Uma das maiores preocupações relacionadas a segurança transfusional é a possibilidade de transmissão de doenças infecciosas atraves de sangue transfundido, entre as quais se encontram as hepatites B e C, o HIV e a sífilis. Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar doadores que passaram pelo processo de seleção pré-doação no Hemocentro de Ribeirão Preto e apresentaram resultados de testes sorológicos positivos para essas doenças/infecções.Estudou-se a frequencia dos resultados positivos entre os individuos que doaram sangue no hemocentro de Ribeirão Preto ou em seu posto de Coleta Central,de 1o.de julho de 2005 a 31 de julho de 2006. Os indivíduos com resultados sorológicos positivos confirmados em um segundo teste foram caracterizados segundo algumas variáveis demográficas e socioeconomicas, tendo sido identificados seus fatores de risco e as causas determinantes de sua não-detecção na triagem clínica (TC). Estudaram-se também o comportamento de doadores em relação a auto-exclusão confidencial (AEC) e os fatores determinantes desse comportamento. Participaram da pesquisa 106 doadores, predominantemente do sexo masculino e casados, com menos de 40 anos de idade e baixa escolaridade. Eram principalmente doadores de primeira vez, procedentes de Ribeirão Preto e da região de Ribeirão Preto e pertencentes aos estratos econômicos C e D. As frequencias de marcadores sorologicos positivos encontradas foram: 0,07% para o HBsAg; 0,03% para o anti-HIV; 0,13% para o VDRL; 0,21 para o anti-HCV. Cerca de 40% dos participantes assumiram ter omitido fatores de risco na TC. Os motivos mencionados foram: não se sentir a vontade para falar ou não achar relevante fazê-lo; confiar totalmente nos exames; ter como objetivo conhecer sua condição sorológica; encontrar problemas relacionados a entrevista/triador; não confiar no sigilo das informações; sentir constrangimento diante de acompanhantes. Apenas 1,9% dos participantes utilizaram a AEC, e as justificativas alegadas foram: estar se sentindo bem e, por isso, não julgar necessário; não se considerar de risco;não achar que tivesse mentido na entrevista. Os achados indicam a necessidade de mudar a abordagem dos doadores na TC, de rever os procedimentos de captação de doadores e de reavaliar profundamente os procedimentos de orientação/conscientização dos candidatos a doação, procurando tornar esses procedimentos mais eficazes. / One of the main concerns related to the safety of transfusion is the possibility of diseases/infections transmitted through blood transfusion,amongst which we may include B and C hepatitis, HIV and syphilis.This paper aimed at studying the donors who have undergone the pre-donation selection at Blood Center of Ribeirao Preto and have presented positive serological results for theses diseases/infections.We have studied the frequency of positive results amongst the individuals who have donate blood at Blood Center of Ribeirao Preto and at the Central Collection Unit, from July 1st 2005 to July 31st 2006. The individuals who have had their positive serological results confirmed at a second test were classified according to demographic and socioeconomic variables, the risk factors present amongst them were identified, as well as the determinant causes for detection failure at the clinical screening. A study on the donors\' behavior towards the confidential self-exclusion process and the determinant factors that caused such behavior was also carried out. The research reached 106 donors, most of whom were males, married, under 40 and with low level of education. Most of them were first-time donors from the City of Ribeirão Preto and surrounding towns, belonging to the C and D economic classes. The frequencies of the serological markers were: 0,07% to HbsAg; 0,03% to anti-HIV; 0,13% to VDRL; 0,21 to anti-HCV. Around 40% of the participants affirmed having omitted risk factors at the clinical screening (CS). The reasons mentioned were the following: feeling unease to talk about it or not finding it relevant; relying completely on test results; having the aim of being aware of their real serological condition; issues related to the interview or screener; lack of trust in the confidentiality of the information he/she would give; feeling constrained in the presence of their companions. Only 1.9% of the participants used the confidential self-exclusion process, and the reasons given as justifications were: being feeling well and therefore not finding it necessary; not considering himself/herself a risk; not agreeing that he/she had lied during the interview. The findings indicate the necessity of changes as to the approach to donors at the CS, the need of a review of the procedures carried out to motivate people to become donors, and a deep revaluation of the procedures for orientation/awareness by candidates as to donation, aiming at turning them more effective.

Uma das maiores preocupações relacionadas a segurança transfusional é a possibilidade de transmissão de doenças infecciosas atraves de sangue transfundido, entre as quais se encontram as hepatites B e C, o HIV e a sífilis. Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar doadores que passaram pelo processo de seleção pré-doação no Hemocentro de Ribeirão Preto e apresentaram resultados de testes sorológicos positivos para essas doenças/infecções.Estudou-se a frequencia dos resultados positivos entre os individuos que doaram sangue no hemocentro de Ribeirão Preto ou em seu posto de Coleta Central,de 1o.de julho de 2005 a 31 de julho de 2006. Os indivíduos com resultados sorológicos positivos confirmados em um segundo teste foram caracterizados segundo algumas variáveis demográficas e socioeconomicas, tendo sido identificados seus fatores de risco e as causas determinantes de sua não-detecção na triagem clínica (TC). Estudaram-se também o comportamento de doadores em relação a auto-exclusão confidencial (AEC) e os fatores determinantes desse comportamento. Participaram da pesquisa 106 doadores, predominantemente do sexo masculino e casados, com menos de 40 anos de idade e baixa escolaridade. Eram principalmente doadores de primeira vez, procedentes de Ribeirão Preto e da região de Ribeirão Preto e pertencentes aos estratos econômicos C e D. As frequencias de marcadores sorologicos positivos encontradas foram: 0,07% para o HBsAg; 0,03% para o anti-HIV; 0,13% para o VDRL; 0,21 para o anti-HCV. Cerca de 40% dos participantes assumiram ter omitido fatores de risco na TC. Os motivos mencionados foram: não se sentir a vontade para falar ou não achar relevante fazê-lo; confiar totalmente nos exames; ter como objetivo conhecer sua condição sorológica; encontrar problemas relacionados a entrevista/triador; não confiar no sigilo das informações; sentir constrangimento diante de acompanhantes. Apenas 1,9% dos participantes utilizaram a AEC, e as justificativas alegadas foram: estar se sentindo bem e, por isso, não julgar necessário; não se considerar de risco;não achar que tivesse mentido na entrevista. Os achados indicam a necessidade de mudar a abordagem dos doadores na TC, de rever os procedimentos de captação de doadores e de reavaliar profundamente os procedimentos de orientação/conscientização dos candidatos a doação, procurando tornar esses procedimentos mais eficazes. / One of the main concerns related to the safety of transfusion is the possibility of diseases/infections transmitted through blood transfusion,amongst which we may include B and C hepatitis, HIV and syphilis.This paper aimed at studying the donors who have undergone the pre-donation selection at Blood Center of Ribeirao Preto and have presented positive serological results for theses diseases/infections.We have studied the frequency of positive results amongst the individuals who have donate blood at Blood Center of Ribeirao Preto and at the Central Collection Unit, from July 1st 2005 to July 31st 2006. The individuals who have had their positive serological results confirmed at a second test were classified according to demographic and socioeconomic variables, the risk factors present amongst them were identified, as well as the determinant causes for detection failure at the clinical screening. A study on the donors\' behavior towards the confidential self-exclusion process and the determinant factors that caused such behavior was also carried out. The research reached 106 donors, most of whom were males, married, under 40 and with low level of education. Most of them were first-time donors from the City of Ribeirão Preto and surrounding towns, belonging to the C and D economic classes. The frequencies of the serological markers were: 0,07% to HbsAg; 0,03% to anti-HIV; 0,13% to VDRL; 0,21 to anti-HCV. Around 40% of the participants affirmed having omitted risk factors at the clinical screening (CS). The reasons mentioned were the following: feeling unease to talk about it or not finding it relevant; relying completely on test results; having the aim of being aware of their real serological condition; issues related to the interview or screener; lack of trust in the confidentiality of the information he/she would give; feeling constrained in the presence of their companions. Only 1.9% of the participants used the confidential self-exclusion process, and the reasons given as justifications were: being feeling well and therefore not finding it necessary; not considering himself/herself a risk; not agreeing that he/she had lied during the interview. The findings indicate the necessity of changes as to the approach to donors at the CS, the need of a review of the procedures carried out to motivate people to become donors, and a deep revaluation of the procedures for orientation/awareness by candidates as to donation, aiming at turning them more effective.

Law / LL.M.

A legally protectable trade secret is secret information which is applicable in trade or industry, in respect of which the owner has the will to keep it secret, which has economic value, and which is concrete enough to be embodied in a tangible form and to exist separately form its owner. A comparative study reveals that while trade secrets can be infringed in three ways - namely unauthorized acquisition, use and disclosure - contemporary legal systems differ in respect of both the ambit and juridical bases of protection against such infringing conduct. The legal protection of trade secrets is promoted by the recognition of a subjective right to the trade secret. This right is an intellectual property right independent of statutory intellectual property rights like patent rights and copyright, the common law intellectual property right to goodwill, and the personality right to privacy. In South African private law, trade secrets can be adequately protected by the application of general delictual and contractual principles. Delictual wrongfulness of trade secret misappropriation is constituted by an infringement of the right to the trade secret. Thus any act that interferes with the powers of use, enjoyment and disposal exercised by someone with a subjective right to that trade secret, is, in the absence of legal grounds justifying such interference, wrongful. Patrim·onial loss caused by both intentional and negligent infringement of trade secrets should be actionable under the actio legis Aquiliae. Wrongful trade secret infringements can - also in the absence of fault on the part of the infringer - be prevented by an interdict. Protection of trade secrets is not restricted to the contexts of either unlawful competition, or fiduciary relationships. Trade secret protection is on a sound footing in South African law, compares favourably with the position in other legal systems, and is in step with the international agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights to which South Africa is a signatory nation. / Private Law / LL.D. (Private Law)

Magister Curationis - MCur / Background and Problem Statement: Maternal mortality is a global health issue, which mostly affects the developing countries. The United Nations (UN) member states have made a commitment to reduce maternal mortality by 75% by 2015. However, one of the biggest challenges in monitoring maternal deaths in Sub-Sahara Africa including Ghana, is the lack of adequate information for the accurate estimation of the maternal mortality rate (MMRate), and to identify causes of death. The World Health Organization (WHO) developed strategies and guidelines to assist countries to generate accurate information regarding maternal deaths. Maternal death review is one such strategy that was implemented in Ghana. Midwives are among the health workers who participate in the implementation of this strategy in different health facilities.However, what is not well understood is the role that midwives play in the implementation of Maternal Death Review (MDR).The purpose of the study: To explore and describe the roles that midwives play in the implementation of MDR in selected health facilities in Ghana‟s Ashanti Region.Methodology: A qualitative descriptive design was used to guide the research.Purposive sampling was conducted to select midwives who have been involved in maternal death review from the teaching, regional and district referral hospitals. Data was collected by conducting semi-structured individual interviews. Data saturation was reached after twenty interviews. Thematic Content Analysis was used to manage and analyse data. The Facility-based maternal death review model was used to assist the researcher to identify and organize the emerged themes. Ethical clearance was obtained from the University, as well as approval from the management of the health facilities prior to approaching the informants.Main findings: The results of this study indicate that midwives in Ghana‟s Ashanti Region are undertaking various activities and duties in all the stages of the Facilitybased maternal review model. The type of activities and duties undertaken by midwives varied according to their seniority and the level of the health facilities.Conclusion and recommendation: The findings of this study bring insight into the roles played by midwives in the implementation of the Facility-based maternal death review process in the health facilities in Ghana‟s Ashanti Region. These findings have a direct implication for the training and education of midwives. It is recommended that issues related to maternal death review methods and processes be included in the formal and continuing training and education of midwives. However, further research considering the training and practice development needs of midwives in respect of implementation of maternal death review is required.

The research was conducted to evaluate the Employee Assistance Programme (EAP) of Sasol Nitro, Ekandustria. The researcher used questionnaires to collect information from the managers, supervisors, and employees. The information collected from all respondents indicated that the structure responsible for evaluating the EAP is not representative. The information also indicated that the EAP is appropriate and a better option to assist the employees with addressing their problems which impact on their job performance negatively. The employees are informed about the programme, while managers and supervisors are skilled on EAP procedures. The programme was utilized by the employees and this improved their job performance. The model adopted is rated poor by employees in terms of confidentiality and accessibility. Finally, it is concluded that the EAP is utilized and, therefore, the programme improved the employees’ job performance at Sasol. / Dissertation (MSW)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Social Work and Criminology / unrestricted

Privilege is an evidential principle which, on the grounds of public policy, excludes evidence relevant and otherwise admissible. This thesis aims to discover whether privilege should be applied to the psychotherapeutic profession in South Africa. At present, the only profession in South Africa afforded privilege is the legal profession. There are two main theoretical justifications for privilege: the utilitarian and the individual/human rights approach. This thesis considers whether the psychotherapeutic profession wan-ants privilege under either theory, and recommends that the law of privilege integrate both theories rather than adopt one or the other. The impact of the Constitution and the right to privacy receive particular attention. Very little literature or case law on the question of psychotherapeutic privilege was found in South Africa. Consequently, extensive comparative research into the common-law systems of England, Canada and United States of America was done. This research yielded some interesting findings. The first is that case-by-case development of the law of privilege is uncel1ain and fragmented. The next is that psychotherapeutic privilege exists in almost absolute form in the United States of America, but is littered with lacunae causing as much uncertainty as the case-by-case approach to privilege law. The most helpful method of dealing with the problem was found in Canada, where a two-stage approach to protecting personal information, including psychotherapeutic records, has been developed. In light of this research, this thesis reassesses the original viability of psychotherapeutic privilege in South Africa. Privilege, it was found, is not the best solution to protecting psychotherapeutic communications. This thesis recommends legislative adoption of an amended two-stage approach based on the Canadian model for sexual offence trials as the best method of protecting psychotherapeutic communications in both civil and criminal proceedings. The thesis ends by suggesting draft legislative provisions.

The revolutionary migration within the health care sector towards the digitisation of medical records for convenience or compliance touches on many concerns with respect to ensuring the security of patient personally identifiable information (PII). Foremost of these is that a patient’s right to privacy is not violated. To this end, it is necessary that health care practitioners have a clear understanding of the various constructs of privacy in order to ensure privacy compliance is maintained. This research project focuses on an investigation of privacy from a multidisciplinary philosophical perspective to highlight the constructs of information privacy. These constructs together with a discussion focused on the confidentiality and accessibility of medical records results in the development of an artefact represented in the format of a model. The formulation of the model is accomplished by making use of the Design Science research guidelines for artefact development. Part of the process required that the artefact be refined through the use of an Expert Review Process. This involved an iterative (three phase) process which required (seven) experts from the fields of privacy, information security, and health care to respond to semi-structured questions administered with an interview guide. The data analysis process utilised the ISO/IEC 29100:2011(E) standard on privacy as a means to assign thematic codes to the responses, which were then analysed. The proposed information privacy model was discussed in relation to the compliance requirements of the South African Protection of Personal Information (PoPI) Bill of 2009 and their application in a primary health care facility. The proposed information privacy model provides a holistic view of privacy management that can residually be used to increase awareness associated with the compliance requirements of using patient PII.

Bien que devenu un événement rare dans les pays riches, la mortalité maternelle est toujours considéré comme un marqueur du dysfonctionnement du système de soins d'un pays. Le premier travail de cette thèse avait pour objectif d'étudier l'évolution du profil de la mortalité maternelle en France entre 1998 et 2007 à partir des données de l'Enquête Nationale Confidentielle sur les Morts Maternelles (ENCMM). Le ratio de mortalité maternelle (RMM) est resté stable, avec 9 décès pour 100 000 naissances vivantes. Il se situe dans la moyenne basse des pays européens ayant un système renforcé de mesure, ce qui est relativement satisfaisant compte-tenu de l'évolution du profil des femmes et de l'augmentation observée ailleurs. La principale cause de décès était l'hémorragie obstétricale. La proportion des morts maternelles évitables n'a pas évolué et est restée au tour de 50%. Ces résultats soulignent qu'une réduction du RMM est envisageable. Pour cela, une meilleure compréhension de ses déterminants est essentielle. Le deuxième travail a abordé la question des disparités régionales. Cette analyse a montré que le risque de mort maternelle en postpartum, après prise en compte des certaines caractéristiques individuelles des femmes, était supérieur dans les DOM et en Ile-de-France, comparé au reste de la France métropolitaine, et que des facteurs liés au contenu et à l'organisation des soins pourraient être impliqués. La pertinence des leçons tirées de l’étude de la mortalité maternelle dépend de la validité de sa mesure. Le dernier travail avait pour objectif d’évaluer les écueils des statistiques de routine de mortalité pour étudier la fréquence et les causes de mortalité maternelle. La sous-estimation du RMM dans les statistiques de mortalité a diminué significativement au cours du temps. Cependant, les inexactitudes sont plus importantes que le RMM ne le montre ; en effet, pour 2007-2009 une mort maternelle sur trois de l’ENCMM n’est pas repérée dans les statistiques de mortalité et le profil de causes diffère de celui issu de l’ENCMM. / While maternal mortality has become a very rare event in developed countries, it remains a marker of the performance of a country’s health system. The first work of this thesis was to study the evolution of maternal mortality profile in France between 1998 and 2007 using data from the Confidential enquiry into maternal deaths (ENCMM). The maternal mortality ratio (MMR) remained stable, with 9 deaths per 100,000 live births, it is in the low average of other European countries that also have enhanced measurement systems, which is consider satisfactory in view of the evolution of profile of women and the rise of MMR observed elsewhere. The main cause of death was obstetric hemorrhage. The proportion of avoidable maternal deaths has not changed and remained around 50%. These results emphasize that reducing the MMR is possible, for this, a better understanding of its determinants is essential. The second work explored regional disparities of maternal mortality. The results showed that the risk of postpartum maternal death was higher, after taking women's individual characteristics into account, in the overseas districts (DOM) but also in Ile-de-France, compared with the rest of metropolitan France; we thus deduce that factors related to care may be involved.The relevance of lessons learned from the study of maternal mortality depends on the validity of the data used. The last work assessed the pitfalls of routine mortality statistics to study the frequency and profile of maternal mortality. The underestimation of MMR in mortality statistics has decreased significantly over time. However, inaccuracies are greater than suggested by the MMR; the routine statistics failed to identify one third of the maternal deaths identified by the ENCMM and the causes profile differs from that resulting from the ENCMM.

Confidential information such as passwords, cryptographic keys, certificates, etc. are used every day on various places. Mobile phone can be a good storage for such informations, but is necessary to ensure data security. Main goal of this project is to create a program for Windows Mobile phones which will keep all the informations in one place protected by password. Designed program lets user to store passwords, cryptographic keys, various files, important contacts, credit card numbers, etc. Some of the stored informations can be downloaded from remote server via FTP protocol or from smart card. It is also possible that two clients will synchronize their informations via Network and other usefull functions.