No / AI is becoming increasingly important in cybersecurity. AI-based products detect risks and secure systems and data. Cybercriminals can use technology to launch more sophisticated attacks. AI-based security is in demand due to cyberattacks. With the adoption of AI technology, GDPR requires most countries to have legal measures to protect their citizens' data and privacy. Data protection and privacy issues arise when using AI technology. AI use must comply with GDPR, including obtaining consent for data processing, ensuring data accuracy, and giving individuals the right to access, correct, or delete their data. Organisations must also be transparent about how their AI makes decisions and not discriminate against individuals or groups. This study examines Malaysia's GDPR compliance on AI usage, data protection, and privacy in light of current concerns. This study analyses primary and secondary sources using doctrinal research. In 2022, Malaysia's banking, healthcare, and telecommunications sectors were hit by data breaches, indicating that AI is increasing data breaches. Thus, the government must examine citizen data protection and privacy concerns and re-examine its governance, including legal and regulatory mechanisms, to see if it conforms to international norms and consider reforms. / This research was supported by the Ministry of Education (MOE) through the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS/1/2020/SSI0/UPSI/02/12).

Com o advento e o desenvolvimento da tecnologia da informação e principalmente da Internet, as infrações penais ganharam novo ambiente para sua prática. A vertente inovadora referente a esses ilícitos é o meio digital, também denominado meio eletrônico. Ocorre que, o crime informático praticado por meio da Internet é do tipo que deixa vestígio, sendo obrigatório, para se estabelecer a autoria e materialidade do ato delitivo, o exame do corpo de delito, exame este realizado por meio de perícia em meios computacionais. Embora a prova pericial seja regrada pelo Código de Processo Penal brasileiro, uma vez que se trata de meio de produção de prova típico, este regramento é extremamente genérico, não prevendo, portanto, regramento específico quanto à prova pericial em meios computacionais relacionada ao crime informático praticado por meio da Internet. Desta forma, o presente trabalho objetiva analisar a prova pericial em meios computacionais relacionada ao crime informático praticado por meio da Internet, como meio de produção de prova típico, em função do avanço tecnológico, e discutir a viabilidade de sua disciplina, de forma específica, pela legislação processual penal brasileira. A importância de se ter instrumentos legais que regulem a matéria, justifica-se não somente quanto às investigações em âmbito nacional, mas também, em âmbito internacional, o que facilitará a adesão do Brasil a Tratados e Convenções Internacionais que regulam investigações conjuntas entre Estados soberanos, visto que o crime informático praticado por meio da Internet, na maioria dos casos, tem caráter transnacional. / With the advent and development of information technology and especially of the Internet, criminal offenses have gained a new practice environment. The innovative aspect related to such illicits is the digital media, also called electronic media. As it happens, computer crime committed through the Internet is the type that leaves evidence, being that it is mandatory, to establish the authorship and materiality of the criminal act, the examination of the corpus delicti. This examination is performed by experts in computational forensics. Although the expert examination is ruled by the Brazilian Code of Criminal Procedure, since it is a typical means of generating evidence, this procedure is extremely generic and does not foresee, therefore, specific procedures about expert examination in computer crime committed through the Internet. Thus, the present work aims to examine the expert evidence on computer media, computer-crime crime committed through the Internet as a means of typical evidence, as a function of technological progress, and discuss the viability of its discipline, specifically, by the Brazilian criminal procedure law. The importance of having legal instruments governing the subject is justified not only when investigations run at national level but also internationally, what will facilitate the adherence of Brazil to international treaties and conventions governing joint investigations between sovereign states, considering that computer crime committed through the Internet, in most cases, has a transnational nature.

Com o advento e o desenvolvimento da tecnologia da informação e principalmente da Internet, as infrações penais ganharam novo ambiente para sua prática. A vertente inovadora referente a esses ilícitos é o meio digital, também denominado meio eletrônico. Ocorre que, o crime informático praticado por meio da Internet é do tipo que deixa vestígio, sendo obrigatório, para se estabelecer a autoria e materialidade do ato delitivo, o exame do corpo de delito, exame este realizado por meio de perícia em meios computacionais. Embora a prova pericial seja regrada pelo Código de Processo Penal brasileiro, uma vez que se trata de meio de produção de prova típico, este regramento é extremamente genérico, não prevendo, portanto, regramento específico quanto à prova pericial em meios computacionais relacionada ao crime informático praticado por meio da Internet. Desta forma, o presente trabalho objetiva analisar a prova pericial em meios computacionais relacionada ao crime informático praticado por meio da Internet, como meio de produção de prova típico, em função do avanço tecnológico, e discutir a viabilidade de sua disciplina, de forma específica, pela legislação processual penal brasileira. A importância de se ter instrumentos legais que regulem a matéria, justifica-se não somente quanto às investigações em âmbito nacional, mas também, em âmbito internacional, o que facilitará a adesão do Brasil a Tratados e Convenções Internacionais que regulam investigações conjuntas entre Estados soberanos, visto que o crime informático praticado por meio da Internet, na maioria dos casos, tem caráter transnacional. / With the advent and development of information technology and especially of the Internet, criminal offenses have gained a new practice environment. The innovative aspect related to such illicits is the digital media, also called electronic media. As it happens, computer crime committed through the Internet is the type that leaves evidence, being that it is mandatory, to establish the authorship and materiality of the criminal act, the examination of the corpus delicti. This examination is performed by experts in computational forensics. Although the expert examination is ruled by the Brazilian Code of Criminal Procedure, since it is a typical means of generating evidence, this procedure is extremely generic and does not foresee, therefore, specific procedures about expert examination in computer crime committed through the Internet. Thus, the present work aims to examine the expert evidence on computer media, computer-crime crime committed through the Internet as a means of typical evidence, as a function of technological progress, and discuss the viability of its discipline, specifically, by the Brazilian criminal procedure law. The importance of having legal instruments governing the subject is justified not only when investigations run at national level but also internationally, what will facilitate the adherence of Brazil to international treaties and conventions governing joint investigations between sovereign states, considering that computer crime committed through the Internet, in most cases, has a transnational nature.

Aborda a introdução do computador e da internet na sociedade e sua relação com o direito. Discorre sobre o uso da informática para a prática de crime, observando que o delito penal deixou de ser local e ganhou dimensões internacionais, porquanto seu resultado não se dê necessariamente no mesmo local onde foi praticada a conduta. Chama a atenção ao fato de que os princípios delimitadores da validade da lei penal no espaço podem não ser suficientes para dirimir eventuais conflitos de jurisdição, se interpretados como tradicionalmente se tem feito. Analisa e classifica as espécies de crimes informáticos de forma exemplificativa, bem como os agentes criminais da era digital. Reúne e comenta as leis e projetos de leis nacionais, bem como as leis estrangeiras e convenções sobre crimes informáticos. Ao final, aponta, em sede de conclusão, critério de solução para a resolução do conflito de jurisdição para os crimes praticados no ciberespaço, sugerindo, de lege ferenda, a persecução de uma lei dirimente de eventual conflito. / Discusses the advent of the computer and the internet in society and their relation with the law. Considers the use of information technology in committing crime, observing that a penal offence is no longer local, since it has acquired international dimensions. Therefore, its resolution does not necessarily happen in the same locality where it was practiced. Draws attention to the fact that the principles that delimit the validity of the penal law might not be sufficient to dispel possible conflicts of jurisdiction, if interpreted in the usual traditional way. By giving examples, it analyses and classifies types of electronic crimes as well as the criminal agents of the digital age. Gathers and comments laws and projects of law, both national and international, as well as conventions on electronic crimes. Finally, it presents criteria of solution for resolving the conflict of jurisdiction for crimes practiced in cyberspace, suggesting, of lege ferenda, the pursuit of a law which would eliminate such conflicts.

Aborda a introdução do computador e da internet na sociedade e sua relação com o direito. Discorre sobre o uso da informática para a prática de crime, observando que o delito penal deixou de ser local e ganhou dimensões internacionais, porquanto seu resultado não se dê necessariamente no mesmo local onde foi praticada a conduta. Chama a atenção ao fato de que os princípios delimitadores da validade da lei penal no espaço podem não ser suficientes para dirimir eventuais conflitos de jurisdição, se interpretados como tradicionalmente se tem feito. Analisa e classifica as espécies de crimes informáticos de forma exemplificativa, bem como os agentes criminais da era digital. Reúne e comenta as leis e projetos de leis nacionais, bem como as leis estrangeiras e convenções sobre crimes informáticos. Ao final, aponta, em sede de conclusão, critério de solução para a resolução do conflito de jurisdição para os crimes praticados no ciberespaço, sugerindo, de lege ferenda, a persecução de uma lei dirimente de eventual conflito. / Discusses the advent of the computer and the internet in society and their relation with the law. Considers the use of information technology in committing crime, observing that a penal offence is no longer local, since it has acquired international dimensions. Therefore, its resolution does not necessarily happen in the same locality where it was practiced. Draws attention to the fact that the principles that delimit the validity of the penal law might not be sufficient to dispel possible conflicts of jurisdiction, if interpreted in the usual traditional way. By giving examples, it analyses and classifies types of electronic crimes as well as the criminal agents of the digital age. Gathers and comments laws and projects of law, both national and international, as well as conventions on electronic crimes. Finally, it presents criteria of solution for resolving the conflict of jurisdiction for crimes practiced in cyberspace, suggesting, of lege ferenda, the pursuit of a law which would eliminate such conflicts.

Världen vi lever i blir allt mer teknisk för var dag som går, men följer vår kunskap med i denna utveckling? Tyvärr är det inte så, allt för få reflekterar över de risker denna utveckling medför samt hur våra lagar appliceras i denna miljö. På grund av detta kan det vara svårt för både unga och vuxna att veta vad som är tillåtet och ej i den teknologins värld. Numera introduceras barn och ungdomar tidigt för tekniken och debuten för deras självständiga användande av tekniken i allt lägre åldrar och har en stor roll i både utbildningen samt för det sociala umgänget. De sociala medierna har blivit en del av ungdomars vardag och detta har medfört att handlingar som näthat dessvärre har ökat.   Vårt mål med arbetet har varit att skapa en dialog om IT-relaterade brott ungdomar emellan, men även för att upplysa äldre generationer om problemet. Det vi kan konstatera är att det definitivt finns ett behov av att informera ungdomar om ämnet, då mer än hälften av eleverna själva (59.2 %) säger att de vill ha en halvdag i skolan om IT-relaterade brott. Elevernas kunskap om IT-relaterad brottslighet varierade mellan åldrarna, de yngsta kände sig säkrare på vad som på Internet är tillåtet och inte medan enbart 60.5 % av de äldsta eleverna kände sig tillräckligt informerade. Ett annat framtaget resultat är att flera av eleverna har en oroväckande inställning till kränkningar och hat på Internet. De menar att det numera sker så mycket och ofta att de inte längre ser det som ett större problem. Dessutom är det inte många som känner sig oroliga för konsekvenserna om de skulle utföra något olagligt via Internet, endast drygt hälften av de äldre.   Omfattningen av vårt arbete är långt ifrån stor då fallstudien enbart genomfördes på en skola, detta då det var den enda skolan som anmälde sitt intresse till att medverka. Trots detta, är resultaten från vår undersökning mycket intressanta och säger även en hel del om hur medvetenheten antagligen ser ut hos många ungdomar idag. / The world we live in is becoming more technological each day that goes by, but does our knowledge follow this development? Unfortunately that’s probably not the case, because it seems that all too few reflect over the risks caused by these developments and how the Swedish laws are applied in this environment. Because of this, it can be difficult for both young and adults to know what is allowed and not in the world of technology. In this modern age the use of technology has its debut in earlier ages and plays a major role in both the education and for social interactions. The social media has become a part of young people's everyday lives and also unfortunately contributed to the increase of actions like hate crimes over the Internet.   The goal of this project was to create a dialogue about cyber crimes among young people, but also to educate the older generation of the problem. More than half of the students involved in our study, (59.2 %), said that they wanted devote some of their time at school to address cyber-crimes. With this at hand we can establish that there definitely is a need to inform young people about this subject. The pupils knowledge about cyber crimes varied between the ages, the youngest were more confident about what they are allowed to do on the Internet or not. While only 60.5 % of the oldest students felt sufficiently informed. Another finding is that several of the students have a disturbing attitude towards not only hate crimes over the Internet but also cyber crimes in general. They are under the impression that because of the increased frequency of the crimes they no longer consider it to be a major issue. Also, if they would perform an illegal act, there are only a few of the students that would worry about the consequences, in this case it was only about half of the older students.   The extent of this study is far from substantial, since the study was limited to one school, this because there was only one of the schools that wanted to participate. Despite that fact, the results from the study are very interesting, and it says a lot about how the mentality towards these kinds of crimes are amongst young people today.

Master's thesis is focused on computer crime, with an emphasis on the process of investigation. New systematics in Czech computer crime terminology is offered. Within the thesis, cybercrime is perceived as a part of computer crime. Special attention is put on various aspects of criminalistics, as the topic of investigation itself is understood from the point of view of such science. Nevertheless, criminological findings are discussed likewise. Particular emphasis is put on a link between Czech legal regulation and expert literature from the fields of law, criminalistics, criminology and technology. Master's thesis is based on Czech literature, as well as English and French writings, in addition to national and international case law. The text itself is divided into three chapters. First chapter is introducing the issue of computer and cybercrime with selected criminological characteristics, including specifics of offending within the Internet. Second chapter discusses evidence of computer crime, the electronic or digital evidence, from the point of view of criminalistics. Particular problems of digital evidence usage within Czech criminal procedure are revealed. The core of master's thesis is the third chapter. Methodology of computer crime investigation is discussed, as well as selected individual...

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The number of recorded cybercrime incidents has skyrocketed over the last few years. A large part of this development is due to society’s increased reliance on the internet and the backbone that supports it. This in turn increases the profitability of cybercrime. Cybercrime has a broad definition, but in essence cybercrime are crimes that are assisted by technology, often taking place on the internet. The true impact cybercrime has on society is difficult to assess, since it has both financial and social impact, depending on what type of crime has been committed. This thesis examines how cybercrime and the Swedish police’s ability to combat cybercrime is portrayed by Swedish news media, as well as which demographics of the Swedish population are the most susceptible to cybercrime over the last ten years. This was achieved by performing a literature review, where both newspaper articles and reports from various law enforcement agencies were examined. A total of 54 news articles and 21 reports from various law enforcement agencies were used in the study. The included material was analyzed and divided into categories using thematic coding, and the results showed that news media does not always give an accurate depiction of the cybercrime landscape in Sweden. Cybercrime reporting in news articles was often found to be over-dramatized and shallow, which may negatively influence the reader's ability to understand the risks of cybercrime. The law enforcement's ability to combat cybercrime is portrayed as underfunded and in need of personnel with the expertise necessary to curb cybercrime. Although efforts to bolster the government's ability to fight cybercrime have been made during the last ten years, work still remains for law enforcement to catch up and keep pace with cybercriminals.

Text in Afrikaans / Parralel met die snelle groei van rekenaartegnologie en die groteiwordende rol wat rekenaars in ans alledaagse lewe speel, is daar ongelukkig 'n toename in die misbruik van rekenaars. Benewens die wyses om rekenaarmisbruik by wyse van remedies in die siviele reg aan te spreek, is dit hoofsaaklik die taak van die strafreg om sodanige misbruik te kriminaliseer en deur middel van straf sulke misbruik te voorkom en oortreders af te skrik. Uit 'n ontleding van die Suid-Afrikaanse strafreg het dit geblyk dat bestaande misdrywe, beide gemeenregtelik en statuter, nie voldoende rekenaarmisbruik kan kriminaliseer en aanspreek nie. Wetgewing blyk die mees gepaste optossing te wees. Uit 'n regsvergelykende studie van die hantering van rekenaarmisbruik in jurisdiksies waar die wetgewer verskillende benaderings toegepas het, het dit geblyk dat die mees gepaste wyse om rekenaarmisbruik te kriminaliseer sal wees om ongemagtigde rekenaarbetreding as moedermisdaad te bestraf aangesien dit die fondament is waarop enige verdere misbruik van 'n rekenaar gebaseer word. Daarbenewens moet verdere meer spesifieke misbruikshandelinge wyd omskryfword as misdrywe, ten opsigte van meer emstige misbruik na betreding van 'n rekenaar / Parallel with the growth in computer technology and increasing use of computers, there has been an increase in computer misuse. In addition to addressing different methods of computer misuse in terms of civil law remedies, it is mainly the task of the criminal law to criminalise such misuse, prevent computer misuse and deter offenders by means of punishment. It was clear from a study of South African criminal law that existing offences, both statutory and in terms of the common law, do not criminalise and address computer misuse effectively. It therefore seems that legislation would be the most appropriate solution. It appeared from a comparative study of jurisdictions where legislators approach computer misuse differently, that the most effective way of criminalising computer misuse would be to criminalise una1,1thorised computer accessing as basic offence. In addition thereto more specific further acts of serious computer misuse, defined broadly, should be criminalised / Criminal & Procedural Law / LL.M. (Criminal & Procedural Law)