Le but de cette dissertation est de développer une théorie manifestationaliste du contexte. Cet objectif sera atteint en deux étapes. Premièrement, nous essaierons de spécifier le rôle explicatif du contexte dans l'interprétation de l'énoncé en développant une notion de « force du contexte » et un modèle de « contribution contextuelle ». Deuxièmement, nous allons essayer de montrer comment la force du contexte peut être rendue manifeste par les connecteurs du discours. La thèse comprend deux parties. La première partie est composée de trois chapitres. Le premier chapitre établit principalement un cadre conceptuel dérivé d'une analyse des entrées de dictionnaire pour le contexte afin de capturer notre notion intuitive de contexte. Il y a quatre composantes conceptuelles, « situation », « texte (quelque chose de parlé ou d'écrit) », « connexion », « signification », qui sont indispensables à la compréhension de la notion. La connectivité du contexte, enracinée dans la notion de « connexion », est la base conceptuelle de la notion de « force contextuelle ». Le deuxième chapitre est consacré aux spécifications de certaines conceptions et distinctions fondamentales : la définition du « discours », la distinction entre « phrase » et « énoncé », et la notion de « signification du locuteur » de Paul Grice. Le troisième chapitre est une critique détaillée de deux grandes théories du contexte. La première théorie, adaptée aux indexicaux, commence avec le travail pionnier d'Arthur W. Burks et de Yehoshua Bar-Hillel sur la signification indexicale et aboutit à l'approche bien développée du contexte dans la théorie des indexicaux de Kaplan. La seconde, grâce à Robert Stalnaker, prend le contexte comme le savoir couramment présupposé entre interlocuteurs dans une conversation, ou selon les propres termes de Stalnaker, « terrain d'entente ». La deuxième partie comprend deux chapitres. Dans le premier chapitre, nous clarifions d'abord la différence entre les approches de Kaplanian et de Stalnakerian et les nôtres : les premiers fondent leurs théories sur le concept intuitif de « contexte-comme-situation », à savoir que le contexte est une situation où un explanandum a lieu ; les nôtres ont l'intention de fonder une théorie du contexte sur le concept intuitif de « contexte-en-utilisation ». Grâce au concept de « contexte-en-utilisation », nous sommes donc intéressés par : ∂. La force (pas le contenu) du contexte. ß. La manifestation (pas la représentation) du contexte. / The aim of this dissertation is to develop a manifestationalist theory of context. This aim will be achieved by two steps. First, we will try to give a new specification of the explanatory role of context in utterance interpretation by developing a notion of the “force of context” and an account of “contextual contribution”. Second, we will try to show how the force of context can be made manifest by discourse connectives. The dissertation includes two parts. The first part is comprised of three chapters. The first chapter mainly establishes a conceptual framework derived from an analysis of dictionary entries for “context” to capture our intuitive notion of it. There are four conceptual components, “situation”, “text (something spoken or written)”, “connection”, “meaning”, which are indispensable for an understanding of the notion. The connectedness of context, rooted in the very notion of “connection”, is the conceptual basis of the notion of “context force”. The second chapter is dedicated to specifications of some related fundamental conceptions and distinctions: the definition of “discourse”, the distinction between “sentence” and “utterance”, and the Gricean notion of “speaker meaning”. The third chapter is a detailed review of two major theories of context. The first, tailoring context to indexicals, begins with the pioneering work of Arthur W. Burks and Yehoshua Bar-Hillel on indexical meaning and culminates in the well-developed approach to context in Kaplan’s theory of indexicals. The second, due to Robert Stalnaker, takes context as the knowledge commonly presupposed between interlocutors in a conversation, or in Stalnaker’s own terms, “common ground”. The second part includes two chapter. In the first chapter, we primarily clarify the difference between Kaplan and Stalnaker’s approaches and ours: the former base their theories on the intuitive concept of context-as-situation, namely that the context is a situation where some explanandum occurs; the latter intends to base a theory of context on the intuitive concept of context-in-use. Stemming from the concept of context-in-use, we are thus interested in: ∂. The force (not the content) of context. ß. The manifestation (not the representation) of context.

Au début du XXème siècle, Poincaré puis Birkhoff ont été amenés, lors de leur recherche sur le problème restreint des trois corps, à étudier les courbes invariantes par une transformation d'une surface préservant l'aire. Cinquante ans plus tard, les théorèmes KAM démontrent la persistance de courbes invariantes après perturbation en topologie de classe k plus grande ou égale à trois. On peut alors se demander ce que devient ce résultat en topologie de classe moins élevée. Par ailleurs, l'étude des dynamiques C1-génériques connaît de nombreux développements, grâce notamment au Connecting Lemma. Par exemple, Bonatti et Crovisier on démontré qu'un difféomorphisme C1-générique d'une telle surface possède un ensemble dense de points dont l'orbite sort de tout compact. Ces deux résultats permettent de penser qu'un difféomorphisme C1-générique d'une surface n'admet pas de courbes fermées simples invariantes. C'est ce que nous démontrons dans ce travail. On obtient assez facilement, en utilisant le Connecting Lemma ainsi que les propriétés topologiques de l'anneau, qu'un difféomorphisme C1-générique de l'anneau possède des points périodiques sur toute courbe fermée simple invariante. Cela se généralise à une surface quelconque en utilisant une famille dénombrable d'anneau constituant une base de voisinages d'une courbe fermée simple quelconque. La construction d'une telle famille d'anneaux est le principal résultat du premier chapitre. Il s'agit alors de supprimer les points périodiques sur les courbes invariantes. Dans un premier temps, nous nous inspirerons d'un argument qu'Herman utilise dans le cadre de courbes invariantes par les twists de l'anneau pour montrer que tous les points périodiques ne peuvent être hyperboliques. Ensuite, nous définissons une propriété, la propriété Γ, qui si elle est vérifiée par un difféomorphisme symplectique et l'un de ses points périodiques elliptiques, empêche que ce point périodique appartienne à une courbe invariante. En montrant que cette propriété est vérifiée par un difféomorphisme C1-générique et tous ses points périodiques elliptiques, nous obtenons le résultat souhaité. Dans le quatrième chapitre, nous nous employons à définir de façon rigoureuse la notion de fonction génératrice qui est l'outil classique pour perturber des difféomorphismes symplectiques

This thesis describes the motif connecting two sides of a few selected aspects are essential to the concept of integral theme. The theoretical part is devoted to symbolic and philosophical significance of the theme of the bridge, which is linked to a gradual work. It focuses on the genesis of the architecture of the bridge together with social and cultural background. Subsequently imaging theme deals with the bridge in the history of visual culture. Practical implemented using spatial concepts of subjective motive in terms of symbolism encoded in a simplified bridge construction, located in the illusionary space of emptiness, allowing mutual connection.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 alves_ac_dr_bauru.pdf: 6457883 bytes, checksum: 7bb4227bf9bba34a86a0d94c081dd5b8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-28 / Fundação Araucária de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Paraná (FAADCT/PR) / A aproximação ideal e linear de modelos matemáticos apesar de ser a mais utilizada pela simplicidade não se torna a única forma de representação dos problemas e soluções na engenharia quando se aplicam técnicas computacionais e cálculos numéricos. Nesse sentido, para o controle das respostas dos sistemas dinâmicos a análise das fontes não ideais como solução viável de engenharia tem sido pesquisada em várias áreas. Nessa tese estuda-se a modelagem da equação do movimento de um veículo de pequeno porte para o transporte urbano em pequenos percursos, por meio de motores híbridos biomecânico e a ar comprimido com comportamentos não lineares e não ideais, se excitando e recebendo excitação do movimento e da interação entre as fontes motoras. Esse tipo de dinâmica veicular híbrida tem sido investigada por possibilitar melhorias no rendimento energético de veículos, tornando-se essa uma técnica que minimiza o consumo de combustíveis fósseis. Dessa forma a energia elétrica se mostra uma das principais fontes motora híbrida, combinando-se a fonte elétrica a veículos de grande e médio porte com os motores de combustão, incluindo-se os veículos de pequeno porte tal como a bicicleta combinado à fonte biomecânica. Nesse contexto de utilização de energia limpa e renovável a aplicação de motores a ar comprimido possibilita características adequadas ao uso em pequenos veículos automotores, tais como, bicicleta e motocicletas. Nesse trabalho se pesquisa a aplicação de modelo não linear com motores biomecânico e a ar comprimido como fontes não ideais para o controle pelo método SDRE (State Dependent Riccati Equation) aplicado ao movimento de uma bicicleta híbrida. O controle SDRE subótimo realimentado proposto para o veículo bicicleta de pequeno porte híbrida tem como objetivo o controle ativo da velocidade a 20 km/h pelas fontes de energia não ideais, biomecânica e a ar comprimido. Esse controle ativo SDRE a 20 km/h do veículo bicicleta com motores híbridos não ideais, biomecânico e a ar comprimido, através das simulações numéricas do modelo proporcionou erro máximo de 1,2 %, tanto para o plano como em subidas até 10º. Sendo que o veículo bicicleta de pequeno porte no plano usando motor a ar comprimido de 165 W e motor biomecânico de 100 W com frequência máxima do ciclista a 55 rpm atinge a velocidade de 20 km/h com o controle e sem o controle híbrido com o motor biomecânico chega-se a 17,7 km/h. Esse controle SDRE ativo proposto se mostrou viável para o controle da velocidade, desde que os ganhos variem em função da inclinação do piso e de rampa de entrada do motor a ar comprimido a 80% da velocidade desejada, para não saturar o sinal físico. Esse sistema veicular híbrido bicicleta com fontes não ideais por motores biomecânico e ar comprimido, controlados ativamente pela velocidade proporcionou interações entre as fontes não ideais adequadas ao controle ativo pelo motor a ar comprimido. Portanto, o controle SDRE para a bicicleta em planos e subidas se mostra adequada para pequenos deslocamentos, usando-se energias limpas e renováveis no transporte urbano sustentável e não poluente. / The ideal and linear approximation of mathematical models despite being the most used for simplicity does not become the only way to represent problems and solutions in engineering when applying computational techniques and numerical calculations. In this sense, for the control of the responses of the dynamic systems, the analysis of non-ideal sources as a viable engineering solution has been researched in several areas. In this thesis we study the modeling of the equation of the movement of a small vehicle for the urban transport in small routes, by means of biomechanical hybrid motors and to compressed air with non-ideal and non-linear behaviors, getting excited and receiving excitation of the movement and the interaction between motor sources. This type of hybrid vehicular dynamics has been investigated by enabling improvements in the energy efficiency of vehicles, making this a technique that minimizes the consumption of fossil fuels. In this way electric power is one of the main sources of hybrid power, combining the electric source to large and medium-sized vehicles with combustion engines, including small vehicles such as the bicycle combined with the biomechanical source. In this context of use of clean and renewable energy the application of compressed air motors allows characteristics suitable for use in small motor vehicles, such as bicycles and motorcycles. In this work, the application of nonlinear model with biomechanical motors and compressed air as sources not ideal for the control by the State Dependent Riccati Equation (SDRE) method applied to the movement of a hybrid bicycle is investigated. The proposed sub-optimized SDRE control for the hybrid small-bike vehicle aims to actively control the speed at 20 km / h by nonideal energy sources, biomechanics and compressed air. This active control SDRE at 20 km / h of the bicycle vehicle with non-ideal hybrids, biomechanical and compressed air, through the numerical simulations of the model provided a maximum error of 1.2% for both the plane and ascent up to 10º. Being that the vehicle small bicycle in the plane using 165 W compressed air motor and 100 W biomechanical motor with maximum frequency of the rider at 55 rpm reaches the speed of 20 km / h with the control and without the hybrid control with the biomechanical engine reaches 17.7 km / h. This proposed active SDRE control proved to be feasible for speed control, provided that the gains vary as a function of the slope of the floor and of the motor input ramp to compressed air at 80% of the desired speed, so as not to saturate the physical signal. This bicycle hybrid vehicle system with non-ideal sources for biomechanical and compressed air motors actively controlled by speed provided interactions between non-ideal sources suitable for active control by the compressed air motor. Therefore, the SDRE control for the bicycle in planes and climbs is suitable for small displacements, using clean and renewable energy in sustainable and non-polluting urban transport. / Termo de Colaboração 015/2016 - UTFPR - Fundação Araucária

La projection de la grève dans l’ordre international permet d’apprécier la richesse et la diversité de l’expression collective des travailleurs. Son développement à l’échelle internationale a généré une mise en concurrence accrue des différents droits nationaux. L’absence d’une réglementation matérielle traduit la difficulté juridique de maîtriser la notion et engendre un important conflit de lois et de juridictions. La nécessité de l’adoption de règles de conflit déterminant la loi et le juge compétent est donc devenue indispensable afin d’apporter une réponse à cette problématique conflictuelle. Le caractère de droit fondamental de la grève requiert cependant de faire l’objet d’une protection particulière lorsque sa valeur est remise en cause par une loi étrangère désignée par la règle de conflit. A ce titre l’exception d’ordre public classique permet d’évincer utilement la loi étrangère contraire à l’ordre public du for. L’exigence de la présence de liens de rattachement pertinents avec l’ordre juridique du for et d’un certain degré de gravité de la violation alléguée au droit fondamental de grève du for garantissent une intervention pondérée de l’exception d’ordre public. Elle constitue ainsi un moyen efficace de protéger le droit de grève tout en restant un mécanisme dont l’intervention reste exceptionnelle. / The development of the strike in the international order can appreciate richness and diversity of the collective expression of workers, it also increased competition from different national laws. The absence of a regulation reflects the difficulty of controlling the legal concept and it creates a conflict of laws and courts. The need for the adoption of rules of conflict, which determines the law and the competent court, has therefore become necessary to provide an answer to this conflict problem. The character of the fundamental right to strike, however, requires to be special protection when its value is questioned by an authority designated by the conflict rule foreign law. As such, the conventional public policy exception allows oust usefully foreign law contrary to public policy. The requirement of the presence of links relevant connecting with the legal order and a certain degree of gravity of the alleged violation of the fundamental right to strike ensures a weighted intervention public policy exception. It constitutes an effective means of protecting the right to strike while remaining a mechanism whose intervention is exceptional.

The subject of submitted diploma thesis is complete structure of procedures necessary for the designing and subsequent production of forging dies for production of semi-finished connecting rods. The initial part deals with the design of forging die. Following part is consisted of materials used for production of this type of tools. Ensuing is proposal of tooling for machining of the die following with simulation of the milling processes.

The aim of this diploma thesis is to propose a drive train of a seven-cylinder radial engine, including strength analysis of selected components. The basic parameters of the engine cylinder are based on the Škoda 1.2 HTP 12V 47kW AZQ engine.

This master thesis describes the design and optimization of connecting rod motor racing car. At the beginning of the whole work is a 3D-model of rods, from which then the whole work is based. Then it analyzes the current model of stress and on the basis of the results are made structural changes to the solution of rods. Newly adapted connecting rod is again analyzed using FEM and newly obtained results are compared with results of the original model of connecting rods. The conclusion deals with sensitivity analysis of selected parameters of rods and their potential effect on the resulting changes in strength connecting rod .Then is an assessment of all results.

This Diploma thesis deals with a design of a powertrain of fice-cylinder gasoline radial engine with assigned main parameters (bore, stroke, etc.). The work is divided into several parts: kinematics of the radial engine, creation of 3D models, force acting on the connecting rods, balancing of the engine. The last part is focused on creating MKP models, stress analysis and determining of fatigue safety of the selected parts.

The main aim of this master’s thesis is balancing of the inertia forces of sliding parts of the twin cylinder motorcycle’s engine by dummy connecting rod. There is description of two computing stances to design dummy connecting rod. Then there is comparison of these computing stances. The dummy connecting rod is designed and the strength analysis is done by FEM method (finite element method) to limit the state of material fatigue. Furthermore, a crankshaft is designed while considering rotation parts’ inertia forces balancing. Finally, a strength analysis by FEM method is done to limit state of material fatigue of the crankshaft