Interpreting studies has so far tended to concentrate on simultaneous interpreting over the consecutive mode. Note-taking – an integral part of consecutive interpreting – has therefore received very little scholarly attention. As an indispensable tool in consecutive interpreting, note-taking plays an important role in supporting the interpreter’s memory. This study argues, however, that the interpreter's notes should not be viewed merely as a memory storage tool, but as a third visual language with its own logic and meaning-making practices that need interpreting. The way in which interpreters read their notes is explored here from the perspective of Social Semiotics for two reasons. Firstly, Social Semiotics conceptualises signs as meaning-making resources which are realized in specific communicative contexts to convey specific communicative intentions – unlike previous approaches to note-taking, that have tended to categorise signs as static constituents of relatively finite sign codes. Secondly, Social Semiotics not only accounts for how written language is used in notes, but also how the pictorial component of communication is encoded and interpreted through interpreter’s notes. The interpreter, as a viewer, has to make use of semiotic resources deployed in the notes in order to reconstruct the information given by the speaker and to produce the target speech for the audience. Therefore, the interpreters’ note-reading stage, based on the interaction between signs, can be conceptualised by reference to the concept of visual grammar. This study draws on visual grammar (Kress and van Leeuwen 2006) to analyse interpreter’s notes with a view to gaining a better understanding of how linguistic and visual semiotic resources are deployed in the process of note-taking. Insight into interpreters’ meaning-making practices and note-taking patterns is gained through an experimental study of the notes produced by nine qualified, practising conference interpreters, during a consecutive interpreting task from English into Chinese. The patterns identified in my data set are then compared with the established prescriptive approaches to note-taking training – which are typically based on relatively stable correspondences between note-taking signs/symbols and their meaning. The analysis focuses on certain elements of the source speech (concepts that can be noted down through the use of vectors, geometrical shapes, specific classificational structures, margin, and salience) as reflected in the notes. The way in which interpreters read their notes involves the interaction between two core modes, such as image and language, and a range of sub-modes, such as vectors, geometrical shapes, composition, framing, salience and calligraphy. The results of the analysis indicate that the way in which interpreters arrange the contents of their notes reflects the depth of the information processing effort required by the note-taking process. The findings suggest that the narrative structure in notes seems to assist interpreters in retrieving information at a micro, lexical level, whereas the visual structure would appear to assist interpreters in retrieving information at a macro, contextual level, e.g. in representing the hierarchies of information value, constructing the structure of rendition, and showing the importance of specific signs.

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The present thesis is a descriptive theoretical study which aims at mapping Min'jar- Beloruchev's work in the context of contemporary and modern theories and presenting a comprehensive view of author's note-taking system for consecutive interpreting. The analysis of the system forms the crux of this thesis, which focuses on sources that represent the basis of the system, individual features of the system as well as factors that influenced his decisions while working on the system. Other parts of the thesis focuse on a consecutive interpreting training system, that was developed by the author, and to some extent deal with his views on translatology as a science and the interpreting process itself.

This thesis discusses colouring, circular list colouring and adapted game colouring of graphs. For colouring, this thesis obtains a sufficient condition for a planar graph to be 3-colourable. Suppose G is a planar graph. Let H_G be the graph with vertex set V (H_G) = {C : C is a cycle of G with |C| ∈ {4, 6, 7}} and edge set E(H_G) = {CiCj : Ci and Cj have edges in common}. We prove that if any 3-cycles and 5-cycles are not adjacent to i-cycles for 3 ≤ i ≤ 7, and H_G is a forest, then G is 3-colourable. For circular consecutive choosability, this thesis obtains a basic relation among chcc(G), X(G) and Xc(G) for any finite graph G. We show that for any finite graph G, X(G) − 1 ≤ chcc(G) < 2 Xc(G). We also determine the value of chcc(G) for complete graphs, trees, cycles, balanced complete bipartite graphs and some complete multi-partite graphs. Upper and lower bounds for chcc(G) are given for some other classes of graphs. For adapted game chromatic number, this thesis studies the adapted game chromatic number of various classes of graphs. We prove that the maximum adapted game chromatic number of trees is 3; the maximum adapted game chromatic number of outerplanar graphs is 5; the maximum adapted game chromatic number of partial k-trees is between k + 2 and 2k + 1; and the maximum adapted game chromatic number of planar graphs is between 6 and 11. We also give upper bounds for the Cartesian product of special classes of graphs, such as the Cartesian product of partial k-trees and outerplanar graphs, or planar graphs.

This diploma thesis examines speech rate in three different speech styles - in reading, prepared semi-spontaneous monologue and consecutive interpreting from English into Czech. In the first part of the thesis we summarize previous research, define several types of speech rate, pauses and all three speech styles. In the second part, dedicated to empirical research, we first describe the material and speakers, and then we continue with information about recording and processing of the recordings, mainly the two ways of segmentation into inter-pause units. The results are summarized in three sub-chapters; one looks at speaking rate, the next deals with articulation rate and the last one is dedicated to pauses. The last subchapter in the Results chapter compares our findings with both Czech and foreign research into the topic. Altogether we analysed recordings of four female speakers (two students and two prefessional interpreters) in three speech styles. In each of the styles we calculated speaking rate of the whole text, speaking rate of four linear parts (introduction, main part 1, main part 2 and conclusion) and articulation rate of one chosen unit from each linear part. Our results suggest that the highest speaking rate and articulation rate are in reading; semi-spontaneous speech is somewhat...

(in English) The thesis looks at interpreter's notes that are taken during consecutive interpreting. The thesis focuses on note-taking of numbers and links, two elements that are generally recommended to write down. The theoretical part briefly summarizes information about the topic and looks at the note-taking handbook by Andrew Gillies (2017). Based on the thesis of Kateřina Matrasová (2012), the empirical part presents two experiments to find out if numbers and links are captured. The experiments were carried out on two groups of students from the Institute of Translation Studies at the Faculty of Arts, Charles University: 9 students from the 3rd year of the BA study programme English for Intercultural Communication and 6 students from the 2nd year of the follow-up MA study programme Interpreting: Czech and English. The analysis of the students' notes in the 1st experiment shows that in total the students noted down correctly 20 out of 25 numbers reaching an 80 per cent success rate. The MA students had better results (an 88 per cent success rate compared to 75 per cent success rate of the BA students). It can be seen that all the students had a system of noting numbers and that this system proved helpful to them. The 2nd experiment indicates that the students are less likely to capture links in...

Using Fermat’s Little Theorem, it can be shown that Σmi=1 i m−1 ≡ −1 (mod m) if m is prime. It has been conjectured that the converse is true as well. Namely, that Σmi=1 i m−1 ≡ −1 (mod m) only if m is prime. We shall present some necessary and sufficient conditions for the conjecture to hold, and we will demonstrate that no counterexample exists for m ≤ 1012 .

The research aimed to investigate the process and the product of interpreter's self-reflection defining linguistic and non-linguistic strategies of consecutive interpreting. The work consists of three parts. The first part expounds on models and theories of interpreting process. The second part of the work deals with the phenomenon of consecutive interpreting, the processes involved in it and self-reflection as a tool for improvement of one's skills. In the third part of this work the procedure and the results of reflective analysis are provided. The empirical part of the research revealed that students thinking was oriented not only towards strategies but also towards knowledge and abilities, mistakes and their reasons, and self-assessment. student interpreters most often use compensation strategies, in particular skipping and non-linguistic strategies only accompany linguistic ones. / Šiuo darbu buvo siekiama ištirti vertėjo žodžiu savirefleksijos procesą ir rezultatą, identifikuojantį lingvistines ir ne lingvistines nuosekliojo vertimo žodžiu strategijas. Mokslinio darbo teorinėje dalyje pateikiama mokslinė medžiaga apie nuosekliojo vertimo žodžiu proceso modelius bei teorijas, apie nuosekliojo vertimo ypatybes, mąstymo procesus, savirefleksijos procesą. Pristatomos strategijų klasifikacijos bei jų samprata nuosekliojo vertimo žodžiu procese. Praktinėje dalyje aprašoma fenomenografinio tyrimo eiga ir analizuojami rezultatai. Analizės metu išaiškėjo, kad vertimo studentų mąstymas nukreiptas ne tik į strategijas bet ir į žinias,gebėjimus, klaidas, jų priežastis bei savianalizę. Dažniausiai naudotos kompensacinės strategijos. Ne lingvistinės strategijos tik akomponuoja lingvistinėms strategijoms.

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Competitive-Consecutive and Competitive-Parallel reactions are both mixing sensitive reactions; the yield of desired product from these reactions depends on how fast the reactants are brought together. Recent experimental results have suggested that the mixing effect may depend strongly on the stoichiometry of the reactions. To investigate this, a 1-D, non-dimensional, reaction-diffusion model at the micro-mixing scale has been developed. Assuming constant mass concentration and diffusivities, systems of PDEs have been derived on a mass fraction basis for both types of reactions. A single general Damkhler number and specific dimensionless reaction rate ratios were derived for both reaction schemes. The resulting dimensionless equations were simulated to investigate the effects of mixing, reaction rate ratio and stoichiometry of the reactions. It was found that decreasing the striation thickness and the dimensionless rate ratio maximizes yield for both types of reactions and that the stoichiometry has a considerable effect on yield. All three variables were found to interact strongly. Phase plots showing the interactions between the three variables were developed.