Researchers, benchmarking organizations, and hardware manufacturers maintain repositories of computer component and performance information. However, this data is split across many isolated sources and is stored in a form that is not conducive to analysis. A centralized repository of said data would arm stakeholders across industry and academia with a tool to more quantitatively understand the history of computing. We propose iLORE, a data model designed to represent intricate relationships between computer system benchmarks and computer components. We detail the methods we used to implement and populate the iLORE data model using data harvested from publicly available sources. Finally, we demonstrate the validity and utility of our iLORE implementation through an analysis of the characteristics and lineage of commercial microprocessors. We encourage the research community to interact with our data and visualizations at csgenome.org. / Master of Science / Researchers, benchmarking organizations, and hardware manufacturers maintain repositories of computer component and performance information. However, this data is split across many isolated sources and is stored in a form that is not conducive to analysis. A centralized repository of said data would arm stakeholders across industry and academia with a tool to more quantitatively understand the history of computing. We propose iLORE, a data model designed to represent intricate relationships between computer system benchmarks and computer components. We detail the methods we used to implement and populate the iLORE data model using data harvested from publicly available sources. Finally, we demonstrate the validity and utility of our iLORE implementation through an analysis of the characteristics and lineage of commercial microprocessors. We encourage the research community to interact with our data and visualizations at csgenome.org.

A partir da década de 1970 os espaços de experiência cotidiano foram invadidos pelos mais variados equipamentos microeletrônicos. Estes equipamentos provocavam uma completa transformação na maneira como a cultura é produzida, compartilhada e consumida nos quatro cantos do mundo. Dentre esses equipamentos microeletrônicos, sem dúvida, o computador pessoal foi aquele que canalizou tanto as expectativas quanto os temores do período, tornando-se a tecnologia emblemática do último quarto do século XX. A popularização do computador pessoal e da computação doméstica foi acompanhada pela articulação de construções discursivas e imagéticas que promoviam esses equipamentos como objetos vindos do futuro que traziam promessas de eficiência, democracia, liberdade, mobilidade, pluralidade, entre outras benesses para a humanidade. Assim sendo, o objetivo foi problematizar e compreender as transformações sociais do final do século a partir dos discursos escritos e imagéticos relacionados à computação e aos computadores pessoais, perceber como essas transformações e esse discursos foram disseminados no Brasil e perscrutar a inserção do país nesse contexto mundial de mudança. A análise foi centrada em três tipos de documentos: anúncios publicitários, reportagens de jornais e revistas e manifestos relacionados à tecnologia. Essa documentação foi abordada pelos vieses da história da cultura e dos estudos de cultura material. O intuito foi compreender como práticas, pensamentos e representações que hoje são \"naturalizados\" foram, na realidade, apenas algumas das alternativas que estavam em disputa no período estudado. O texto é apresentado em 4 capítulos nos quais o tema é tratado em ordem cronológica: no primeiro, que compreende o final do século XIX, passando ao longo de todo o século XX até o ano de 1977, é apresentada uma breve história da computação e os principais discursos relacionados ao computador nesse período; o segundo capítulo é sobre o final dos anos 1970 e tem como principal temática as mudanças culturais proporcionadas pela difusão da microeletrônica, mostrando o computador como um dos principais símbolos dessas mudanças; o terceiro capítulo, dedicado à década de 1980, é discutida a relação entre os computadores e a ideia de um futuro que invadia o presente; no quarto capítulo são analisados os principais discursos associados ao computador no decorrer da década de 1990 relacionando-os com os discursos da globalização. / From From the 1970s, the spaces of experience in everyday life were invaded by a variety of microelectronics devices. These equipment brought a complete transformation in the way the culture was produced, shared and consumed in all corners of the world. Among such devices, undoubtedly, the personal computer was the one that gathered hopes and fears of the period thus becoming the iconic technology of the last quarter of the twentieth century. The popularization of personal computers and home computing was accompanied by the articulation of discursive and imagetic constructions which presented this equipment as objects from the future, as pledges of efficiency, democracy, freedom, mobility, plurality, among others benefits for the humankind. Thus, the aim in this work was to argue about the social transformations by the end of the century, from written and imagistic discourses related to computing and to personal computers, to understand how these transformations and discourses were disseminated in Brazil and to examine the insertion of the country in this global context of change. The analysis focused on three categories of documents: advertisements, newspapers and magazine reports, as well as manifestos related to technology. These documents have been examined under the perspective of Cultural History and Material Culture. The intention was to understand how these practices, thoughts and representations that are nowadays \"naturalized\" were, in reality, just some of the alternatives in struggle in the period under study. The text is presented in 4 chapters in which the subject is treated in chronological order: the first chapter, which considers the end of the nineteenth century, passing through the whole of the twentieth century to the year 1977, presents a shorthistory of computing and shows the main discourses related to the computer the period studied; chapter two is about the late 1970s and its main subject are the cultural changes brought by the spread of microelectronics, presenting the computer as one of the main symbols of these changes; chapter three, dedicated to the 1980s, examines the relationship between computers and the idea of a future that reached the present; chapter four discusses the main arguments associated with the computer in the 1990s, relating them to the discourses of globalization.

Federal legislation, the Office of Technology Assessment of the U. S. Congress, and national and state technological standards strongly encourage faculty to use computer technology in their lessons as a teaching tool. Technological standards have existed for several years that strongly encourage the use of computer technology in colleges and universities as a teaching tool. Yet it is difficult for faculty to infuse technology into their teaching. The purpose of this study was to assess and identify the factors that influence business teacher educators to adopt computer technology methods and utilize them in their instruction and to determine the extent to which business teacher educators are adopting computer technology in their teaching. The population consisted of 95 members of the National Association of Teacher Educators for Business Education. Findings from the descriptive statistics revealed that the largest percentage of the business teacher educators were early adopters. They indicated that they always used word processing and almost always integrated computers, projectors, and email in their instruction during the past semester. The study also found certain social, organizational, and personal motivational factors that the business teacher educators considered as very important in influencing them to adopt emerging computer technology for use in their instruction. The means revealed differences within the respondents' personal and employment characteristics and the extent to which they adopt current computer technology as a teaching tool; however, an analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated no significant difference between these variables. Also, multiple regression analysis revealed that the importance of students, a specific adoption category, and the importance of physical resources (hardware) significantly predicted computer technology adoption. The study also revealed that the business teacher educators in this study have the potential to serve as change agents and role models for their student clientele and peers since the findings suggest that these faculty members are among the first individuals to adopt computer technology for use in their instruction. The findings from the study have the potential to contribute to the development of an adopter profile that could be used to identify potential adopters of emerging computer technology. / Ph. D.

Wie ist Computergeschichtsschreibung aus informatischer Per­spektive mög­lich? Diese Frage wird unter Berücksichtigung der Medienarchäologie, die die Operativität und damit Ahistorizität technischer Medien betont, gestellt, woraus sich die Com­puterarchäologie als interdiszipli­näre Theorie und Methode ergibt. Die Arbeit erfasst zunächst die Probleme technisch defizitärer, wider­sprüchlicher und idiosynkratischer Computerhistorio­grafie an ausgewählten Beispielen, um diese ge­schichtskritisch, diskurs- und medien­archäologisch zu dekonstruieren. Unter dem Be­griff der Archäographie werden sodann Werkzeuge und Methoden zusammengestellt, die es er­möglichen operative ‘alte’ Computer techniknah zu untersu­chen und zur Ent­wicklung einer Theorie mittlerer Reichweite zu beschreiben. Dabei suspendieren Methoden der Infor­matik, Elektrotechnik, Diagram­matik u. a. die hermeneutischen Beschreibungsverfahren der Histo­riografie. Zu­sätzliche Methoden der Medienwissenschaft und anderer Disziplinen ergänzen dieses Methodenset. Retrocomputing, das als eine hobbyistische Form der Computerarchäologie bereits seit Jahr­zehnten betrieben wird, bildet den Rahmen für 4 computerarchäologische Projekte mit frühen Mikrocomputern (1975-1985): 1. die Analyse einer ‘traditio­nellen’ Computer-Demonstration; 2. die Entwick­lung eines “Game of Life” auf einer 8-Bit-Computerplattform; 3. die Entwicklung eines neuen Computerspiels und modernen Massenspeichers für eine Spielkonsole von 1978; und 4. die Re­paratur eines 8-Bit-Compu­ters von 1977. Diese Projekte werden im Anschluss durch eine didaktische Betrachtung gerahmt. Retrocomputing verfährt damit auf ähnliche Weise wie ‘Homecomputing’ (ab den späten 1970er Jahren). Die didaktische Reflexion der Projekte mündet in eine Retro-Didaktik, die geeignet wäre durch Komplexitätsreduktion breitenwirksam Kenntnisse über aktuelle Informatik-Systeme zu vermitteln und zugleich ein his­torisch-kritisches Bewusstsein der Computerkultur zu generieren. / How is computer history possible from the viewpoint of computer science? By considering media archaeology’s theory of operative and thus a-historical media computer archaeology combines an interdisciplinary set of theories and methods to answer this question. At first, the problems of computer historiography (technical inaccuracy, inconsistency, and idiosyncrasy) will be deconstructed with the help of history criticism, discourse archaeology, and media archaeology. Following that, technology–oriented tools and methods are gathered for describing ‘old’ computers within an ‘archaeography’ and analyzing them within a mid-range theory. Methods of computer science, electronics, diagrammatics etc. supersede hermeneutical methods of historiography. Additional tools (re-enactment, demonstration, computer philology) from media science and other disciplines complement this set of methods. Retro computing sets the frame for 4 computer archaeological projects about early micro computers (1975-85): 1. a computer philological analysis of a ‘traditional’ computer demo; 2. the development of a “Game of Life” on an 8-bit platform; 3. the development of a new computer game for a 1978 gaming console; 4. the reparation of an 8-bit computer done by a hardware hacker. These projects are discussed afterwards to gain the specific didactical modus operandi of retro computing hobbyists. Just like historical home computing (starting from the late 1970s) retro computing autodidactically gathers theoretical, historical, and practical knowledge by trial and error, gamification, and e-learning through a “learning by doing” procedure. The confrontation of three historical examples with three actual retro computing projects will prove this. The didactical reflection of retro computing projects describes a ‘retro didactic’ that would be useful for a broad application of historic sensitive, computer scientific knowledge with the help of less complex systems like early microcomputers are.

Com a análise histórica da chamada propriedade intelectual, em especial das patentes, copyright e direitos autorais, esta tese trata da crise do capitalismo contemporâneo, e analisa a tendência dissimulada de ascensão de Estados, que com o uso da tecnologia informática e o recrudescimento das legislações, se tornam cada vez mais autoritários e avançam sobre direitos e liberdades civis. Para isso é reconstituída a história dos computadores, da Internet, do Movimento do Software Livre, dos Partidos Piratas, do movimento do Software Livre no Brasil, das legislações de propriedade intelectual no mundo ocidental e da globalização do comércio e das finanças / Through the historical analysis of the \"intellectual property\", in particular patents, copyright and authors rights, this thesis deals with the crisis of contemporary capitalism, and analyzes the covert increasing trend of states, that with the use of computer technology and the intensification of laws, become increasingly authoritarian, eroding civil rights and liberties secured by populations long ago. To reach this objective the history of computers, the Internet, the Free Software Movement, the Pirate Parties, the Free Software movement in Brazil, the intellectual property laws in the Western world and the globalization of trade and finance are reconstituted

Com a análise histórica da chamada propriedade intelectual, em especial das patentes, copyright e direitos autorais, esta tese trata da crise do capitalismo contemporâneo, e analisa a tendência dissimulada de ascensão de Estados, que com o uso da tecnologia informática e o recrudescimento das legislações, se tornam cada vez mais autoritários e avançam sobre direitos e liberdades civis. Para isso é reconstituída a história dos computadores, da Internet, do Movimento do Software Livre, dos Partidos Piratas, do movimento do Software Livre no Brasil, das legislações de propriedade intelectual no mundo ocidental e da globalização do comércio e das finanças / Through the historical analysis of the \"intellectual property\", in particular patents, copyright and authors rights, this thesis deals with the crisis of contemporary capitalism, and analyzes the covert increasing trend of states, that with the use of computer technology and the intensification of laws, become increasingly authoritarian, eroding civil rights and liberties secured by populations long ago. To reach this objective the history of computers, the Internet, the Free Software Movement, the Pirate Parties, the Free Software movement in Brazil, the intellectual property laws in the Western world and the globalization of trade and finance are reconstituted