finden einen immer breiteren Einsatz in allen Bereichen der Industrie, wie zum Beispiel in der Luft- und Raumfahrt, im Automotive-Bereich, im Maschinenbau und bei Sportgeräten. Dabei entstehen besondere Herausforderungen für Entwickler, da Eigenschaften und Verfahren im Zusammenhang dieser Werkstoffe sich deutlich von denen der herkömmlich verwendeten Metalle oder unverstärkten Kunststoffe unterscheiden. Technische Fasern werden in verschiedenen Verarbeitungsformen und in Kombination mit vielfältigen Matrixsystemen angewendet. Ein Großteil der Fasern wird heutzutage in Form von multiaxialen Geweben oder Gelegen verarbeitet. Bei diesen Halbzeugen sind die Fasern in mehreren Lagen unterschiedlicher Ausrichtung übereinandergelegt. Metalle können damit sehr einfach durch leichtere Faser- Kunststoffverbunde ersetzt werden. Diese Technologien versuchen weitestgehend isotrope Bauteileigenschaften aus den eigentlich anisotropen Materialeigenschaften zu erzielen. Dies reizt jedoch das Potential der Werkstoffe nicht aus."

This thesis deals with the analysis of mechanical properties of composite materials used for 3D printing by Markforged company. The theoretical part is focused on the characterization of composite materials and analysis of mechanical tests. The experimental part deals with the production of test specimens for specific mechanical tests (tensile test, Shore D hardness test and bending test). The test sapples with Onyx base material are individually reinforced with carbon and high-temperature glass fibers (HSHT). There are statistically evaluated selected parameters for individual mechanical tests (tensile strength, elongation, modulus of elasticity, Shore D hardness, bending stress and bending deformation). The thesisis completed by comparing selected parameters of composite materials with overall recommendations for users.

Diploma work deals with the proposal of single purpose maschine for the maschining of test dumb bells of polymer composite material filled with glass fibre. The purpose of this maschine is to process the test parts with dimensions of 3x5 mm up to 4x8 mm. The maschined part can have a profile with a maximum cross section 20 mm, or 20x20 mm. Based on the given parametres I prepared the proposal of the engineering process the overall set up including the drive force, its own feeding of the object, cooling and waste removal.

This master’s thesis deals with VUT 081 Kondor composite fuselage design and control system layout design. Load computation and selection of critical load cases are made. Principal inner surfaces of the fuselage are designed with respect to basic ergonomic requirements of the crew. Construction materials are chosen and a layup of composite materials is performed. Fuselage FEM model is made in MSC Patran/Nastran system and the structure-strength analysis is given for chosen load cases.