This work considers international cooperation or harmonization in patent law and analyzes the two main international patent law governance institutions: the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) and the World Trade Organization (WTO). A welfarist approach is adopted, proposing that international patent law should improve global welfare, subject to assumptions that the preferences of the world population are heterogeneous, that governments try to maximize the welfare of their citizens, and that international legal organization faces collective action problems. Normatively desirable patent law harmonization reconciles strong reasons for preserving diversity (including the static and dynamic satisfaction of local preferences and adapting to unpredictable change) with strong reasons for cooperation (reducing duplication in patent prosecution, and reconciling imbalanced national externalities, incentives to innovation and costs). The last reason leads to a system of national treatment and minimum standards. The risks presented by the skewed nature of invention are addressed in the international patent system through a form of regional insurance. These reasons for cooperation present two linked but separable collective action problems, supporting the existence of two international institutions to govern patent cooperation. WIPO is best positioned to address duplication in patent prosecution. The WTO is best positioned to address imbalanced national externalities, incentives and costs. However, both the WIPO and the WTO are needed to provide a comprehensive international governance system. Questions about the WTO dispute resolution system, the TRIPs Council, and the WTO’s legitimacy are addressed by advocating a trade stakeholders’ model. Whether international patent law should be seen as a multilateral obligation or a nexus of bilateral obligations is explored. Given diverse national preferences and high uncertainty surrounding the welfare effects of specific patent policies, the process of harmonization is inevitably a political process. This political aspect directly connects the topic of patent law harmonization with the institutional analysis of WIPO and the WTO. The implementation of welfare-enhancing patent law cooperation is best guarded by a process with a wide range of political inputs and transparency. Ultimately, only good international governance can deliver on the potential of the international patent system to promote international innovation, economic growth and world-wide prosperity.

This work considers international cooperation or harmonization in patent law and analyzes the two main international patent law governance institutions: the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) and the World Trade Organization (WTO). A welfarist approach is adopted, proposing that international patent law should improve global welfare, subject to assumptions that the preferences of the world population are heterogeneous, that governments try to maximize the welfare of their citizens, and that international legal organization faces collective action problems. Normatively desirable patent law harmonization reconciles strong reasons for preserving diversity (including the static and dynamic satisfaction of local preferences and adapting to unpredictable change) with strong reasons for cooperation (reducing duplication in patent prosecution, and reconciling imbalanced national externalities, incentives to innovation and costs). The last reason leads to a system of national treatment and minimum standards. The risks presented by the skewed nature of invention are addressed in the international patent system through a form of regional insurance. These reasons for cooperation present two linked but separable collective action problems, supporting the existence of two international institutions to govern patent cooperation. WIPO is best positioned to address duplication in patent prosecution. The WTO is best positioned to address imbalanced national externalities, incentives and costs. However, both the WIPO and the WTO are needed to provide a comprehensive international governance system. Questions about the WTO dispute resolution system, the TRIPs Council, and the WTO’s legitimacy are addressed by advocating a trade stakeholders’ model. Whether international patent law should be seen as a multilateral obligation or a nexus of bilateral obligations is explored. Given diverse national preferences and high uncertainty surrounding the welfare effects of specific patent policies, the process of harmonization is inevitably a political process. This political aspect directly connects the topic of patent law harmonization with the institutional analysis of WIPO and the WTO. The implementation of welfare-enhancing patent law cooperation is best guarded by a process with a wide range of political inputs and transparency. Ultimately, only good international governance can deliver on the potential of the international patent system to promote international innovation, economic growth and world-wide prosperity.

This paper has been produced as part of the examination in order to obtain a Master degree in Law (LLM), in Intellectual Property, at Queen Mary & Westfield College, University of London. / Submitted by Pedro Mizukami (pedro.mizukami@fgv.br) on 2009-09-17T18:43:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 The_Development_Agenda_for_WIPO_A_Battle_Between_Access_to_Knowledge_and_Enclosure.pdf: 512224 bytes, checksum: 6f7f71a4d7fbe4ea7027244068663639 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Pedro Mizukami(pedro.mizukami@fgv.br) on 2009-09-17T18:43:41Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 The_Development_Agenda_for_WIPO_A_Battle_Between_Access_to_Knowledge_and_Enclosure.pdf: 512224 bytes, checksum: 6f7f71a4d7fbe4ea7027244068663639 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2009-09-17T18:43:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 The_Development_Agenda_for_WIPO_A_Battle_Between_Access_to_Knowledge_and_Enclosure.pdf: 512224 bytes, checksum: 6f7f71a4d7fbe4ea7027244068663639 (MD5) / The private sector has played and continues to play a decisive role in the shaping of policy-making concerning knowledge-based goods. The result is an unequal battle between access to knowledge and enclosure favouring the latter over the former. Such an unbalanced scenario chiefly affects the South, but has implications for the public everywhere. The Development Agenda being proposed for adoption by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), and which has been advocated for and designed by developing countries governments in collaboration with a coalition of governments, academics, civil society and public interest NGOs from both North and South, is the latest attempt to bring a balance to this scenario. However, the Development Agenda is encountering opposition and despite the unique nature of the coalition backing it, the outcome is uncertain.

The thesis is focused on a specific area of intellectual property field, namely the system of protection of Intellectual property whose current form has been shaped by the international organizations, especially by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) and the World Trade Organization (WTO). There has therefore been allocated extra space in the thesis to make the reader familiar with these respective organizations, especially with their organizational structure, decision-making procedures and activities. Important part of the thesis is analysis of current relations between WIPO and WTO, including its negative aspects. The thesis also contains section devoted to possible future development of the relations between WIPO and WTO.

Depuis le début de son histoire, l’être humain cherche, pour de nombreuses raisons à s’associer et développer le milieu où il vit. Ces caractéristiques culminèrent dans les phénomènes de mondialisation et de révolution technologique responsables de la diminution des distances physiques et temporelles du monde contemporain. Ces facteurs ont stimulé les processus d’intégration régionaux, lesquels ont pour but le renforcement de ses adhérents face à la nouvelle réalité mondiale. Parmi ces processus, on note le Mercosur qui vise à la création d’un marché commun entre l’Argentine, le Brésil, le Paraguay et l’Uruguay. Fondé sur l’intergouvernabilité et avec une structure organisationnelle définie, ce bloc économique possède un cadre normatif en évolution, cherchant constamment la sécurité juridique dans divers secteurs. Quant à la protection des droits de propriété intellectuelle, on constate une ancienne préoccupation de la région sur le thème. Toutefois, le peu de normes existantes au sein du bloc confèrent des droits subjectifs minimaux et la plupart d’entre eux ne sont pas intégrés dans les législations nationales, lesquelles sont alignées sur les traités internationaux. Dans ses relations internationales, le Mercosur a une longue histoire de négociations avec l’Union Européenne et une histoire plus modeste avec le Canada, dans lesquelles l’attention portée aux droits de propriété intellectuelle n’est pas uniforme. De plus, sa participation dans les organismes internationaux responsables de ces droits est faible. Dans ce contexte, même avec un futur incertain le Mercosur présente de grandes expectatives. Toutefois, la préoccupation à protéger les droits de propriété intellectuelle est présente et réelle et commence à prendre de l’ampleur dans ses relations internes et externes. / Since the beginning of its history, the human being seeks, for many reasons, to join and develop the environment where he lives. These features, culminating in the phenomena of globalization and technological revolution, were responsible for the decrease in physical and temporal distances of the contemporary world. These factors have stimulated the regional integration processes, which are intended to strengthen its members to deal with a new global reality. Among these processes, we note the Mercosur aimed at creating a common market between Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay. Based on its inter-governability and with a defined organizational structure, the economic bloc has an evolving normative framework, constantly seeking legal security in various sectors. As for the protection of intellectual property rights, there is an old concern of the region on the subject. However, few standards exist within the block granting minimum individual rights and most of them are not integrated in the national laws, which are aligned with international treaties. In its international relations, Mercosur has a long history of negotiations with the European Union and a timid story with Canada, in which attention to intellectual property rights is not uniform. Moreover, its participation in international organizations responsible for these rights is weak. Thus, even with an uncertain future Mercosur has great expectations. However, the concern to protect intellectual property rights is present and real and starts to grow in its internal and external relationships.

The thesis deals with the image of mediaval roman king and emperor and his power during the first half of the 11. century, as depicted in Wipo's work Gesta Chuonradi II. imperatoris. Conrad II., the first salian ruler is used as a model example of an ideal sovereign. The analysis of Conrad's image covers his reign as a king till his death, with peculiar focus on the forming of Conrad's empire, internal and foreign policy especially towards Italy and Burgundy. Furthemore the thesis concerns the discrepancy between reality and idealized behaviour of the ruler outlined in Wipo's work, as it was intended as an emperor's praise and as a guidebook for successor to the throne. Keywords: Wipo, Conrad II., ruler's image, Roman empire in 1. st half of 11. century.

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2018-07-30T16:40:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Aleteia Hummes Thaines_.pdf: 2869276 bytes, checksum: b5ff266335af772653e39b0874d2e709 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-30T16:40:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Aleteia Hummes Thaines_.pdf: 2869276 bytes, checksum: b5ff266335af772653e39b0874d2e709 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-22 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A presente Tese doutoral tem como tema o instituto da arbitragem para a solução de controvérsias relativas aos nomes de domínio e a OMPI, enquanto organização detentora de poder decisional. Para tanto, enfocará a arbitragem internacional, numa perspectiva sistêmico-organizacional, e seus fundamentos para a solução de controvérsias envolvendo os nomes de domínio a partir da Política Uniforme de Resolução de Conflitos da ICANN e a atuação do Centro de Arbitragem e Mediação da OMPI, enquanto atores de produção de decisões. O problema de pesquisa eleito reside no seguinte questionamento: As decisões comunicativas oriundas do Centro de Arbitragem e Mediação da OMPI proporcionam soluções adequadas aos conflitos sobre Domain Names e se revelam aptas a balizar a efetivação do instituto da arbitragem naquelas disputas? Visando à indagação proposta, estabeleceu-se como objetivo geral compreender a arbitragem como meio adequado para a resolução dos conflitos envolvendo os nomes de domínio a partir da atuação do Centro de Arbitragem e Mediação da OMPI e a vinculação de suas decisões. De modo específico, a pesquisa pretende: (a) estudar a teoria das organizações e os aportes da Teoria Sistêmica Luhmanniana; (b) analisar os signos distintivos, enquanto elementos do Direito de Propriedade Intelectual, e a importância da proteção ao Sistema de Nomes de Domínio em uma sociedade globalizada e de alta concorrência comercial; (c) apresentar a arbitragem como instituto não jurisdicional de resolução de conflitos para a redução de complexidade das controvérsias relacionadas aos nomes de domínios; (d) verificar, por amostragem, analisando suas decisões, a atuação do Centro de Arbitragem e Mediação da OMPI na resolução das controvérsias ligadas aos nomes de domínio. Para tanto, a pesquisa estabeleceu como procedimentos metodológicos: (1) a realização de levantamento bibliográfico, baseado em livros e artigos publicados em periódicos relevantes sobre a temática; (2) pesquisa documental, em que se analisaram os instrumentos estabelecidos pela ICANN e pela OMPI no que tange às políticas, regras e entendimentos jurisprudenciais dos casos envolvendo conflitos em nome de domínios. Face à vinculação à linha de pesquisa “Sociedade, Novos Direitos e Transnacionalização”, foi eleito para o seu desenvolvimento do trabalho o método sistêmico, preconizado por Niklas Luhmann, que não é indutivo nem dedutivo, visto que pretende descrever os sistemas (aberto e 8 fechado) e sua relação com o ambiente. Com a análise das decisões do Centro de Arbitragem e Mediação da OMPI, foi possível concluir que este se constitui como organização produtora de comunicações decisionais e vinculativas para a solução das controvérsias envolvendo nomes de domínio, sendo a arbitragem a técnica eleita. Todavia, o procedimento arbitral utilizado se diferencia do tradicional, porquanto a política da ICANN considera fundamental a publicização do conteúdo das decisões, caracterizando, assim, um modelo de arbitragem “sui generis”, específica para casos que digam respeito a domain name. / This research has as theme the arbitration institute for the solution of controversies relative to domain names and the WIPO, as an organization holder of decisional power. Therefore, will focus the international arbitration, in a systemic-organizational perspective, and its elements for the solution of controversies involving domain names, from the Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP) of ICANN and the acting of the Arbitration and Mediation Center of WIPO, while actors of decision makers. The research problem elected lies in the following questioning: The communicative decisions from the Arbitration and Mediation Center of WIPO provice suitable solutions to conflicts over Domain Names and reveal themselves able to mark the effectiveness of the arbitration institute in those disputes? Aiming at the proposed quest, was established as the general objective, understand arbitration as appropriate means for the resolution of conflicts involving the domain names, from the performance of the Arbitration and Mediation Center of WIPO and the binding of their decisions. Specifically, this research intends: (a) study the theory of organizations and the contributions of Luhmann's Systemic Theory; (b) analyze the distinctive signs, while elements of the Intellectual Property Rights, and the importance of protection to the Domain Names System in a globalized society and high commercial competition; (c) present the arbitration as a non jurisdictional institute of conflict resolution for the reduction the complexity of the controversies related to domain names; (d) check, by sampling, analyzing their decisions, the performance of the Arbitration and Mediation Center of WIPO in resolving controversies linked to domain names. Therefore, the research established as methodological procedures: (1) the carrying out of a bibliographic survey, based on books and articles published in relevant periodicals on the subject; (2) documentary research, where was analyzed the established instruments by ICANN and by WIPO in what concerns the policies, rules and jurisprudential understandings of cases involving conflicts in domain names. Face to the linking of the research line “Society, New Rights and Transnationalization”, was elected to its development of the research, the systemic method, advocated by Niklas Luhmann, which is neither inductive nor deductive, since it intends to describe the systems (open and closed) and its relation with the ambience. With the analysis of the decisions of the Arbitration and Mediation Center of WIPO, it was possible to conclude that constitutes itselves an organization that produces decision-making and binding 10 communications for the solution of controversy involving domain names, being the arbitration the technique chosen. However, the arbitration procedure used, differs from traditional, because the policy of ICANN, considers essential to publicize the content of decisions, thus characterizing, an arbitrage model “sui generis” specific to cases involving the domain names.

Upphovsrätten står inför kraftigt förändrade villkor till följd av den tekniska utveckling vilken möjliggjort enkel duplicering av många upphovsrättsligt skyddade verk. Fildelning via Internet ökar kraftigt och rättighetsinnehavare ser hur deras ensamrätter missbrukas. Dessa är problem som förutses bli allt mer påtagliga eftersom piratkopieringen och fildelning ökar i takt med att allt fler får snabba uppkopplingar mot Internet. Lagstiftningen har inte hängt med i denna utveckling utan har snarare reagerat i efterhand på de situationer som uppstått. Samtidigt har allmänheten hunnit vänja sig vid en tillgång till musik, film och bilder via Internet. Myndigheter och andra intressenter har inte tydligt markerat det orättfärdiga eller lagvidriga i detta beteende. Konsekvenser av detta är att allmänhetens subjektiva rättsuppfattning skiljer sig kraftigt från den objektiva rätten. Rättighetsinnehavare ser således sina immateriella rättigheter urvattnas samtidigt som myndigheter står utan effektiva eller realistiska motmedel. Från branschens sida kan agerandet förklaras med rädsla för den bad-will vilken skulle bli följden av att jaga enskilda piratkopierare. Förklaringarna till myndigheternas icke-agerande är troligtvis flera, men viktigast, vid sidan av det faktum att rättsläget inte är helt klart, kan vara svårigheten att övervaka och upptäcka de illegala förfarandena. Man har, från branschens och myndighetens sida, försatt sig i en relativt svår situation. I detta skede kommer nu ytterliggare ett EG-direktiv på upphovsrättens område. Syftet med direktivet är att klarlägga rättsläget dels genom att uppnå en hög likformighet mellan de nationella lagstiftningarna inom EUoch att samtidigt driva igenom de överenskommelser som är resultatet av 1996 års WIPO fördrag. I denna framställning analyserar och diskuterar författaren Per Edstam hur rättsläget synes komma att utvecklas till följd av direktivet, och hur väl denna utveckling stämmer överens med upphovsrättens syften.

<p>Upphovsrätten står inför kraftigt förändrade villkor till följd av den tekniska utveckling vilken möjliggjort enkel duplicering av många upphovsrättsligt skyddade verk. Fildelning via Internet ökar kraftigt och rättighetsinnehavare ser hur deras ensamrätter missbrukas. Dessa är problem som förutses bli allt mer påtagliga eftersom piratkopieringen och fildelning ökar i takt med att allt fler får snabba uppkopplingar mot Internet. Lagstiftningen har inte hängt med i denna utveckling utan har snarare reagerat i efterhand på de situationer som uppstått. Samtidigt har allmänheten hunnit vänja sig vid en tillgång till musik, film och bilder via Internet. Myndigheter och andra intressenter har inte tydligt markerat det orättfärdiga eller lagvidriga i detta beteende. Konsekvenser av detta är att allmänhetens subjektiva rättsuppfattning skiljer sig kraftigt från den objektiva rätten. Rättighetsinnehavare ser således sina immateriella rättigheter urvattnas samtidigt som myndigheter står utan effektiva eller realistiska motmedel. Från branschens sida kan agerandet förklaras med rädsla för den bad-will vilken skulle bli följden av att jaga enskilda piratkopierare. Förklaringarna till myndigheternas icke-agerande är troligtvis flera, men viktigast, vid sidan av det faktum att rättsläget inte är helt klart, kan vara svårigheten att övervaka och upptäcka de illegala förfarandena. Man har, från branschens och myndighetens sida, försatt sig i en relativt svår situation. I detta skede kommer nu ytterliggare ett EG-direktiv på upphovsrättens område. Syftet med direktivet är att klarlägga rättsläget dels genom att uppnå en hög likformighet mellan de nationella lagstiftningarna inom EUoch att samtidigt driva igenom de överenskommelser som är resultatet av 1996 års WIPO fördrag. I denna framställning analyserar och diskuterar författaren Per Edstam hur rättsläget synes komma att utvecklas till följd av direktivet, och hur väl denna utveckling stämmer överens med upphovsrättens syften.</p>

Depuis le début de son histoire, l’être humain cherche, pour de nombreuses raisons à s’associer et développer le milieu où il vit. Ces caractéristiques culminèrent dans les phénomènes de mondialisation et de révolution technologique responsables de la diminution des distances physiques et temporelles du monde contemporain. Ces facteurs ont stimulé les processus d’intégration régionaux, lesquels ont pour but le renforcement de ses adhérents face à la nouvelle réalité mondiale. Parmi ces processus, on note le Mercosur qui vise à la création d’un marché commun entre l’Argentine, le Brésil, le Paraguay et l’Uruguay. Fondé sur l’intergouvernabilité et avec une structure organisationnelle définie, ce bloc économique possède un cadre normatif en évolution, cherchant constamment la sécurité juridique dans divers secteurs. Quant à la protection des droits de propriété intellectuelle, on constate une ancienne préoccupation de la région sur le thème. Toutefois, le peu de normes existantes au sein du bloc confèrent des droits subjectifs minimaux et la plupart d’entre eux ne sont pas intégrés dans les législations nationales, lesquelles sont alignées sur les traités internationaux. Dans ses relations internationales, le Mercosur a une longue histoire de négociations avec l’Union Européenne et une histoire plus modeste avec le Canada, dans lesquelles l’attention portée aux droits de propriété intellectuelle n’est pas uniforme. De plus, sa participation dans les organismes internationaux responsables de ces droits est faible. Dans ce contexte, même avec un futur incertain le Mercosur présente de grandes expectatives. Toutefois, la préoccupation à protéger les droits de propriété intellectuelle est présente et réelle et commence à prendre de l’ampleur dans ses relations internes et externes. / Since the beginning of its history, the human being seeks, for many reasons, to join and develop the environment where he lives. These features, culminating in the phenomena of globalization and technological revolution, were responsible for the decrease in physical and temporal distances of the contemporary world. These factors have stimulated the regional integration processes, which are intended to strengthen its members to deal with a new global reality. Among these processes, we note the Mercosur aimed at creating a common market between Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay. Based on its inter-governability and with a defined organizational structure, the economic bloc has an evolving normative framework, constantly seeking legal security in various sectors. As for the protection of intellectual property rights, there is an old concern of the region on the subject. However, few standards exist within the block granting minimum individual rights and most of them are not integrated in the national laws, which are aligned with international treaties. In its international relations, Mercosur has a long history of negotiations with the European Union and a timid story with Canada, in which attention to intellectual property rights is not uniform. Moreover, its participation in international organizations responsible for these rights is weak. Thus, even with an uncertain future Mercosur has great expectations. However, the concern to protect intellectual property rights is present and real and starts to grow in its internal and external relationships.