Representation is a multi-faceted process that is integral to the Canadian democratic system. The process of representation relies on continuous negotiation between the elected representative and their constituents. It is through this process of building and maintaining connections with constituents that politicians develop their own representational strategy. This thesis examines two case studies—Manitoba MLAs Ralph Eichler and Blaine Pederson—to consider how Manitoba MLAs represent their constituents. A participant observation methodology was used to familiarize the researcher with the representational practices of these case study MLAs. It was found that even though the two MLAs were descriptively similar, the approaches they employed to represent their constituents were significantly different. It was further found that these vast differences were mainly attributed to three influential factors: personal goals, constituency context, and formative experiences.

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Chromatographic separation of methylene chloride extracts of Formosan soft coral Lemnalia laevis, Thomson and Dean (collected at Green Island off Taiwan) led to the isolation of eight sesquterpenoids and three norsesquterpenoids compounds, 4(S¡¯)-acetoxy,10(S¡¯)-hydro xy,5-oxo,1(S¡¯),12(S¡¯)neolemna-2(Z),8-diene (1)¡B4(S*)-acetoxy,10,5-oxo, 1(S*),12(S*)neolemna-1(Z),8-dieme (2)¡B(6

ABSTRACT The marine sponge Xestospongia sp. was collected along seashore area of Lan Yu in Taiwan. Fractionation of the MeOH/CHCl3 extract by using silica gel colum chromatography yielded eight polycycle quinones and hydroquinones ,namely halenaquinone (1)¡B halenaquinol(2)¡B14-methoxyxestoquinone (3)¡B15-methoxyxeatoquinone (4)¡B xestoquinone (5)¡B15-chloro-hydroxestoquinone (6) ¡Badociaquinone A (7)¡B adociaqunone B (8) . The structures of these compounds were idenified by UV¡BIR¡BMS¡B 1D and 2D NMR . Biological screening revealed that compounds 7 and 8 possessed in vitro cytotoxicities against two tumor cell lines (KB 16, HEPA-3B). The ED50 value of compound 7 showed cytotoxicities against KB 16 and HEPA-3B tumor cell lines were 0.26 £gg/mL and < 0.1 £gg/mL, respectively. The ED50 value of compound 8 were < 0.1 £gg/mL and 1.8 £gg/mL .

This dissertation examines word-prosody of ciTonga, a Malawian Bantu language spoken by lakeshore people of northern Malawi. It is argued that the real word-prosody in this language (and perhaps many Bantu languages) revolves around the idea of Strong Accent Constituency, power relations between segments, syllables and between lower and higher prosodic categories as determined by Universal Guidelines such as SONORITY, FINALITY, EDGENESS and PROSODIC HIERARCHY as well as constraints which favour language- or context-specific Strong Accent Constituents (PROSODIC STEM, ACCENT FOOT, STEM-SYLLABLE1, PENULTIMATE SYLLABLE or FINAL SYLLABLE). Tone and prosodic morphemes such as Minimal Prosodic Words and Reduplicative Prosodic Morphemes also seem to be heavily regulated by Strong Accent Constituency. The empirical bases are three speech styles found in ciTonga (Nkhata-Bay Variety) namely, formal, common, and elderly speech styles. It is one of several understudied and endangered languages in Malawi. This study therefore is in line with one of the goals of the University of Malawi's Centre for Language Studies, where this candidate serves as a member, which is to prioritize research activities on such languages. The candidate is a native speaker of ciTonga and , as such, he is primary source of most of the data. Other methods such as elicitation and focus group discussions were conducted with informants not only to get to the bottom of the matter, but to also understand social issues underlying language variation. The dissertation has been presented in 6 chapters. Chapter 1 presents introductory remarks. These include the problem statement, a note on methodology, summary of findings, theoretical precedents, and, finally, organization of the dissertation. Chapter 2 presents basic facts about the language under study. These include language classification, previous works on ciTonga, speech sounds, the syllable, tone, as well as nominal and verbal morphology. Chapter 3 presents a proposal for the theory of Strong Accent Constituency. It presents the data on vowel and consonant deletion which motivates this theory analysis. Then attempts are made to account for the facts in terms of stress-accent theory and Downing's (2006b) Morpheme-Based Templates Theory both of which are found to be slightly problematic to account for segment deletion and preservation patterns exhibited in ciTonga. Finally, the chapter introduces the theory and accounts for the facts in terms of Strong Accent Constituent Theory. Chapter 4 presents formally the theory of Interaction between Tone and Strong Accent Constituents. The chapter presents the data on tone assignment in basic verbs, simple past tense verbs and present progressive aspect verbs which motivate this type of theory analysis. Attempts are then made to account for the facts in terms of tone alignment theory (as argued by Mtenje 2006), autosegmental accent (Clements and Goldsmith 1984) and 'pitch-accent' or accentual properties of tone in Bantu languages (as hinted upon by Downing 2004). All these theoretical perspectives are found to be slightly inadequate to account for tone distribution patterns in ciTonga. On the other hand, a theory based on Interaction between Tone and Strong Accent Constituents is shown to account for the facts slightly better. Chapter 5 presents formally proposals for Strong Accent Constituent-Based Templates as a theory of morphology-prosody interfaces in ciTonga and perhaps many other Bantu languages with a Strong Accent Constituent system. It presents the data on general phonological words, Minimal Prosodic Words and Reduplicative Prosodic Morphemes. It then reviews two competing theories in the literature within the Generalized Templates Theory namely, the Prosodic Hierarchy-Based Templates Theory and the Morpheme-Based Templates Theory both of which have a goal to account for morphology-prosody interfaces. Both these theories are shown to be slightly inadequate to account for parameters exhibited by phonological words in ciTonga. On the other hand, it is suggested that a theory of Strong Accent Constituent-Based Templates may account for the facts slightly better. Chapter 6 summarizes and concludes the dissertation.

The relationship between the representative and the reapportioned district is the central feature of the present study as it attempts to assess selected facets of the 13th Congressional District in transition.

The adsorption reaction of zinc onto prochlorite, pyroxene, and biotite minerals, from dilute solution (water) was studied under isothermal conditions by agitated nonflow experiment method. The equilibrium concentration of zinc in the solution was determined both by radioactive tracer technique and adsorption spectrophotometer methods. The data were collected at three temperatures. The data were treated by the equation: ∂θ/∂t = kl(1-θ)C-k-1θ where θ is the fraction of total surface coverage and C is the equilibrium concentration of zinc in solution, k1 and k-1 are the rate constants for the adsorption and reverse process and t is the time of reaction. The specific rate constant for the adsorption reaction (k1) depends on the nature of the mineral and mineral particle fraction. The k1 increases with rise in temperature. The values for the desorption rate constant (k-1) are small, indicating that zinc ions are preferentially adsorbed over other exchangeable ions in the system. The activation energy for the sorption process lay between 3 to 6 kcals/mole , eliminating chemical adsorption. The activation energy indicates the physical process of diffusion as the mechanism cont rolling step in the present study. The positive standard entropy of activation (ΔSŦ) is related to the change in the volume of activation complex (θŦ) during the course of reaction. The monolayer capacities for the three minerals and mineral fractions were evaluated. The percent of the surface area occupied by the adsorbed zinc ion was about 50 percent, 65 percent and 66 percent for prochlorite, pyroxene and biotite, respectively . This suggests that zinc is adsorbed on certain specific sites.The monolayer capacities increase as the temperature increases. The change in the standard free energy of adsorption, -Δ°G , with the increased fraction of surface coverage allows speculation that : The sites are energetically heterogenous. There is mutual repulsion of adsorbed zinc ions at higher surface coverage. The data show that zinc adsorption onto the minerals used in the present study is exchange adsorption. The initial adsorption plateau in the case of prochlorite and pyroxene is described as a result of exchange of solution zinc for weakly adsorbed sodium. The change in the nature of the curve beyond this region is speculated to the progressive exchange of other cations. The data for biotite are not conclusive and need further study. It appears that exchange adsorption is a step wise process and more than one plateau may be obtained if t he system is allowed to reach its ultimate equilibrium where all the exchange sites are completely saturated by the adsorbate. The small differential heat of adsorption () confirms the contention that the process is simply an exchange adsorption in the systems studied.

ABSTRACT Twenty essential oil constituents (EOC′s) from seven structural groups were tested for their antimalarial, antimicrobial (both bacterial and fungal), anti-oxidant, anticholinesterase and toxicity properties. To test for their antimalarial property, the tritiated hypoxanthine incorporation assay was used, while the disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) microplate assays were employed for the antimicrobial properties. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method was used to test the anti-oxidant property and their toxicity profile was assessed with the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) cellular viability assay. The anticholinesterase activity was determined using the thin layer chromatography (TLC) bioautographic method. The EOC´s were found to inhibit the growth of Plasmodium falciparum with IC50 values ranging between 0.9 to 1528.8μM with E- and Z-(±)-nerolidol, (-)-pulegone, (+)-α-pinene and linalyl acetate being the most active. In combination p-cymene (the least active) and E- and Z-(±)-nerolidol (the most active) displayed the most synergistic interaction (ΣFIC = 0.09), with their antimalarial activity comparable to that of the interaction between E- and Z-(±)-nerolidol and quinine (ΣFIC = 0.01). Eugenol had the most favourable safety index and was the only EOC with anti-oxidant activity comparable to vitamin C. Combination studies showed that E- and Z-(±)-nerolidol and (-)-pulegone or quinine, p-cymene and γ-terpinene or (-)-pulegone potentiated each other′s toxicity. The EOC´s inhibited the growth of Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria and yeast with MIC values ranging from 1.66 to >238.4mM. When combined, synergism was observed between (+)-β-pinene and carvacrol or γ-terpinene; γ-terpinene and geranyl acetate when tested against Staphylococcus aureus, while (+)-β-pinene and (-)-menthone showed antagonism against C. albicans. The combinations of EOC′s and a standard antimicrobial resulted in synergistic interactions between carvacrol and ciprofloxacin against Bacillus cereus, eugenol and ciprofloxacin against Eschericia coli, carvacrol and amphotericin B against C. albicans. The trans-geraniol and E- and Z-(±)-nerolidol combination demonstrated an additive interaction against B. cereus, while for eugenol and E- and Z-(±)-nerolidol an indifferent interaction against E. coli was noted. These results show that the biological activities of EOC′s can vary when used alone and in combination. They do have the potential to be used as templates for novel drugs and as adjuncts to modern medicines in the combat against drug resistance.

ÁVILA, Fábio do Nascimento. Contribuição ao Conhecimento Químico de Plectranthus ornatus Codd. 2015. 151 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Química)–Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2015. / Submitted by Celia Sena (celiasena@dqoi.ufc.br) on 2017-06-16T18:33:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_ dis_fnavila.pdf: 8358015 bytes, checksum: 6414d982f4eaeaa80a3994de2cb4d389 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jairo Viana (jairo@ufc.br) on 2017-06-29T20:07:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_ dis_fnavila.pdf: 8358015 bytes, checksum: 6414d982f4eaeaa80a3994de2cb4d389 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-29T20:07:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_ dis_fnavila.pdf: 8358015 bytes, checksum: 6414d982f4eaeaa80a3994de2cb4d389 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / The present work describes the phytochemical and pharmacological study of aerial parts of Plectranthus ornatus Codd (Lamiaceae), cultivated at Horto de Plantas medicinais da Universidade Federal do Ceara-UFC. P. ornatus is a native plant from India, introduced in Brazil during the age of great navigations and used by the folks as a relief and treatment of digestive and respiratory problems by the name of boldo-gambá, boldo pequeno and novalgina. The hexane extract of aerial parts of P. ornatus were submitted to successively chromatographic process, including High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), obtained eleven (11) chemical compounds belonging to diterpene class, which five (05) are described for the first time on literature and named as: Methyl-11R-acetoxyneocleroda-3,13E-dien-15-oic, 11R-acetoxy-3,4-dihydroxyneocleroda-13E-en-15-oic acid, 11R-acetoxysolidagonal acid, 11R-acetoxy-solidago-3,15-dioic acid, Pseudo-coleon R and 11R-acetoxyneocleroda-2,4(18), 13E-trien-15-oic acid, together with six (06) known compounds: Plectrornatin A, Coleon R, ent-labd-13-en-8β-ol-15-oic acid, 11R-acetoxy-3β-hydroxyneocleroda-4(18), 13E-dien-15-oic acid and 11R-acetoxy-2-oxo-neocleroda-3,13E-dien-15-oic acid. The structure determination of all secondary metabolites isolated was performed by spectrometric techniques such as hydrogen-1 and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR and 13C one/two- dimensional), infrared spectrometry (IR), high resolution mass spectrometry and comparison with literature data. Cytotoxic activity of compounds was evaluated against four different human cancer cell lines: HCT-116 (colon adenocarcinoma), HL-60 (leukemia), OVCAR-8 (ovarian carcinoma) and SF-295 (glioblastoma). The cell cultures were regularly maintained at logarithmic phase of growth. IC50 values were determined using the MTT assay and measured IC50 values along with 95% confidence. / O presente trabalho intitulado CONTRIBUIÇÃO AO CONHECIMENTO QUÍMICO DE Plectranthus ornatus Codd, descreve o estudo fitoquímico e farmacológico das partes aéreas de P. ornatus Codd (Lamiaceae), cultivado no Horto de Plantas medicinais da Universidade Federal do Ceara-UFC. P. ornatus é uma espécie nativa da índia e introduzida no Brasil no período das grandes navegações, sendo comumente utilizado na medicina popular para o alívio e tratamento de enfermidades relacionadas ao trato digestivo e aparelho respiratório, sob o nome popular de boldo-gambá, boldo pequeno e novalgina. O estudo fitoquímico do extrato hexânico das partes aéreas de P. ornatus foi submetido a inúmeras técnicas cromatográficas, incluindo Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência (CLAE), resultando no isolamento de 11 constituintes químicos pertencentes à classe dos diterpenos, dos quais 05 (cinco) estão sendo relatados pela primeira vez na literatura e nomeados como: 11R-acetoxineocleroda-3,13E-dien-15-oato de metila, Ácido 11R-acetoxi-3,4-dihidroxineocleroda-13E-en-15-óico, Ácido 11R-acetoxisolidagonal, Ácido 11R-acetoxi-solidago-3,15-dióico e Ácido 11R-acetoxineocleroda-2,4(18), 13E-trien-15-óico, juntamente com os metabólitos já conhecidos: Plectrornatina A, Coleon R, Ácido ent-labd-13-en-8β-ol-15-oico, Ácido 11R-acetoxi-3β-hidroxineocleroda-4(18), 13E-dien-15-oico e Ácido 11R-acetoxi-2-oxo-neocleroda-3,13E-dien-15-oico. A determinação estrutural de todos os metabólitos secundários isolados foi realizada através do emprego de técnicas espectrométricas como ressonância magnética nuclear de hidrogênio-1 e carbono-13 (RMN de 1H e de 13C uni e bidimensionais), espectroscopia na região do infravermelho (IV), espectrometria de massas de alta resolução, obtida com ionização por electrospray e comparação com dados da literatura. As moléculas obtidas foram testadas frente à atividade citotóxica contra 04 (quatro) linhagens de células cancerígenas: HCT-116, OVCAR-8, HL-60 eSF-295, utilizando o método de análise colorimétrica baseada na conversão do sal 3-(4,5-dimetil-2-tiazol) - 2,5-difenil-brometo de tetrazolium (MTT) que permite a quantificação indireta da porcentagem de células vivas.

While political scientists know much about roll call voting, we still have much to learn about the way perceptions of constituents, personal priorities, and other factors shape the way legislators prioritize their voting preferences. This research is qualitative and interpretive in nature, making use of elite interviews and supplemented with archival materials when possible. These data include six semi-structured interviews with members of the Illinois congressional delegation representing Southern Illinois. Service to constituents has continually been an indicator of how effective an elected official is within their home district, their decisions concerning who to listen to, and what they will allow to influence them also shape what is, arguably, the most important action they take on behalf of their constituents, i.e., vote on legislation. Despite different approaches to leading, the legislative needs of Southern Illinois are matters of great importance to the individuals interviewed in this research. The interviews also indicate that the passions outlined by the members of Congress are things that have a direct link to Southern Illinois.