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This diploma thesis deals with sound water management and is divided into theoretical and practical part. The theoretical part is divided into three main chapters. The first part focuses on rainwater, its quality characteristics and utilization. The second chapter focuses on the management of waste water, its properties, the amount of waste water and natural ways of wastewater treatment. The last chapter is devoted to the gray waters and their utilization. The practical part focuses on the study of the draft comprehensive management of sewage and rainwater in the village Pařezov district Domažlice. It focuses on wastewater treatment using constructed wetlands, using rainwater for irrigation and infiltration of the remaining water.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(教育学) / 甲第24353号 / 教博第283号 / 新制||教||214(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院教育学研究科教育科学専攻 / (主査)教授 MANALO Emmanuel, 教授 楠見 孝, 准教授 野村 理朗 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Education) / Kyoto University / DGAM

Pharmaceutical residues are being released into the aquatic environment through domestic wastewater effluents all around the world. Ekeby wetland located in Eskilstuna has been shown to degrade pharmaceutical residues in wastewater but the mechanism of how and where in the wetland these substances are removed were not known. The aim of this Master’s thesis was to study the mechanism behind the pharmaceutical removal in Ekeby wetland. The presence of 22 selected pharmaceuticals were examined in water-, sediment- and plant samples collected from the wetland. Additionally, the concentration of nutrients’, pH and temperature of the water were examined. With this data, the correlations between the concentration of pharmaceuticals in the water and the concentration of selected nutrients could be determined. Nine out of 22 substances were detected in the sediment samples and 10 out of 22 was detected in the plant sample. The five pharmaceutical substances that required additional removal were citalopram, diclofenac, erythromycin, oxazepam and sertraline. Citalopram, diclofenac and sertraline were found in the sediment and plant samples. A significant negative correlation was found between the concentration of pharmaceuticals in water samples and total suspended solids (TSS) indicating that an increase of TSS, decreases the pharmaceutical concentration in the water. The main mechanism behind the pharmaceutical removal in Ekeby wetland was determined to be by sedimentation and plant uptake, mainly by Phragmites australis. The wetland system could also remove metoprolol, propranolol, tramadol, trimethoprim, naproxen, venlafaxine and carbamazepine. Hence, to increase the pharmaceutical removal in the wetland it’s recommended to increase the amount of plants, mainly P. australis. Thus, wetland systems could be of great advantage in the development of sustainable wastewater management. / Via avloppsvattnet släpps mängder av läkemedelsrester ut i vårt vatten. Ekeby våtmark i Eskilstuna har visat sig bryta ner läkemedelsrester från avloppsvatten, men mekanismen för hur och vart dessa ämnen tas bort är sedan tidigare okänt. Målet med detta examensarbete var att studera mekanismerna bakom läkemedelsnedbrytningen i Ekebys våtmark. Halterna av 22 läkemedelssubstanser i vatten-, sediment-och växtprover tagna från våtmarken undersöktes. Även koncentrationen av näringsämnen, pH och temperatur bestämdes i vattenprover tagna från våtmarken. Utifrån detta kunde sambanden mellan läkemedelskoncentrationerna och halterna av tidigare nämnda ämnen i vattnet studeras. Nio av 22 substanser uppmättes i sedimentproverna och 10 av 22 uppmättes i växtprovet. De fem läkemedel som krävde ytterligare rening var citalopram, diclofenac, erythromycin, oxazepam, och sertraline. Citalopram, diclofenac och sertraline uppmättes i sediment och växtproverna. I vattnet erhölls ett signifikant negativ samband mellan koncentration av läkemedel och suspenderade ämnen. Detta indikerar på att en ökning av suspenderade ämnen minskar läkemedelskoncentrationen i vattnet. Mekanismen bakom läkemedelsnedbrytningen i Ekebys våtmark fastställdes till sedimentation och växtupptag, främst av växten Phragmites australis. Våtmarken kunde även avlägsna metoprolol, propranolol, tramadol, trimetroprim, naproxen venlafaxin och carbamazapine. För att öka nedbrytningen av läkemedel i våtmarken är det därför rekommenderat att öka mängden växter. Våtmarkssystem kan därmed vara till stor fördel när man utvecklar reningsprocesser för läkemedel av avloppsvatten som är miljömässigt hållbara.

Monitoring the heterogeneous aquatic environment such as the Stormwater Treatment Areas (STAs) located at the northeast of the Everglades is extremely important in understanding the land processes of the constructed wetland in its capacity to remove nutrient. Direct monitoring and measurements of ecosystem evolution and changing velocities at every single part of the STA are not always feasible. Integrated remote sensing, monitoring, and modeling technique can be a state-of-the-art tool to estimate the spatial and temporal distributions of flow velocity regimes and ecological functioning in such dynamic aquatic environments. In this presentation, comparison between four computational intelligence models including Extreme Learning Machine (ELM), Genetic Programming (GP) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) models were organized to holistically assess the flow velocity and direction as well as ecosystem states within a vegetative wetland area. First the local sensor network was established using Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (ADV). Utilizing the local sensor data along with the help of external driving forces parameters, trained models of ELM, GP and ANN were developed, calibrated, validated, and compared to select the best computational capacity of velocity prediction over time. Besides, seasonal images collected by French satellite Pleiades have been analyzed to address the seasonality effect of plant species evolution and biomass changes in the constructed wetland. The key finding of this research is to characterize the interactions between geophysical and geochemical processes in this wetland system based on ground-based monitoring sensors and satellite images to discover insight of hydraulic residence time, plant species variation, and water quality and improve the overall understanding of possible nutrient removal in this constructed wetland.

Organic pollutants such as carbon and nitrogen are effectively removed through nature-based solutions, particularly treatment wetlands, research is increasingly focusing on the behavior of and effects to the environment caused by micropollutants. The release of these anthropogenic chemicals into the environment creates a complex mixture of chemicals that can cause quantifiable adverse biological effects. While resent studies indicate the ability of treatment wetlands to remove micropollutants, major questions regarding the removal efficacy of biological effects, the most efficient design aspects (aerated vs. non-aerated; planted vs. non-planted; single-stage vs. two-stage), the resiliency of a treatment wetland, and the potential for optimization are still unsolved. This dissertation investigated these topics by combining cutting-edge methods from engineering, analytical chemistry, and environmental toxicology. The existing knowledge gaps were addressed and the understanding of treatment technologies as well as the potential of treatment technologies to reduce micropollutants and biological effects was improved. In this research, seven treatment wetlands and a municipal wastewater treatment plant were examined over the course of an entire year, to identify the most effective design of the treatment plants in terms of biological effect removal. Intensified wetlands showed higher annual removal efficacy (41 - >99%) than the non-aerated (conventional) horizontal flow wetland (24 – 78%) for investigated micropollutants and biological effects. Removal efficacy for carbamazepine, which is considered to be resistant to aerobic biodegradation, was observed to be higher in the non-aerated horizontal flow treatment wetland than in the intensified wetlands (24 %, 0 – 3 %, respectively). Benzotriazole, diclofenac, activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor, activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, and oxidative stress response were removed to a greater extend through the intensified treatment wetlands than by the municipal wastewater treatment plant. Also, for the first time, the effluent qualities of the treatment wetlands were compared with recently proposed effect-based trigger (EBT) values for surface water. The effluent bioanalytical equivalent concentrations (BEQs) for all intensified treatment wetlands and the municipal wastewater treatment plant were close to or even below the surface water EBTs, except for estrogenicity. This indicates the great benefit of using nature-based solutions for water treatment because the treated effluent would not impose a negative ecological effect on a receiving water. Aeration and therefore an elevated oxidation reduction potential was identified as a key environmental condition for increased removal of micropollutants and biological effects. In particular, the two-stage system (aerated vertical flow constructed wetland followed by an unsaturated vertical flow sand filter) achieved the highest removal efficacies for conventional parameters (66 to >99%), micropollutants (94 – 99%, except carbamazepine: 3%) and biological effects (91 – 99%). But also, the less cost-intensive one-stage treatment wetlands (aerated horizontal flow and aerated vertical flow) achieved high quality effluents for the observed parameters. With different aeration strategies, aerobic and anaerobic zones were created in an aerated horizontal flow treatment wetland. The sharp increase of the oxidation reduction potential resulted in a higher mass removal for the moderately biodegradable micropollutants benzotriazole (> 91 %; test system with 50% aeration), and diclofenac (81 %; test system with 50% aeration). But the removal efficacy of biological effects decreased with the enlargement of the non-aerated zone in the treatment wetland. Nevertheless, the combination of aerated and non-aerated zones can reduce moderate micropollutants. The advantage of high removal efficacy for micropollutants and biological effects through aeration comes with the susceptibility to technical disturbances such as a power failure or an air pump failure. A simulated aeration interruption of six days resulted in a poorer water quality (comparable to that of a conventional non-aerated horizontal flow treatment wetland). After switching the aeration back on, the investigated system recovered within a few days for most of the conventional wastewater parameters (8 – 22 d) and micropollutants (3 – 22 d). Results showed that removal of biological effects are negatively affected for a longer period of time (>22 d) than what was indicated by classical parameters or micropollutants alone. These results mark the importance of the use of bioassays for future water quality assessment. With respect to the removal of biological effects, three treatment wetland designs can be recommended: the two-stage system (aerated vertical flow treatment wetland followed by an unsaturated vertical flow sand filter); and the less cost-intensive one stage systems: aerated horizontal flow treatment wetland and aerated vertical flow treatment wetland. The aerated horizontal flow treatment wetland is also resistant to an aeration interruption of a couple of days and recovers, even if it takes longer (indicated by the in vitro bioassays) than indicated through conventional wastewater parameters and micropollutants. The complementary approach of this dissertation contributes to the further understanding of treatment wetlands. Furthermore, the research work provides new insights into removal efficacy of biological effects under various treatment wetland design aspects. This dissertation is intended to help generate and better understand a new generation of treatment technologies.

Historical narratives and anecdotes concerning Captain John Smith have been told and retold throughout the entire history the United States of America, and they have proved to be sacred, influential, and contested elements in the construction of the individual, sectional, regional, and national identity of many. In this thesis, I first outline some of the history of how narratives and discourses surrounding Captain John Smith were directly connected with the identity of many Americans during the 18th and 19th century, especially Virginians and Southerners. Then I outline how these narratives and discourses from the 18th and 19th centuries have continued and evolved in the 20th and 21st centuries in American scholarship and popular culture. I demonstrate how Captain John Smith went from being used as a symbol for regional and sectional identity to a symbol for broader national American identity, and how he has anachronistically come to be considered an American. I then show how Captain John Smith has continued to be constructed, to a seemingly larger degree than previous centuries, as a hero of almost mythic proportions. Finally I demonstrate how this constructed American hero is used as a posterchild for various interest groups and ideologies in order to legitimize the places of certain discourses and behavior within constructed and contested American identities.

Due to environmental health and nutrient impact concerns, the conventional on-site sewage collection, treatment, and disposal systems are no longer able to meet the nutrient reduction requirements for wastewater effluent and may represent a large fraction of pollutant loads. The loads include not only nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), but also pathogens such as fecal coliform and E. coli which indicate the presence of other disease-causing bacteria flowing into aquatic system that adversely affect public health. A subsurface upflow wetland, which is an effective small-scale wastewater treatment system with low energy and maintenance requirements and operational costs, fits the current nutrient and pathogen removal situation having received wide attention throughout the world. Within this research study, a subsurface upflow wetland system (SUW), including four parallel SUW (three planted versus one unplanted), were constructed as a key component of the septic tank system receiving 454 liters per day (120 GPD) influent using the green sorption media along with selected plant species. It was proved effective in removing both nutrients and pathogens. During a one month test run, the planted wetlands achieved a removal efficiency of 84.2%, 97.3 %, 98.93 % and 99.92%, compared to the control wetland, 10.5%, 85.7 %, 99.74 % and 100.0 %, in total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), fecal coli and E.Coli, respectively. Denitrification was proved to be the dominant pathway for removing N as evidenced by the mass balance and real-time PCR analyses. A simplified compartmental dynamics simulation model of constructed subsurface upflow wetlands was also developed to provide a dependable reference and tool for design of constructed subsurface upflow wetland.

M arrived in Sweden as a hopeful and aspiring adolescent minor in 2015. By 2022, he instead finds himself living on the streets as a drug addict, homeless, with his residency permit rejected and his asylum application declined. This thesis analyzes his situation through a theory of Performativity and Affect, foremost leaning on Judith Butler, Lauren Berlant, and Sara Ahmed. It scrutinizes the role of the imagined Refugee Figure that M came to represent. It is produced through a set of interviews while following Lee Ann Fujii’s method of Relational Interviewing. While the role for M is being outlawed to the exterior of Global Politics, without the ability to appear, he is consequently never valued as a matter of consideration. May other routes have been possible? The Refugee Figure is here contrasted to alternative figurative identities, such as the builder or even the desperado, that more naturally are associated with an ability to act and to be seen. Ultimately, the thesis reads precarious mobility as an expression of political will, agency, and a voice with one’s feet.

The performance of an aerated horizontal subsurface flow treatment wetland was investigated before, during and after a simulated aeration failure. Conventional wastewater parameters (e.g., carbonaceous biological oxygen demand, total nitrogen, and Escherichia coli) as well as selected micropollutants (caffeine, ibuprofen, naproxen, benzotriazole, diclofenac, acesulfame, and carbamazepine) were investigated. Furthermore, the removal of biological effects was investigated using in vitro bioassays. The six bioassays selected covered environmentally relevant endpoints (indicative of activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor, AhR; binding to the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, PPARγ; activation of estrogen receptor alpha, ERα; activation of glucocorticoid receptor, GR; oxidative stress response, AREc32; combined algae test, CAT). During the aeration interruption phase, the water quality deteriorated to a degree comparable to that of a conventional (non-aerated) horizontal subsurface flow wetland. After the end of the aeration interruption, the analytical and biological parameters investigated recovered at different time periods until their initial treatment performance. Treatment efficacy for conventional parameters was recovered within a few days, but no complete recovery of treatment efficacy could be observed for bioassays AhR, AREc32 and CAT in the 21 days following re-start of the aeration system. Furthermore, the removal efficacy along the flow path for most of the chemicals and bioassays recovered as it was observed in the baseline phase. Only for the activation of AhR and AREc32 there was a shift of the internal treatment profile from 12.5% to 25% (AhR) and 50% (AREc32) of the fractional length.