Submitted by JÚLIO HEBER SILVA (julioheber@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-05-02T19:22:23Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Everton Martins Arruda - 2017.pdf: 2805056 bytes, checksum: 9654a11adbf9a0979a8dd38886147f92 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-05-03T11:57:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Everton Martins Arruda - 2017.pdf: 2805056 bytes, checksum: 9654a11adbf9a0979a8dd38886147f92 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-03T11:57:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Everton Martins Arruda - 2017.pdf: 2805056 bytes, checksum: 9654a11adbf9a0979a8dd38886147f92 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-09 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The presence of an arboreal component, such as in agroforestry systems, can promote a better balance of tropical ecological processes, allowing agricultural exploration in vertical and horizontal landscape profiles. This, together with the inclusion of single or intercropped cover crops in the agroforestry understory can increase the beneficial effects through interaction among species, favoring greater nutrient accumulation and cycling. Therefore, the objective of this research was to evaluate the soil chemical attributes and the performance of agricultural species and cover crops in rotation/consortium in an agroforestry system in the cerrado region of Goiás. The research was carried out between 2012 and 2016, in the city of Goiânia-Goiás, in an agroforestry system implanted in an 8- year-old Baru forest (Dipteryx alata V.). Soil from the experimental area was classified as typical dystrophic Red Latosol. The experimental design was randomized complete block (RCB), with four replications. Cover plants were cultivated singly: Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan); Stylosanthes cv. Campo Grande (Stylosanthes macrocephala - 20% and Stylosanthes capitata - 80%); Massai grass (Panicum maximum) and intercropped: Pigeon pea+ Massai grass and Stylosanthes + Massai grass, in addition to an area under spontaneous vegetation (control treatment). We evaluated soil chemical fertility and dry phytomass productivity and macronutrient accumulations by cover crops, quality and yield of corn silage grown in rotation with the cover plants, relative index of chlorophylls and growth of Banana trees cultivated in consortium with the cover plants, in addition to the growth of the Baru trees during this period (height, diameter at breast height and crown diameter). The Campo Grande Stylosanthes increased the calcium contents, pH values and sum of bases in the soil solution at depth 0-10 cm after two years of cultivation. However, Massai grass, alone, increased potassium levels at depth 0-10 and 10-20 cm in the same cultivation year. The dry matter yield of silage maize was similar among the residual straw of Pigeon pea, Massai grass, and Stylosanthes + Massai grass cultivars. However, cultivation with residual Stylosanthes increased the crude protein percentage. The growth in height of the banana trees at 6 and 12 months was higher in consortium with Massai grass when compared to the area maintained with spontaneous vegetation. The incremental increase in height of Baru trees only increased after two years through the residual Campo Grande Stylosanthes. The highest productivity of dry phytomass was obtained from Massai grass, alone. The accumulations of nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium and sulfur were similar among Massai grass alone, Stylosanthes alone, and Massai grass + Stylosanthes consortium. However, potassium and magnesium accumulations were only higher in the aerial part of the Massai grass, alone. / A presença do componente arbóreo, como em sistemas agroflorestais, pode promover maior equilíbrio dos processos ecológicos tropicais, possibilitando uma exploração agrícola em perfis verticais e horizontais da paisagem. Isto, aliado a inserção de plantas de cobertura solteiras ou consorciadas nos sub-bosque agroflorestal pode aumentar os efeitos benéficos pela interação entre as espécies, favorecendo maior acúmulo e ciclagem de nutrientes. Com isso, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar os atributos químicos do solo e o desempenho de espécies agrícolas e plantas de coberturas em rotação/consórcio em sistema agroflorestal na região do cerrado goiano. A pesquisa foi realizada entre os anos de 2012 e 2016, na cidade de Goiânia-Goiás, em um sistema agroflorestal implantado em uma floresta de barueiros (Dipteryx alata V.) com 8 anos de idade. O solo da área experimental foi classificado como Latossolo Vermelho distrófico típico. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados (DBC), com quatro repetições. As plantas de cobertura foram cultivadas solteiras: feijão guandu (Cajanus cajan); estilosantes cv. campo grande (Stylosanthes macrocephala - 20% e Stylosanthes capitata - 80%); capim massai (Panicum maximum) e consorciadas: feijão guandu + massai e estilosantes + massai, além de uma área mantida sob vegetação espontânea (tratamento controle). Foram avaliados os atributos de fertilidade química do solo, a produtividade de fitomassa seca e os acúmulos de macronutrientes pelas plantas de cobertura, a qualidade e a produtividade do milho para silagem cultivado em rotação as plantas de cobertura, o índice relativo de clorofilas e o crescimento de bananeiras cultivado em consórcio com as plantas de cobertura, além do crescimento das árvores de barueiros durante este período (altura, diâmetro a altura do peito e diâmetro de copa). O estilosantes campo grande aumenta os teores de cálcio, valores de pH e soma de bases na solução do solo na profundidade 0-10 cm após dois anos de cultivo. Todavia, o capim massai solteiro aumenta os teores de potássio na profundidade 0-10 e 10-20 cm no mesmo ano de cultivo. A produtividade de matéria seca de milho para silagem é semelhante entre os cultivos com residual de palhada de estilosantes, feijão guandu, massai e estilosantes + massai, entretanto, o cultivo com residual de estilosantes aumenta o percentual de proteína bruta. O crescimento em altura das bananeiras aos 6 e 12 meses é maior no consórcio com capim massai quando comparado à área mantida com vegetação espontânea. O incremento de crescimento em altura das árvores de barueiros é aumentado somente após dois anos através do residual de estilosantes campo grande. A maior produtividade de fitomassa seca é obtida como capim massai solteiro. Os acúmulos de nitrogênio, fósforo, cálcio e enxofre são semelhantes entre o capim massai solteiro, o estilosantes solteiro e o consórcio estilosantes + massai, entretanto os acúmulos de potássio e magnésio somente são superiores na parte aérea do capim massai solteiro.

Um dos principais impactos causados pela indústria é a poluição hídrica por meio da eliminação de compostos metálicos em efluentes, gerando acúmulo destes na cadeia alimentar e causando efeitos toxicológicos na biota aquática e na saúde da população. O cádmio e o níquel são exemplos desses tipos de contaminantes, geralmente presentes na mineração de cobre e zinco. Novas tecnologias têm buscado reduzir a concentração destes metais em efluentes de uma forma mais sustentável. Entre elas, a adsorção utiliza adsorventes que apresentam em sua superfície sítios com cargas que podem ser ativadas, sendo capazes de reter íons em solução, como os cátions metálicos. Entre os biossorventes, micro-organismos como as bactérias podem apresentar características para recuperação dos metais, gerando assim o interesse por tecnologias sustentáveis que possam aproveitar rejeitos industriais. Essa técnica utiliza a interação entre os grupos funcionais presentes nos biossorventes com os íons metálicos. Para este estudo, como pH, concentração de adsorventes e metais, tempo de contato e condições de tratamento de biossorventes foram avaliados por meio da utilização de bacterianos presentes no solo de uma região com histórico de contaminações industriais. Foi utilizado sistema em batelada por meio de erlenmeyers com soluções monoelementares de cádmio (II) e níquel (II). Com os resultados obtidos foi concluído que dentre os parâmetros mencionados, o que mais influenciou na biossorção foi o pH; a concentração de biomassa que apresentou maior captação metálica foi a de 0,1g.L-1; o adsorvente que apresentou a maior captação metálica de Cd2+ e Ni2+ foi a biomassa autoclavada, com captação metálica (qe) 294 mg.g-1 para Cd2+ e 46 mg.g-1 para Ni2+. / One of the main impacts caused by the industry is the water pollution by means of the elimination of metallic compounds in effluents, generating accumulation of these in the food chain and causing toxicological effects in the aquatic biota and the health of the population. Cadmium and nickel are examples of these types of contaminants, usually present in copper and zinc mining. New technologies have sought to reduce the concentration of these metals in effluents in a more sustainable way. Among them, the adsorption uses adsorbents that have on their surface sites with charges that can be activated, being able to retain ions in solution, such as metallic cations. Among biosorbents, microorganisms such as bacteria may have characteristics for metal recovery, thus generating interest in sustainable technologies that can take advantage of industrial waste. This technique uses the interaction between the functional groups present in the biosorbents with the metallic ions. For this study, parameters such as pH, concentration of adsorbents and metals, contact time and biosorbent treatment conditions were evaluated through the use of bacterial consortium present in the soil of a region with a history of industrial contamination. A batch system was used with erlenmeyers with monoelement solutions of cadmium (II) and nickel (II). With the results obtained it was concluded that among the mentioned parameters, what influenced biosorption most was the pH; the concentration of biomass that presented the greatest metallic uptake was that of 0.1g.L-1; the adsorbent that presented the highest Cd2+ and Ni2+ metal uptake was the autoclaved biomass, with metal uptake (qe) of the values obtained in the Langmuir isotherms around 294 mg.g-1 for Cd2+ and 46 mg.g-1 for Ni2+.

As empresas de pequeno e médio portes (PME´s) têm procurado estabelecer várias formas de cooperação atualmente, objetivando se manterem competitivas num mercado cada vez mais globalizado. As redes de empresas representam um tipo de cooperação bastante funcional para PME´s. As redes assumem várias formas, dentre elas: os consórcios de exportação, os arranjos produtivos locais ou clusters industriais, as cooperativas, os aglomerados, as organizações virtuais. O consórcio de exportação, que é a união de empresas de pequeno e médio porte do mesmo segmento produtivo e/ou complementares para juntas exportarem seus produtos, pode ser apontado como uma importante estratégia para a inserção daquelas empresas no mercado internacional. A sinergia obtida proporciona as seguintes vantagens para as empresas participantes: redução de custos gerais de exportação (em especial a promoção), minimização do risco de exportar individualmente, aumento de competitividade das empresas, efeito motivador sobre os participantes, maior segurança na penetração e diversificação de mercados, alavancagem das vendas externas, possibilidade de exportar com marca própria, maior poder político em negociações com entidades de apoio ao comércio exterior, entre outras. Para o desenvolvimento desta pesquisa, realizou-se o levantamento bibliográfico sobre Redes de Cooperação de Empresas, Estratégia de Entrada em Mercados Internacionais e Consórcios de Exportação. O objetivo geral desse trabalho é descrever o processo de inserção das pequenas e médias empresas no mercado internacional via consórcios de exportação, discutindo o papel dessa forma de organização em redes. Como objetivos específicos, têm-se: - Identificar as motivações das PME´s para a formação de consórcios (redes de cooperação de empresas); - Identificar características de estrutura e funcionamento de consórcios de exportação no Brasil; - Verificar o desempenho exportador de consórcios de exportação no Brasil. Utilizou-se o método de estudo de caso (YIN, 2001) para se analisar: o consórcio Brazilian Health Products (BHP), do setor Médico-Odontológico-Hospitalar, estabelecido em Ribeirão Preto ? S.P., o consórcio Components & Machinery by Brasil, do setor de Componentes para Calçados, estabelecido e em atividade em Franca ? SP e o Projeto Setorial Integrado (PSI), originado a partir de um consórcio, Wines from Brazil, do setor Vinícola, estabelecido em Bento Gonçalves - RS. Entrevistas em profundidade semi-estruturadas e análise documental foram conduzidas como parte do processo de elaboração dos estudos de caso. Entrevistas complementares foram conduzidas na APEX-Brasil, com o intuito de obter informações complementares sobre consórcios de exportação no Brasil. Como alguns dos resultados obtidos, têm-se: os consórcios constituem uma importante estratégia na inserção de pequenas e médias empresas no mercado internacional; o aporte financeiro concedido pela APEX-Brasil é fundamental para o funcionamento do consórcio; os consórcios estudados obtiveram um bom desempenho exportador durante suas atividades; o governo brasileiro (APEX-Brasil) tem direcionado sua estratégia de exportação dos consórcios para os Projetos Setoriais Integrados. / Nowadays, small industries have chosen to establish different ways to cooperate, intending to keep themselves competitive face to a globalized market. The inter-organizational networks represent a strategy of cooperation very efficient for industries. The networks can adopt different types: the export consortia, the industrial clusters, the cooperatives, the agglomerates, the virtual organizations. The export consortium, which is the union of small industries of the same industry and/ or complementary intending to export together their products, can be pointed out as an important strategy to insert those industries in the international market. The synergy obtained offers the following advantages for the participant industries: export costs reduction, minimization of the risk to export individually, increasing of industries competitiveness, motivating effect among participants, safety to penetrate and diversify markets, to boost international sales, possibility to export with its own brand, political power to deal with entities related to international business, among others. To develop this research, a bibliographic review was performed about Inter-organizational Networks, Modes of Foreign Entry and Export Consortia. The general goal of this research is to describe the insertion processes of small and medium industries (SMI) in the international market through export consortia, discussing the role of this kind of networks. The specific goals are: - To identify the SMI´s motivations to the consortia formation (inter-organizational networks); - To identify characteristics of structure and operationalization of export consortia in Brazil; - To verify the exporter performance of export consortia in Brasil.The case study method was used (YIN, 2001) to analyse: the consortium Brazilian Health Products (BHP) ? Medical-Odontological industry, established in Ribeirão Preto ? S.P., the consortium Components & Machinery by Brasil ? Components for Leather Shoes industry, established and operating in Franca ? S.P. and the Integrated Sectorial Project (ISP) which originated from a consortium, Wines from Brazil ? Wine industry, established in Bento Gonçalves - RS. Semi-structured interviews and documental analysis were conducted as part of the process to elaborate the study cases. Complementary interviews were conductcted at APEX-Brasil, aiming to get further information about export consortia in Brasil. As some results, we can mention: - the export consortia are an important strategy to insert small and medium industries in the international market; - the financial add offered by APEX-Brasil is fundamental to the consortia development; - the consortia studied have a very good export performance; - the Brazilian Government (APEX-Brasil) has been redirecting its export promotion strategy from export consortia to the ISP.

The Web has been defined as the interface between Web servers and Web clients. Traditionally, HTML has been used as an intercommunication medium for the Web. Web-Based Information Systems (WBISs) is the most general class of Web sites being fully distributed, platform-independent and having a hypertextual user interface. XML is emerging as a new standard for data exchange and data representation on the Internet. The W3C Consortium is responsible for the development of standards for the Web. In this dissertation we have showed how XSL and XPath could be used to meet the query requirements of SWISS-PROT, which is a WBIS. We have showed that XSL offers some level of extensibility as a query language for SWISS-PROT, but if queries were to be extended to a high level of complexity XQuery would be more appropriate to use since using XSL for this purpose includes hand-coding of for-loops and if-statements. Another problem is related to maintenance. Updating the structure of the XML source would include updating hand-coded for-loops and if-statements. There is still no recommendation available for XQuery at the W3C Consortium. Considering other factors of information management, we have showed that XSL and XPath would play a significant role in displaying and formatting information in SWISS-PROT. This would though require that Web browsers in SWISS-PROT have standardised support for XML.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / The idea that the development of people's capabilities lies at the heart of all community and social development has gained support internationally over the past decades. This reflects a significant shift in community and society development thinking, addressing the broad spectrum of social upliftment, human rights and poverty alleviation needs that gained ground during the different historic economic phases of the past two centuries. Historically development thinking progressed from a centralised, structured and systemic approach as, for example, espoused by Adam Smith and Karl Marx, to Maynard Keynes’s more people-centred approach, and more specifically the Capability Approach advanced by Amartya Sen and Martha Nussbaum. In the world of liberal democratic capitalism, the mainstream view of development holds that civil society is a key role player in both deepening democracy and enhancing forms of development through various programmes and practices. In turn, the professionalised Non-Governmental Organisations sector, as opposed to more localised community-based organisations or social movements, tends to receive most donor funding to deliver high impact interventions. In sum, the development of society’s capabilities relies significantly on NGOs to deliver capability enhancing services to the needy in society. A key consideration in development debates has been how to efficiently operationalise the development of capability enhancing activities based in the context of the Capability Approach, the focus of my study. This study recognises that NGOs are major delivery agents of development work, both in South Africa and internationally. Their operations focus on delivering quality impact on their beneficiary communities, and on raising funds to sustain their operations. The current methods to assess the impact of NGO operations, both by NGOs and their donors, primarily address past performance of the organisation in delivering external programmes as measured against the objectives stated in NGO concept and roll-out proposal documents. These assessments are customised for every NGO, making it impossible to standardise assessments for comparative and rating purposes and focus on external delivery. When problems are uncovered, this approach results in proposing corrective recommendations during or after completion of a funding round. This study argues that a gap exists in techniques to assess NGO internal performance to improve external delivery before and during NGO operations. Furthermore, it will contribute to assessing the merits of NGOs' internal capacity to deliver on the promises made in funding proposals - before and during NGO operations. In practice the assessment of an NGO for funding purposes currently consists of consideration of a project proposal in the form of a concept and roll-out document of what the organisation intends to achieve, accompanied by historic record data. The assessment of project roll-out focuses on the outputs claimed in the proposal document without paying too much attention to the NGOs internal organisational culture and capacity which is the key to successful external service delivery. In addressing this two part gap of incomplete assessment techniques and overlooked key internal indicators, the study demonstrates, via a series of ten case-studies, that a direct causal relationship exists between the internal organisational capabilities of an NGO, including the motivation, skills and culture of its staff, and its delivery on its external programmes. In essence, an organisation’s internal capabilities will impact directly on the organisation’s ability to deliver externally on its programmes. In spite of this, no standardised organisational capability assessment is used by NGOs or grantmakers, and to date no set of instruments exists to measure the internal capabilities of NGOs. The study sets out to address this gap by offering a methodology for the systemic assessment of internal NGO capabilities, and includes its operationalisation in a toolkit of instruments to measure these capabilities. The instruments presented enable the quantifying of qualitative staff motivational data to develop comparable baseline results between NGOs assessed, thereby presenting qualitative data in a quantitative form that enables a comparison between NGOs’ performances. This capacity addresses a significant shortcoming in the assessment of NGO performance based on purely qualitative assessment that is the current norm, not enabling a measurement against a standardised baseline for NGO performance. In contrast the validity and reliability of the proposed instruments are demonstrated through its application to ten real-world case studies drawn from the SEEDS Consortium. The system proposed in this study is based on Nel and Beudeker's commercial change management and organisational performance improvement model. Nel developed his system over a period of some twenty years whilst working for the then Arthur Andersen Consulting and subsequently as a private change management consultant focusing on the development of high performance organisations, and it has been administered in more than 3000 companies. This model uses key performance indicators, using quantitative methods to develop a standardised internal capability profile for a business based on qualitative data. This study expands on and makes innovative changes in developing new NGO specific metrics to substantially refine Nel's model and thus provides an instrument for measuring the capability profile of NGOs. The modifications were necessitated as Nel's model was designed for commercial change management applications presupposing that all governance considerations are in place and that the business is a running medium or large concern. Nel's proven commercial change management system does not make provision for NGO specific criteria that are critical indicators for both internal NGO performance assessment and for grant-maker capability assessments. The areas added to the instrument relate to internal NGO specific considerations such as internal governance, management, monitoring and evaluation processes that are standard and legislated compliance issues in commercial concerns. This goes beyond the requirements for a substantial commercial concern to include key internal organisation indicators that reflect the opinion of the staff, the people who deliver on the NGO's objectives. As staff are the people who directly impact on the NGO's output, the system does not only rely on the opinion of the CEO of the NGO or the fundraising staff, i.e. the "promise-makers", alone. In order to assess the value of the proposed method, and more specifically the internal capability toolkit, the measuring instruments were administered to the CEOs and staff of ten NGOs/NGO equivalent projects at universities. The responses were quantified and confirmed that in at least ten of these cases, there is a 95% correlation between internal organisational capability and external performance output, both positive and negative. The results also enabled the creation of a baseline internal capability profile for NGOs. Ten international grant-makers from OECD embassies were also interviewed on current methods of assessing funding applications, indicating a 62% confidence level in current systems and an 84% confidence level in the proposed internal organisational capability assessment method. This serves as an indicator of external delivery on promises and to guide internal change interventions to optimise output. This approach reflects the potential value of a shift in assessment thinking beyond a systems approach towards a people-centred approach that focusses on the measurement and development of the organisation and its staff's internal capabilities to meet and exceed its external delivery objectives. My research confirms that a focus on NGO internal organisational capabilities directly reflects the capability levels of staff to deliver externally. The output is a new, standardised, replicable and defendable methodology and toolkit of instruments for assessing an NGO’s current and future operational performance. The toolkit should also provide for the objective comparison of the performance of NGOs and thus be of great use for future grant-maker decision-making. It will also complement existing assessment techniques by focusing on the internal people motivation and capability issues of an NGO. Furthermore, the study provides a method to support organisational self-improvement efforts and grant-making efficiency that can be used in pre-project and during project capability assessment. This goes beyond the more prevalent post-project systemic and summative evaluation methods. In conclusion, the proposed method and toolkit can make a significant contribution to the efficiency of NGOs as the key role-players in enabling the delivery of capability development of communities and societies. All the elements described collectively point to a practical way to operationalise the Capability Approach, an aspect criticised as a weakness in Amartya Sen's work.

O benzo[a]pireno é um contaminante da classe dos HPAs (Hidrocarbonetos Policíclicos Aromáticos) oriundo do processo pirolítico a partir da combustão incompleta da matéria orgânica. Possui potencial carcinogênico, mutagênico e baixa degradação no meio ambiente, gerando preocupações ambientais. O presente estudo visa desenvolver uma metodologia de biorremediação eficiente para o contaminante benzo[a]pireno em solo inerte, previamente contaminado com uma concentração conhecida. Para a biorremediação foi avaliado o potencial da utilização de um consórcio microbiano com a bactéria Pseudomonas aeruginosa, e os fungos Candida albicans, Aspergillus flavus e Fusarium sp. Para comprovação da redução do contaminante foi realizada uma quantificação inicial e final das amostras via cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas (GC-MS). As análises foram realizadas a partir da correlação das áreas dos picos de padrões com as áreas obtidas das amostras extraídas. O tempo de incubação dos microrganismos foi de cinquenta dias, com monitoramento do crescimento microbiano a cada sete dias. As amostras foram divididas em três grupos, caracterizando a triplicata de todas as análises. Para cada grupo foi monitorado o crescimento dos microrganismos na presença e na ausência do contaminante. Para cada via foi pesado 55 g de solo, adicionado a solução contendo 6,2 mg L-1 do contaminante benzo[a]pireno (menos a via do branco) e adicionado 800μL do consórcio microbiano. As amostras ficaram em estufa na temperatura de 35°C durante o período de incubação. A quantificação inicial anterior ao processo de incubação dos microrganismos, foi obtida uma média de 3,74 mg kg-1, representando a adsorção do contaminante no solo. Para o monitoramento microbiano, foram observadas pelas curvas do crescimento dos microrganismos representativas diferenças, nas amostras do branco, que não continham B[a]P obtiveram um leve crescimento, tempo de vida curto, em torno de sete a quatorze dias, e um decrescimento brusco e repentino, enquanto as amostras com o contaminante B[a]P mostraram um número maior de Unidades Formadoras de Colônias (UFC) por grama de amostra, tempo de vida maior e um decrescimento normal. Esta diferença no comportamento dos microrganismos indicou a utilização o carbono orgânico do contaminante como fonte de energia, demonstrando a possibilidade da efetivação do processo de biorremediação. Após esta etapa, realizou-se a quantificação final do solo, foi obtida uma média de 1,29 mg kg-1. Avaliando ambas concentrações, antes e após o processo, constatou-se uma degradação do contaminante em 65,51%±0,95. Com estes resultados, comprovou-se a eficiência da metodologia proposta neste trabalho para a biorremediação do benzo[a]pireno. / Benzo[a]pyrene is a contaminant class of PAHs (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons) arising from the pyrolytic process of incomplete combustion of organic matter. Are carcinogenic potential , mutagenic and low degradation in the environment, causing environmental concerns. This study aims to develop a methodology for efficient bioremediation of contaminant benzo[a]pyrene in soil inert previously contaminated with a known concentration. For bioremediation potential was evaluated using a microbial consortium with Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria and Candida albicans , Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium sp fungi. To prove the reduction of contaminant was performed to quantify the initial and final samples via gas chromatography- mass spectrometry (GC - MS). The analyzes were performed from the correlation of peak areas of standards with the areas obtained from extracted samples. The incubation of microorganisms was fifty days with monitoring of microbial growth every seven days. The samples were divided into three groups, featuring all of triplicate analyzes. For each group was monitored growth of micro-organisms in the presence and absence of the contaminant. For each route was weighed 55 g of soil added to a solution containing 6,2 mg L-1 of the contaminant benzo[a] pyrene ( the path of least white) and added to 800μL of a microbial consortium, which consists of a mixture of each species. The samples were left in an oven at 35°C. The quantification process prior to initial incubation of microorganisms was obtained an average of 3,74 mg kg-1, representing the adsorption of contaminants in the soil. For monitoring microbial curve was observed for the growth of microorganisms that the samples of the blank, containing no B[a]P had a slight growth short lifetime , about seven to fourteen days and decrease rate, while samples with contaminant B[a]P showed greater formation of Colony Forming Units (CFU) per gram of sample, lifetime , and a greater decrease normally. This difference in behavior indicated microorganisms using organic carbon as a dopant source of power, demonstrating the possibility of the realization of the bioremediation process . After this step, the measurement was carried out final soil was obtained an average of 1.29 mg kg-1. Evaluating concentrations both before and after the process , it was found a degradation of contaminant in 65.51 ± 0.95 % . With these results proved the efficiency of the methodology proposed in this work for the bioremediation of benzo[a]pyrene.

Submitted by Gabriela Lopes (gmachadolopesufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-11-20T11:22:01Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) TESE LILIANE NOVELINI.pdf: 1608342 bytes, checksum: 7aa5a253aa23bfa4c90e8251f6eb62e4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-11-23T18:32:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 TESE LILIANE NOVELINI.pdf: 1608342 bytes, checksum: 7aa5a253aa23bfa4c90e8251f6eb62e4 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-23T18:32:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 TESE LILIANE NOVELINI.pdf: 1608342 bytes, checksum: 7aa5a253aa23bfa4c90e8251f6eb62e4 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-07-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / O consórcio de culturas é uma prática comum em muitas propriedades familiares do Brasil, o consórcio milho e feijão é o mais comum no Brasil, sendo utilizado para melhorar o aproveitamento da área de cultivo da propriedade, sendo necessário a busca de novas estratégias para melhoria da eficiência desse sistema de cultivo. As avaliações dos sistemas de consorciação restringem-se apenas ao emprego do uso eficiente da terra (UET) e análises agronômicas de rendimento das culturas. Desta forma, justifica-se o emprego de outros parâmetros para análise dos componentes que interferem no sistema de consorciação. Objetivou-se com este trabalho, no período da safrinha, avaliar o uso eficiente da terra e o desempenho biológico de sistemas consorciados de milho e feijão, e verificar o arranjo de plantas consorciadas de milho e feijão eficientes no aproveitamento da radiação solar incidente e na produtividade. Foram avaliadas duas cultivares de milho, da coleção CPACT (Tupi Laranja) e (BRS Missões), e a cultivar de feijão BRS Expedito, os quais foram analisados em monocultivo e em cultivo consorciado em três arranjos de plantas, totalizando nove tratamentos no delineamento blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Cada parcela mediu 5,60 m de comprimento por 4,80 m de largura. Para avaliação dos componentes da produção e da produtividade das culturas foram colhidas as plantas de duas linhas centrais da parcela para cada cultura. Foram determinadas, para o milho, as variáveis produtividade de grãos (kg ha-1), número de espigas, de grãos/espiga e peso de 100 grãos e para o feijão produtividade de grãos (kg ha-1), número de grãos por vagem, número vagens por planta, número de vagens chochas e peso de 100 grãos. Para medir a radiação solar incidente foram instalados tubos solarímetros, em cada sistema de consórcio, a distância de 1,00 m acima do dossel da cultura do feijão. Os dados de radiação solar foram armazenados em um sistema de aquisição de dados instalado na área experimental. Posteriormente os dados foram coletados, agrupados, analisados e interpretados. Os dados de produtividade foram submetidos a análise de variância e, quando significativo pelo teste de F a 5% de probabilidade,as médias foram comparadas utilizando o teste de Duncan ao nível de 5% de significância. Entre os tratamentos, evidenciou-se que o feijão semeado na entre linha do milho (1:1), foi o que obteve melhor resultado quanto ao uso eficiente da terra e índice de eficiência biológica, não afetando a produtividade do milho quando comparado ao monocultivo. Os tratamentos com maior espaçamento (3F:2M) entre plantas de milho proporcionaram maior penetração de radiação solar para o cultivo do feijão. As populações de feijoeiro no tratamento 1 (1F:1M) não interferiram na quantidade de radiação solar disponível para a cultura do milho e nem na sua produtividade. / The intercropping consortium is a common practice in many Brazilian family farms, the maize and beans consortium is the most common in Brazil, being used to improve the use of the property cultivation area, and it is necessary to search for new strategies to improve the efficiency of this cropping system. Evaluations of intercropping systems are restricted only to the use of efficient land use (UET) and agronomic crop yield analyzes. There fore, it is justified the use of other parameters to analyze the components that interfere in the consortium system. The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficient use of land and the biological performance of intercropped systems of maize and beans, and to verify the arrangement of intercropping plants of corn and beans, efficient in the use of incoming solar radiation and productivity. Two maize cultivars from the CPACT (Tupi Laranja) and (BRS Missões) collection and the BRS Expedito bean cultivar were evaluated, which were analyzed in monoculture and intercropping in three plant arrangements, totaling nine treatments in the block design at random, with four replicates. Each plot measured 5.60 m long by 4.80 m wide. For the evaluation of the components of crop production and yield, the plants of two plot lines were harvested for each crop. The variables grain yield (kg ha-1), number of ears, grain / spike and weight of 100 grains were determined for maize, and for grain yield (kg ha-1), number of grains per pod, number pods per plant, number of pods pods and weight of 100 grains. To measure the incident solar radiation, solarimeters were installed in each consortium system, the distance of 1.00 m above the canopy of the bean crop. The solar radiation data were stored in a data acquisition system installed in the experimental area. Subsequently the data were collected, grouped, analyzed and interpreted. The treatments with greater spacing (3F: 2M) among maize plants provided greater penetration of solar radiation for bean cultivation. Bean populations in treatment 1 (1F: 1M) did not interfere in the amount of solar radiation available for maize or in their productivity.

Duas enzimas do clone PL14.H10 de biblioteca metagenômica de consórcio microbiano degradador de óleo diesel, EST3, da família IV, e EST5, da família V das enzimas lipolíticas, foram caracterizadas. Os modelos estruturais mostraram cap-domínio e grande cavidade interna. A EST3 hidrolisou pNP-ésteres de até 12 carbonos, com Kcat/Km para pNP-acetato foi 1533,27 s-1.mM-1. Já a EST5 hidrolisou pNP-ésteres de 2 a 14 átomos de carbono, com maior atividade em pNP-valerato, e Kcat/Km de 1732,3 s-1.mM-1. Ambas apresentaram o fenômeno da ativação térmica. A atividade máxima da EST5 se deu a 45°C e em pH 7,5. A EST3 exibiu atividade máxima em pH 6,0, a 41°C. A atividade das enzimas aumentou na presença de quase todos os íons testados, e a EST5 quase não foi influenciada por detergentes. Foram relativamente estáveis em solventes orgânicos. Um dos cristais da proteína EST5 difratou a 2,311 Å e espera-se resolver a estrutura desta proteína. Os resultados deste trabalho revelaram interessantes características da EST3 e EST5 para possíveis aplicações biotecnológicas. / Two enzymes of PL14.H10 clone from a metagenomic fosmid library from a microbial consortium specialized for diesel oil degradation, EST3, from family IV, and EST5, from the V of lipolytic enzymes were characterized. Structural models showed cap-domain and large internal cavity. EST3 hydrolyzed pNP-esters of up to 12 carbons, with Kcat/Km in pNP-acetate of 1533.27 s-1.mM-1. EST5 hydrolyzed pNP-esters from 2 to 14 carbon atoms, with greater activity on pNP-valerate, and Kcat/Km of 1732.3 s-1.mM-1. Both showed the thermal activation phenomenon. EST5 activity was optimal at 45°C and pH 7.5. EST3 exhibited maximum activity at pH 6.0, 41°C. The esterases activity increased in the presence of almost all ions tested, and EST5 was not influenced by detergents. They were relatively stable in organic solvents. One of the crystals of EST5 protein diffracted at 2.311 Å and is expected to solve the structure of this protein. The results of this study revealed interesting features of the EST3 and EST5 proteins for possible biotechnological applications.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-26T18:56:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Claudia.pdf: 176956 bytes, checksum: d8d2c385948d913b01f43ffe67db442b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-03-25 / The purpose of this work was to evaluate the bromatological composition in different court times, for nutritional evaluation, enter cultivates of sorghum, millet plant and midget-guandu in single and consortium plantation. The analyses were made in the bromatological laboratory of UNOESTE, the productivity of dry mass and of the dry matter text were evaluated. For nutritional evaluation were made the analyses of ashes, gross fiber, ethereal extract, gross protein, nutritious digestive total, extractive without oxygen. The experimental delineating used was in complete casual blocks, with four repetitions, with portions subdivided in 18 treatments: single sorghum, single midget-guandu, single millet plant, sorghum and midget-guandu consortium, millet plant and midget-guandu consortium and millet plant and sorghum consortium, with court times in the apprenticeship of 30, 60 and 90 days after the plantation. The millet plant was the specie that presented the largest production of dry mass to the 30 and 60 days, in the single cultivation and in the consortia. The single sorghum or in the consortium with the midget-guandu presented the largest production of dry mass to the 90 days. The millet plant and the midget-guandu presented the largest texts of gross protein to the 30 days. The midget-guandu presented low production of dry mass to the 30 days, but it was responsible for the increment of gross protein in the consortia with sorghum and millet plant to the 60 and 90 days / O presente trabalho objetivou determinar a composição bromatológica da fitomassa produzida em monocultivos e consórcios de sorgo (Sorghum bicolor, cv. BRS-800), milheto (Penissetum glaucum, cv. BN-2) e guandu (Cajanus cajan, cv. anão). As análises foram feitas no laboratório de bromatologia da UNOESTE e determinou-se a produção de fitomassa seca, minerais (MM%), fibra bruta (FB%), extrato etéreo (EE%), proteína bruta (PB%), nutrientes digestivo totais (NDT%) e extrativo não nitrogenado (ENN%). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos completos casualizados, com quatro repetições, com parcelas subdivididas em 18 tratamentos: sorgo solteiro, guandu solteiro, milheto solteiro, sorgo e guandu consorciados, milheto e guandu consorciados e milheto e sorgo consorciados, com épocas de corte nos estágios de 30, 60 e 90 dias após a semeadura (DAS). O milheto foi a espécie que apresentou a maior produção de fitomassa seca aos 30 e 60 DAS, no cultivo solteiro e nos consórcio. O sorgo solteiro ou no consórcio com o guandu apresentou a maior produção de fitomassa seca aos 90 DAS. O milheto e o guandu apresentaram os maiores teores de proteína bruta aos 30 DAS. O guandu apresentou uma baixa produção de fitomassa seca aos 30 DAS, mas foi responsável pelo incremento de proteína bruta nos consórcios com sorgo e milheto aos 60 e 90 dias

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-18T17:51:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Claudia.pdf: 176956 bytes, checksum: d8d2c385948d913b01f43ffe67db442b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-03-25 / The purpose of this work was to evaluate the bromatological composition in different court times, for nutritional evaluation, enter cultivates of sorghum, millet plant and midget-guandu in single and consortium plantation. The analyses were made in the bromatological laboratory of UNOESTE, the productivity of dry mass and of the dry matter text were evaluated. For nutritional evaluation were made the analyses of ashes, gross fiber, ethereal extract, gross protein, nutritious digestive total, extractive without oxygen. The experimental delineating used was in complete casual blocks, with four repetitions, with portions subdivided in 18 treatments: single sorghum, single midget-guandu, single millet plant, sorghum and midget-guandu consortium, millet plant and midget-guandu consortium and millet plant and sorghum consortium, with court times in the apprenticeship of 30, 60 and 90 days after the plantation. The millet plant was the specie that presented the largest production of dry mass to the 30 and 60 days, in the single cultivation and in the consortia. The single sorghum or in the consortium with the midget-guandu presented the largest production of dry mass to the 90 days. The millet plant and the midget-guandu presented the largest texts of gross protein to the 30 days. The midget-guandu presented low production of dry mass to the 30 days, but it was responsible for the increment of gross protein in the consortia with sorghum and millet plant to the 60 and 90 days / O presente trabalho objetivou determinar a composição bromatológica da fitomassa produzida em monocultivos e consórcios de sorgo (Sorghum bicolor, cv. BRS-800), milheto (Penissetum glaucum, cv. BN-2) e guandu (Cajanus cajan, cv. anão). As análises foram feitas no laboratório de bromatologia da UNOESTE e determinou-se a produção de fitomassa seca, minerais (MM%), fibra bruta (FB%), extrato etéreo (EE%), proteína bruta (PB%), nutrientes digestivo totais (NDT%) e extrativo não nitrogenado (ENN%). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos completos casualizados, com quatro repetições, com parcelas subdivididas em 18 tratamentos: sorgo solteiro, guandu solteiro, milheto solteiro, sorgo e guandu consorciados, milheto e guandu consorciados e milheto e sorgo consorciados, com épocas de corte nos estágios de 30, 60 e 90 dias após a semeadura (DAS). O milheto foi a espécie que apresentou a maior produção de fitomassa seca aos 30 e 60 DAS, no cultivo solteiro e nos consórcio. O sorgo solteiro ou no consórcio com o guandu apresentou a maior produção de fitomassa seca aos 90 DAS. O milheto e o guandu apresentaram os maiores teores de proteína bruta aos 30 DAS. O guandu apresentou uma baixa produção de fitomassa seca aos 30 DAS, mas foi responsável pelo incremento de proteína bruta nos consórcios com sorgo e milheto aos 60 e 90 dias