En ständigt aktuell debatt inom redovisning är vilka kriterier som ska ligga till grund vid bedömningen av när recognition av intäkter skall ske. Diskussionen har sin grund i vilka rekvisit som ska uppfyllas för att recognition av intäkter skall ske. IASB och FASB kom år 2014, efter ett samarbete sedan år 2002 som en del i harmoniseringsprocessen, ut med IFRS 15 - Revenue from Contracts with Customers. IFRS 15, som är en ny redovisningsstandard för intäktsredovisning, kommer bland annat att ersätta de nuvarande standarderna IAS 18 Intäkter och IAS 11 Entreprenadavtal.   I denna studie tillämpas rekvisiten för recognition av intäkter i enlighet med IFRS 15 och IAS 11 för att analysera effekter på bolagsskatt, informationsvärde och utdelningsmöjligheter. Med utgångspunkt i intressentmodellen och de finansiella rapporternas syfte till att lämna information till intressenter så analyseras effekterna. Analyserna sker utifrån sju konstruerade typfall som belyser effekterna till följd av att IFRS 15 respektive IAS 11 tillämpas. Studien är förutsägande och typfallens balansräkningar, resultaträkningar och avtal syftar till att visa vilka faktorer som blir avgörande när eventuella skillnader i intäktsredovisningen uppstår. Därefter analyseras vilken eller vilka intressenter som påverkas vid tillämpningen av IAS 11 respektive IFRS 15.   Syftet med studien är att genom tillämpning av standarderna i typfallen, på ett pedagogiskt sätt analysera ekonomiska konsekvenser vid tillämpning av IFRS 15, för aktiebolagets intressenter avseende informationsvärde till intressenter, bolagsskattens påverkan och utdelningsmöjligheter. Studien visar att tillämpningen av den nya standarden IFRS 15 kan påverka intäktsredovisningen och då skapa skillnader i bolagsskatt, informationsvärde och utdelningsmöjligheter mellan standarderna IFRS 15 och IAS 11.   Resultaten av studien pekar på att skillnader kan uppstå vid tillämpning av IFRS 15 jämfört med IAS 11 då införandet av kravet på överföring av kontroll för recognition av intäkter skiljer sig från att föra över de betydande risker och förmåner förknippade med en tillgång. Vidare kan skillnader uppstå om ett avtal delas upp på flera prestationsåtagande vid tillämpning av IFRS 15 medan avtalet har ett prestationsåtagande vid tillämpning av IAS 11. Skillnader kan även uppstå när kontroll inte kan överföras över tid enligt IFRS 15 medan successiv vinstavräkning kan tillämpas vid intäktsredovisning enligt IAS 11 och om flera avtal ska ses som ett enligt IAS 11 men delas upp på flera avtal enligt IFRS 15. De intressenter som gynnas eller missgynnas kan vara ägare, anställda, myndigheter samt kreditgivare. Det framkommer av analyserna att det är beroende på vilken typ av skillnad som uppstår som blir avgörande för om en intressent kan anses missgynnas eller gynnas. / A constant and current debate within accounting is what criteria’s should be the basis for assessing when the recognition of revenue should take place. The discussion is based on the conditions which must be met for the recognition of revenue to take place. IASB and FASB published in 2014, after collaboration since 2002 as part of the harmonization process, IFRS 15. IFRS 15 is a new accounting standard for revenue recognition which will replace the current standards IAS 18 Revenue and IAS 11 Construction Contracts.   In this study the conditions for recognition of income are applied in accordance with IFRS 15 and IAS 11 in order to analyze the effects on income tax, information value and dividend potential. Based on the stakeholder model and the objective of financial statements, which are to provide information to stakeholders, the effects are analyzed. The analysis is based on seven constructed scenarios that illustrate the effects as a result of the application of IFRS 15 and IAS 11.   The purpose of the study is to through the application of standards in the scenarios in a educational way analyze the economic consequences for the companies stakeholders regarding information value, the effect on income tax and dividend potential. The study shows that the application of the new standard IFRS 15 may influence revenue recognition and as a result it could create differences between the two standards IFRS 15 and IAS 11 regarding income tax, information value and dividend potential.   The results of the study indicate that differences may arise from the introduction of the requirement for the transfer of control of the recognition of revenue, contracts are divided on several performance commitments in IFRS 15 while the contract has one performance commitment in application of IAS 11. Differences may also occur when the control cannot be transferred over time in accordance with IFRS 15 while the percentage-of-completion method can be applied to revenue recognition in accordance with IAS 11. The stakeholders that benefit or have an disadvantage could be the owners, employees, authorities and creditors. It emerges from the analyzes that it is dependent on the type of difference that will determine whether a stakeholder can be considered disadvantaged or favored.

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Expenditure on South African public sector projects is vital to infrastructure development and creating employment opportunities in the country. The submission of tenders by contractors is the traditional procurement method utilised in awarding contracts. The traditional tender procurement method is not only costly, but the lowest-bid method does not ensure that the eventual project at completion is the most cost effective. Although regulatory frameworks are in place to ensure that public sector projects are awarded to suitable contractors, there are numerous examples of public sector projects that have been awarded to incompetent contractors. The traditional tender procurement method is non-collaborative in its composition, as the contractors executing the work are not part of the design team. Furthermore, industry stakeholders’ perceptions influence procurement method preferences. This research project investigates whether the tender procurement method is best suited to meet the South African public sector’s requirements and achieve infrastructural development so desperately required, or whether it needs to be replaced in its entirety or adapted.

Delay and disruption (DD) to contractors’ progress, often resulting in time and cost overruns, are a major source of claims and disputes in the construction industry. At the heart of the matter in dispute is often the question of the extent of each contracting party’s responsibility for the delayed project completion and extra cost incurred. Various methodologies have been developed over the years as aids to answering this question. Whilst much has been written about DD, there is limited information on the extent of use of these methodologies in practice. The research reported in this thesis was initiated to investigate these issues in the UK, towards developing a framework for improving DD analysis. The methodology adopted in undertaking this research was the mixed method approach involving first, a detailed review of the relevant literature, followed by an industry-wide survey on the use of these methodologies and associated problems. Following this, interviews were conducted to investigate the identified problems in more depth. The data collected were analysed, with the aid of SPSS and Excel, using a variety of statistical methods including descriptive statistics analysis, relative index analysis, Kendall’s concordance and factor analysis. The key finding was that DD analysis methodologies reported in the literature as having major weaknesses are the most widely used in practice mainly due to deficiencies in programming and record keeping practice. To facilitate the use of more reliable methodologies, which ensure more successful claims resolution with fewer chances of disputes, a framework has been developed comprising of: (i) best practice recommendations for promoting better record-keeping and programming practice and; (ii) a model for assisting analysts in their selection of appropriate delay analysis methodology for any claims situation. This model was validated by means of experts’ review via a survey and the findings obtained suggest that the model is valuable and suitable for use in practice. Finally, areas for further research were identified.

published_or_final_version / Environmental Management / Master / Master of Science in Environmental Management

published_or_final_version / Real Estate and Construction / Master / Master of Science in Construction Project Management

published_or_final_version / Real Estate and Construction / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

Este trabalho objetiva promover a breve descrição das principais modalidades contratuais aplicáveis às obras de construção civil de edifícios para super e hipermercados, os quais possuem suas premissas e restrições dentro da contextualização exposta. Aborda como os diferentes arranjos contratuais determinam e evidenciam o relacionamento e integração entre as partes, e como promovem a obtenção dos objetivos destas, através de diferentes formas de alocação dos riscos e metodologia de gestão, passíveis de serem aplicadas para o controle de reivindicações. Através do levantamento de campo apresentado, o trabalho traz dados relevantes que fundamentam recomendações para uma melhor estratégia contratual e seleção de modalidade de contrato a ser aplicada, para a contratação de obras de super e hipermercados. / The objective of this dissertation is to give a brief description of the main contractual arrangements for the construction of buildings for supermarkets and hypermarkets, which have their premises and constraints within the exposed context exposed. It broaches how different contractual arrangements determines the relationship and integration between the parties, and facilitate the achieving of the objectives participants, the risks allocation and risk management methodology applied to the control of contractual claims. Through the survey presented, it brings relevant data that will support the best strategy and type of contract selection to be applied for the construction of super and hypermarkets.

Recent years has seen a significant drive away from traditional procurement routes with contractors finding themselves with an increasing responsibility for control of design - a process they have had little experience in managing. They now have to adapt accordingly. The learning curve is steep, not least because many projects must now be delivered fast track while co-ordinating increasingly complex fabric and content of buildings without a platform of accepted good practice to manage the design process. This is a major factor preventing the UK construction industry from delivering projects on time, to budget and to the specified quality. There is a need to educate an increasing number of people in design management techniques to equip them to manage today's fast moving and demanding projects. However, many current design management tools are insufficiently developed for industry application. Therefore, to improve design management in the industry, current techniques must be modified to align them with the needs of the modern design manager. This research has developed and tested a training initiative aimed at improving design management practice within a major UK Design and Construct Contractor. It comprises a Design Management Handbook, Design Management Training, Team Support and Project Monitoring. The Design Management Handbook is the core of the training initiative. It addresses critical aspects of design management practice and provides design management tools. Training provides guidance to project teams on the tools and practices. In Team Support project teams are supported in the implementation of the new practices and tools to help embed new ways of working in company practice. Project Monitoring establishes the impact of the new practices on project performance to demonstrate that they are working and thus reinforce change. To establish the training initiative's effectiveness and key findings, the impact of the initiative on design management performance has been explored. The research has established which practices and tools were used, which were not, as well as an understanding the applicability and performance of each Handbook practice and tool. From this, barriers to implementing new design management tools in industry were identified and strategies developed in order to overcome such barriers.

Massachusetts General Laws (M.G.L.'s) require state agencies to procure construction contracts using the design-bid-build project delivery system, unless special legislation is enacted to allow the use of alternative methods. Considering the wide range of alternative delivery methods for construction contracts, this thesis focuses on design-build on public projects. Even though Massachusetts laws do not expressly prohibit design-build, they do preclude its use indirectly by requiring the separation of design and construction services, and by requiring that construction contracts be awarded to the lowest responsible bidder only after the project is fully designed. The objectives of this study are to specifically examine the reasons behind the legislature unwillingness to allow design-build as a conventional project delivery method; and to determine the likelihood that design-build will become a conventional delivery system in Massachusetts in the future. For this purpose, several academic research papers, case studies and industry reports have been reviewed. As well, pertinent sections of the M.G.L.'s and other references have been examined. Personal interviews were conducted with key representatives of the public and private sectors, who provided valuable input regarding design-build on public projects. The analysis of the information collected reveals that three principal areas seem to hinder any successful attempts to enact a legislation making design-build a conventional delivery method. These areas can be summarized as (1) loss of opportunities for the design and construction community, (2) technical and management issues at the public sector level, and (3) nature of the political environment in Massachusetts. Due to the unpredictable political environment, and the competing interests within the private sector, within the public sector, and between the private and public sectors, it is highly unlikely that design-build will become a conventional delivery method for public projects in the near future. The report concludes with recommendations to increase the likelihood of design-build to become a conventional project delivery method, considering the issues denoted above.

Construction contracts are one of the most important tools in the construction sector. They define the various aspects, obligations and relations between each party that are necessary to reach a common expected goal. They contribute to successful completion of projects. Turkish construction companies have successfully completed many projects in domestic and international venues and gained important experience in this respect / however, they still encounter problems in application. The aim of this study was: - to analyze Yapim &amp / #272 / slerine Ait Tip S&ouml / zlesme (Standard Contract for Construction Works, YIATS) of Kamu &amp / #272 / hale Kurumu (Public Procurement Authority KIK) and F&eacute / d&eacute / ration Internationale des Ing&eacute / nieurs-Conseils (International Federation of Consulting Engineers, FIDIC) standard contract for construction / - to identify problem areas and their causes in application of contracts / - to compare YIATS and FIDIC contracts with respect to problem areas / - to analyze views, experiences and recommendations of companies about YIATS and FIDIC contracts. In this study, based on survey conducted on contract literature, questionnaire was applied to member companies of T&uuml / rk M&uuml / teahhitler Birligi (the Turkish Contractors&rsquo / Association, TMB). Applied standard contracts, Court of Cessation decisions and International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) arbitration awards were analyzed to determine problem areas. Telephonic and face-to-face interviews were performed with staff of companies for further information on their answers, their opinions and recommendations on problem areas. Additionally, hypotheses were tested: to determine the effect of existence of clauses on exposure of contractors to consequences of problems emerged in execution phase of contract / to analyze relationship between problems encountered in FIDIC or YIATS and financial, temporal and non-compliance problem areas / to analyze effect of cost determination method on emergence of problems related to these areas. These studies revealed main problem areas as: financial, temporal and non-compliance issues.