Submitted by Cássia Santos (cassia.bcufg@gmail.com) on 2016-08-12T10:36:05Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Aline Crispim Canedo Girardi - 2016.pdf: 6052802 bytes, checksum: 19568ea8fd9027193ffed70b254b8bdc (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-08-12T14:17:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Aline Crispim Canedo Girardi - 2016.pdf: 6052802 bytes, checksum: 19568ea8fd9027193ffed70b254b8bdc (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-12T14:17:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Aline Crispim Canedo Girardi - 2016.pdf: 6052802 bytes, checksum: 19568ea8fd9027193ffed70b254b8bdc (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-31 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Although the use of CDW in the aggregate production is studied in Brazil for more than two decades, there are still gaps regarding their use in mortars. In this sense, the present study aims to evaluate mortar for rendering masonry produced with full replacement of natural sand by recycled aggregate, seeking to correlate the various properties and characteristics of aggregates and mortars with the performance of rendering with regard to the adhesive strength and absorption/water permeability. For the development of the research three types of aggregates were used (natural sand, mixed recycled ceramic and cement and cementitious recycled) in two particle sizes, passers-by screens 3 mm and 1.18 mm, which were widely characterized. With the data obtained in the characterization of aggregates, different traces were formulated for mortars, keeping fixed the content of total fine plasticizers. The mortars were evaluated on their consistency, bulk density, dimensional instability (shrinkage), water absorption, compressive and flexural strength. The renderings were applied on ceramic blocks, which were selected for initial water absorption rate ranges, avoiding the variability of results due to changes in the suction of the substrate. Two types of preparation of the base were performed, lime solution and roughcast, the latter was used only for the rendering that showed the best performance among those produced with recycled aggregates. As the main results, it was found that using a sieve with an opening of 1.18 mm is effective for reducing the content of fine aggregate, however, mortars and renderings produced with these aggregates showed unsatisfactory performance, falling short of results in materials with through 3 mm sieve. Mortars and rendering produced with recycled aggregate cement did not show compatible performance with the others, at the expense of the initial assumptions, which provided that this aggregate would exceed the aggregate mixed. It was also noticed that the recycled aggregates mixed ceramic and cementitious material, passers the sieve 3 mm, despite the high content of fine and high water absorption, resemble very to the natural aggregate with the same granulometry, when comparing the characteristics of mortars they have produced, mainly for resistance to compression. When assessing the rendering produced by these two aggregates, both are equivalent in the question of adhesive strength and showed no cracking. In general, it can be concluded that it is feasible the production of efficient rendering with complete replacement of natural sand for mixed recycled aggregates since the RCD origin and characteristics are known, Provided that limited the packing factor of grain , which directly influence the properties of mortars and renderings. / Apesar de a utilização de RCD na produção de agregado miúdo ser estudada no Brasil há mais de duas décadas, ainda não há correlações definidas entre as características dos agregados reciclados e o desempenho dos revestimentos, de forma a identificar as propriedades que deverão ser controladas no momento da escolha dos agregados que será incorporado às argamassas, independente do tipo de resíduo original. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho visa determinar a viabilidade técnica da substituição total de agregado natural por agregado reciclado no preparo de argamassas de revestimento, buscando correlacionar as diversas propriedades e características dos agregados e das argamassas com o desempenho dos revestimentos, no que tange à resistência de aderência à tração e absorção/permeabilidade de água. Para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa utilizou-se três tipos de agregados (areia natural, reciclado misto de material cerâmico e cimentício e reciclado cimentício), em duas granulometrias, passantes pelas peneiras 3 mm e 1,18 mm, os quais foram amplamente caracterizados. As argamassas produzidas foram avaliadas quanto à consistência, densidade de massa, retração, absorção de água por imersão, resistência à compressão e resistência à tração. Os revestimentos foram aplicados sobre blocos cerâmicos, preparados com solução de cal ou chapisco, sendo este último apenas para o revestimento que apresentou o melhor desempenho dentre os produzidos com agregados reciclados. Como principais resultados, verificou-se que a utilização de peneira com abertura de 1,18 mm é eficiente para a redução do teor de finos dos agregados, entretanto, as argamassas e os revestimentos produzidos não apresentaram desempenho satisfatório, ficando aquém dos resultados obtidos com materiais passantes na peneira 3 mm. As argamassas e revestimentos contendo agregado reciclado cimentício não apresentaram desempenho compatível com as demais, em detrimento das suposições iniciais, que previam que esse agregado seria superior ao agregado misto. Também se percebeu que os agregados reciclados mistos de material cerâmico e cimentício, passantes na peneira 3 mm, apesar do alto teor de finos e da elevada absorção de água, assemelham-se muito ao agregado natural de mesma granulometria, quando comparadas as características das argamassas por estes produzidas, principalmente quanto à resistência à compressão. Quando se avaliam os revestimentos produzidos por esses dois agregados, ambos são equivalentes em questão de resistência de aderência à tração e não apresentaram nenhuma fissuração. Em linhas gerais, pode-se concluir que é viável a produção de revestimentos eficientes com substituição total da areia natural por agregados reciclados, desde que limitado o fator de empacotamento dos grãos, que influência diretamente nas propriedades das argamassas e revestimentos.

Entre os desafios para a expansão de mercado da reciclagem, encontra-se o de viabilizar o emprego dos agregados de resíduos de construção e demolição (RCD) reciclados em concretos. No entanto as normas que regulamentam tal emprego não são facilmente aplicáveis nas usinas de reciclagem, existindo pouca informação sistemática de como as diferentes características dos agregados de RCD reciclados influenciam no desempenho do concreto. O objetivo desta tese é identificar as características dos agregados de RCD reciclados que exerçam influência relevante no comportamento mecânico dos concretos. As seguintes etapas experimentais são desenvolvidas: a) caracterização química e mineralógica das frações granulométricas de três amostras representativas de agregados, b) caracterização das propriedades físicas de agregados graúdos separados por densidade, assim como da composição química, mineralógica e por fases, c) influência das características dos agregados graúdos separados por densidade no comportamento mecânico dos concretos. Na caracterização dos agregados foram utilizados os seguintes métodos: análise granulométrica, análise química por FRX, análise mineralógica por DRX, determinação da fração solúvel por ataque com solução de HCl 33%, e análise termogravimétrica, separação por densidade empregando líquidos densos e equipamento “Sink and Float”, catação das fases, determinação da massa específica aparente e absorção de água dos agregados, dosagem e avaliação do comportamento mecânico de concretos produzidos com esses agregados. Os resultados permitem concluir que a porosidade (ou massa específica aparente) dos agregados de RCD reciclados controla o comportamento mecânico dos concretos produzidos com relação água e cimento constante, assim como a soma dos teores de aglomerantes e de cerâmica vermelha – frações mais porosas. A separação por densidade é uma técnica eficiente para separar esses agregados em subgrupos de diferentes porosidades, gerando concretos com comportamento mecânico e absorção de água similares. O estudo realizado aponta para uma densidade de corte em torno de 2,2 a 2,3 g/cm³. Os agregados contidos no intervalo “d> 2,2” possuem teores elevados de rochas e teores baixos de cerâmica vermelha, resultando em concretos com comportamento mecânico semelhante ao dos agregados naturais analisados. A avaliação da distribuição de densidade pode ser um método simples e rápido para a classificação de lotes desses agregados e controle do comportamento mecânico dos concretos produzidos. Na fração graúda e miúda, os teores de rochas e cerâmicas são superiores a 50% da massa, e o comportamento dos principais óxidos da composição química é semelhante. Esse comportamento muda significativamente na fração fina, em que predominam os aglomerantes e argilominerais (teores superiores a 77%). A origem (Itaquera e Vinhedo) e a cominuição influenciaram, de forma representativa, a distribuição de massa dos agregados graúdos de RCD reciclados separados por densidade. O agregado de Itaquera apresentou mais de 70% da massa no intervalo de densidade superior a 2,2 g/cm³. / Construction and demolition waste (CDW) recycled aggregates are not largely used in concrete due to CDW composition heterogeneity and CDW recycled aggregate physical property variability from visual classification and hand sorting of proposed standards that provide insufficient relation between the aggregate characteristics and concrete performance. This thesis aims to identify CDW recycled aggregate characteristics that influence the concrete mechanical performance. The experimental design was divided in three stages: a) detailed chemical and mineralogical characterization of three representative CDW recycled aggregate samples, b) characterization of the physical properties of the coarse CDW recycled aggregates separated by heavy media as well as the composition in terms of chemical, mineralogical, and visual phases, and c) the influence of the coarse CDW recycled aggregate separated by heavy media on concrete mechanical performance. The following methods were used: particle size distribution, chemical analysis by XRF, mineralogical analysis by XRD, soluble fraction in chloride acid leaching assay, thermal analysis, sequential heavy media and gravity separation, hand sorting, bulk specific gravity and water absorption, concrete mix design and its compressive strength and elastic modulus using the CDW recycled aggregates. In conclusion, CDW recycled aggregate porosity controls concrete mechanical performance formulated with constant cement and water relation. The concrete mechanical performance is related to bulk specific gravity of CDW recycled aggregates separated by density, including to the sum of binder and red ceramic content. Heavy media and gravity separation is efficient to separate CDW recycled aggregates in bulk specific gravity groups, producing concrete with similar concrete mechanical behavior and water absorption. Cutting density in 2.2-2.3 g/cm³ seems to be efficient since the aggregates with the upper density have high rock content resulting concrete mechanical performance similar to that produced using natural aggregates. Mass distribution in density separation could be a simple and fast method to classify CDW recycled aggregate and to control concrete mechanical performance. The coarse and sand fraction of CDW recycled aggregates had more than 50% in mass of rocks and ceramics, with quite similar main oxide contents in chemical composition. However, the contents changed in fine fraction (lower than 0.15 mm) whose binder content and clay minerals are in majority (upper to 77% in mass). The origin of CDW recycled aggregate and comminution influenced in mass distribution of sequential density separation. In Itaquera (São Paulo), the mass distribution upper to 2,2 g/cm³ was around 70%.

The construction industry is considered the world over as a major contributor to the high rates of waste generation in developed countries. The negative influence of waste generation on the environment, natural resources, and the profitability of firms puts increasing pressure on the industry to reduce the waste it generates. The pressures to reduce waste are heightened by current trends demanding sustainable management of waste for the purposes of economic, social, and environmental gains. Literature on factors influencing waste management (WM) suggests government legislation is the most critical success factor for ensuring waste is sustainably managed. A review of the literature however indicated that researches holistically investigating the practices of construction firms and the extent to which these practices meet the intended outcomes of government legislation on waste are not present. Thus this research was undertaken to holistically investigate WM practices in the UK construction industry, to identify best practices and the extent to which they meet the intended outcomes of government WM legislation ad policy. The study adopted a multiple case study design to examine WM approaches, strategies and practices at both the corporate and project level within construction companies. Four construction companies who had won awards for their sustainability and environmental performance were purposefully selected to investigate best practice WM. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews, passive observations, and documentary analysis. Analysis of the data revealed that the drivers for WM in the construction industry are: economic considerations; company sustainability agenda; company image; client requirements; environmental concerns; government legislation; moral and social demands; industrial benchmarking; environmental concerns; and the requirements of standards. Regarding the influence of legislation, the results revealed that government legislation plays a secondary role in influencing WM as clients are interested in using only compliant firms. Best practices targeting design to reduce waste through standardisation and prefabrication; on-site segregation through multi-skip provision; supply take back schemes; intensified site education; and the use of incentives were identified to lead to improved WM. The results also indicated that company sustainability agenda is the most influential driver for achieving sustainable construction, demolition and excavation (CD&E) WM. The findings highlighted the importance of having a clear vision and structure for WM at the corporate level alongside strategies to be implemented on projects to ensure sustainable WM is achieved. To help construction firms in achieving sustainable WM, which is the ultimate goal of government legislation, a best practice framework has been developed based on the findings from the study and evaluated using semi-structured interviews with selected target participants. The framework presents a coherent and systematic approach for achieving sustainable WM in construction companies by providing a roadmap for instituting measures at both corporate and project levels, taking into account factors that are likely to promote or inhibit the achievement of sustainable WM.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The civil construction industry is characterized for being the sector that suffers the most influence with the economy growth. Government policies to encourage housing instigate the sector to produce wildly, using outdated construction techniques and employing unskilled labor, in an attempt to reduce costs and shorten timeline. The result of this impetus is the great generation of waste which, when untreated, are thrown into nature, causing irreparable environmental impacts. However, the recycling and production processes of recycled aggregates from construction waste (C&D waste) are consolidated in Brazil, but the same cannot be said of the use of these aggregates. Therefore, this study aims to characterize the recycled aggregates produced in Santa Maria to promote their use in paving. For this, the research was divided into three stages which contemplated the current situation of the C&D waste in the city: treatment and processing, characterization of recycled aggregates and possible implementation. The first phase consisted of the analysis of the waste management system employed in the city, which exposes an assessment of the management system since the implementation of the C&D waste treatment area, as well as reports examples and consequences of irregular disposal. The second stage involved the laboratory analysis, where the aggregates were divided according to the commercial size of gravel in the region and dosed properly to fit standards within the limits shown in the DNIT for granular material. From this, the aggregates were characterized and tested to see if they meet the criteria adopted by the NBR 15116, which specifies limits for use of this material in pavement. The third part consisted of the analysis of economic viability. This analysis was estimated by scaling up floors consisting of crushed stone and the other by recycled aggregate that presented the same responses to these efforts, and then the costs for obtaining and execution of the respective layers executed with these materials were compared. The results demonstrated that the aggregates meet the regulatory specifications for even high traffic volumes. In general, recycled aggregates, achieve better results when subjected to intermediate compaction energy, behaving similarly to gravel. / A indústria da construção civil é caracterizada por ser o setor que mais sofre influência com o crescimento da economia. Políticas governamentais de incentivo à habitação instigam o setor a produzir desenfreadamente, utilizando técnicas construtivas ultrapassadas e empregando mão de obra desqualificada, na tentativa de diminuir custos e encurtar prazos. O resultado desse ímpeto é a grande geração de resíduos que, quando não tratados, são jogados na natureza, ocasionando impactos ambientais irreparáveis. No entanto, os processos reciclagem e produção de agregados reciclados provenientes de resíduos da construção civil (RCC) estão se consolidando no Brasil, mas o mesmo não se pode dizer do emprego desses agregados. Por isso, essa pesquisa tem como objetivo caracterizar os agregados reciclados produzidos em Santa Maria para propiciar a sua utilização em pavimentação. Para isso, a pesquisa foi dividida em três etapas que contemplaram a situação atual dos RCC na cidade: tratamento e beneficiamento, caracterização dos agregados reciclados e possível aplicação. A primeira etapa constou da análise do sistema de gestão de resíduos empregado na cidade, a qual expõe uma avaliação do sistema de gerenciamento desde a implantação da área de tratamento de RCC, assim como relata exemplos e consequências do descarte irregular. A segunda etapa englobou a análise laboratorial, onde os agregados reciclados foram divididos conforme o tamanho comercial das britas da região e dosados adequadamente para que enquadrassem nos limites exibidos nas normas do DNIT para material granular. A partir disso, os agregados foram caracterizados e ensaiados para observar se atendem os critérios adotados pela NBR 15116, que especifica limites para utilização desse material em pavimentação. A terceira parte consistiu na análise da viabilidade econômica. Essa análise foi estimada dimensionando-se pavimentos compostos por brita graduada e outro por agregado reciclado que apresentassem mesmas respostas aos esforços, então comparou-se os custos para obtenção e execução das respectivas camadas executadas com esses materiais. Os resultados demonstraram os agregados reciclados atendem as especificações normativas até mesmo para altos volumes de tráfego. No geral, os agregados reciclados alcançam melhores resultados quando submetidos à energia de compactação intermediária, comportando-se semelhantemente as britas.

The drive of the EU countries and most of the world towards a circular economy and togenerate zero waste raised a need to study more efficient and less costly treatment processes. The treatment of secondary and by-product fractions to convert them from what is considered waste to a resource will contribute to the movement towards zero waste and circular economy. The fines fraction of construction and demolition waste (CDW) contains high organic materials measured as total organic carbon TOC above the allowed landfilling levels that are allowed for landfilling in Sweden, yet lower organic matter than is required for energy recovery by incineration. The need for new processes to reuse and recycle materials have emphasized the work of thisstudy, this thesis research aims to develop viable, simple treatment methods and pathways ofrecycling systems to convert by-products that are considered waste to reusable and treatable fractions by reducing the total organic carbon TOC. Which have been defined in the researchquestion of this study “How can functional recycling become more effective through the development of innovative treatment pathways for by-products of the recycling system”? and its sub-questions. This study examined a fines fraction from the CDW sorting in Norway using mechanicalseparation methods including single and combined sequential processes of air classificationand float/sink density separation. Using single process batch separation of float/sink had produced a 73.80% weight of the original fines fraction, with reduced TOC from originally 35.54% DM to 4.09% DM which can be considered to be landfilled as non-hazardous provided that it meets all other leachateanalysis criterion, on the other hand, the process produced concentrated the organic carbon inthe float fraction giving a TOC of 40.14% DM to consider treating it with energy recovery. Using a single separation process of high air velocity with the zigzag air classification has lowered the TOC of 19.49% weight of the treated fraction to 1.8% DM from 35.54% DM of the original fines fraction, which can be considered to be landfilled as inert waste if it meetsall other leachate analysis criterion, or can be considered to be used in road base layers, and concentrated the organic carbon in the other fraction to TOC of 19.90% DM that which need further treatment. Using sequential air classification followed by float/sink sequentialseparation produced different low TOC fractions suitable for landfilling in the categoriesinert, non-hazardous, and hazardous waste in Sweden and concentrated the organic content toTOC levels of 20-48% DM TOC which can be considered for energy recovery recycling. The use of sequential density separation processes can lead to better results and can be controlled more to produced better fractions. The conclusion of this study, using float/sink and airclassification separation methods as single or combined sequential processes had successfully produced two fractions firstly the reduced the total organic carbon separated fraction to be suitable the landfilling requirements in Sweden at the same time concentrated the organicmaterial of the other fraction to be suitable for incineration.

Sammanfattning Medvetenheten kring miljöfrågor har i samhället växt sig stark, men fortfarande påverkas klimatet i stor utsträckning. Dessvärre finns det flera aspekter som påverkar att företag och människor inte har möjlighet att agera utefter vad som är bäst för klimatet. I uppsatsen utgår det teoretiska materialet från byggbranschen, då branschen tillför en tredjedel av Sveriges totala avfallsmängd. Ämnet cirkulär ekonomi har genom åren blivit mer aktuellt inom såväl politik, EU och företag. Arbetet med cirkulära ekonomi kan minska miljöpåverkan genom att sluta kretsloppet och minska resursanvändningen. Uppsatsen identifierar de utmaningar och drivkrafter som aktörerna inom byggbranschen ser med cirkulär ekonomi. Det empiriska materialet utgörs av lokala företag. Utöver utmaningarna och drivkrafterna studeras en intressant gren som ännu inte är speciellt utforskad. Det handlar om hållbar design, som är en del av den cirkulära ekonomin, och hur denna del kan minimera avfallsmängden genom att sluta kretsloppet. Syfte Syftet med uppsatsen är att belysa ämnet kring cirkulär ekonomi, genom att analysera drivkrafterna och utmaningarna som aktörerna upplever. Dessutom studeras hur hållbar design kan minska avfallsmängden inom byggbranschen. Metod En intervjustudie har genomförts med kvalitativ karaktär. Genom sex semistrukturerade intervjuer har det empiriska materialet samlats in digitalt samt på arbetsplatser. Empirin grundas på respondenternas kunskap och erfarenheter, och har varit relevant för att besvara forskningsfrågorna. / Abstract The awareness of environmental issues has increased a lot in society, but the climate is still affected to a large extent. Unfortunately, there are several aspects that affect that companies and people do not have the opportunity to act according to what is best for the climate. In the study, the theoretical material is based on the construction industry, since the industry contributes a third of Sweden's total amount of waste. Over the years, the subject of circular economy has become more current within politics, the EU and companies. Working with circular economy can reduce the environmental impact by closing the cycle and reducing the use of resources. The study identifies the challenges and driving forces that the actors in the construction industry experience with circular economy. The empirical material consists of local companies. In addition to the challenges and driving forces, an interesting section is studied that has not yet been particularly explored. It is sustainable design, which is a section in the circular economy, and the study analyzes how this section can minimize the amount of waste by closing the loop. Purpose The purpose of the study is to illuminate the topic of circular economy, by analyzing the driving forces and challenges experienced by the actors. In addition, how sustainable design can reduce the amount of waste in the construction industry is studied. Methodology An interview study has been conducted with qualitative character. Through six semistructured interviews, the empirical material has been collected digitally and at workplaces. The empirical data is based on the respondent’s knowledge and experience and has been relevant to answer the research questions.

En esta investigación se estudia la prefactibilidad de una planta para producir ladrillos a partir de residuos de construcción y demolición en el distrito de Chiclayo, a raíz de que se observó grandes cantidades de desmonte ocasionando una contaminación visual y paisajística a los alrededores del distrito de Chiclayo, ocasionando problemas ambientales y sociales. Asimismo, tiene como objetivo general determinar la prefactibilidad de una planta de producción de ladrillo para el aprovechamiento de residuos de construcción y demolición. Los métodos del proyecto residieron en hacer un estudio de viabilidad comercial para calcular la demanda insatisfecha del proyecto, precio y características del producto, realizar un diseño técnico y tecnológico en el que se detalló paso a paso el proceso de rcd; también se hallaron indicadores y se utilizó el método de Guerchet para diseñar la planta, y una estimación económico-financiera de la propuesta para determinar la rentabilidad del proyecto. En los resultados se obtuvo que la mejor ubicación de la planta es a la salida de Chiclayo, camino al distrito de San José, a pesar de la viabilidad comercial y tecnológica, el proyecto no es viable financiera y económicamente obteniendo los siguientes resultados VAN (– S/362 286,23) y TIR (-21,8%), debido a la alta inversión de los equipos, maquinaria y costo del terreno implicado. / In this investigation, the prefeasibility of a plant to produce waste from construction and demolition waste in the Chiclayo district is studied, as a result of which large amounts of clearing were observed, generating visual and landscape contamination in the surroundings of the Chiclayo district. causing environmental and social problems. Likewise, its general objective is to determine the prefeasibility of a waste production plant for the use of construction and demolition waste. The methodology of the project consisted of carrying out a commercial feasibility study to determine the unsatisfied demand of the project, price and characteristics of the product, carry out a technical and technological design in which the RCD process was detailed step by step; indicators were also found and the Guerchet method was used to design the plant, and an economic-financial evaluation of the proposal to determine the profitability of the project. As results, it was obtained that the plant will be located at the exit of the highway to the San José district; despite the commercial and technological viability, the project is not financially and economically viable, obtaining the following results VAN (– S/362,286.23) and TIR (21.8%), due to the high investment of the equipment, machinery and cost of the land involved.

The concept of the circular economy has existed for a long time in various historical and political contexts. Still, it has gained significant popularity over the past decade, primarily due to the efforts of the Ellen MacArthur Foundation. Today, it is embraced by diverse stakeholders, including governmental bodies, influential forums, leading corporations, consulting firms, cities, and regions. This thesis details the development of narratives surrounding the circular economy and examines how contemporary university researchers perceive and define the concept. The findings reveal strong contrasts between different narratives, both in the literature and among interviewed researchers. The varied interpretations of the circular economy concept allow it to be adapted to different contexts, contributing to its widespread appeal. However, some view the circular economy as a consultant-driven concept that struggles to meet its promises, while others see it as the only viable alternative to the linear economy. Despite its name, the circular economy is primarily a model of material flows rather than an economic model. In the built environment, particularly in the construction and demolition sector, the principles of the circular economy—such as reduced resource use and increased recycling—are of higher interest due to the sector's substantial emissions and waste. / Cirkulär ekonomi som idé har funnits under lång tid i olika historiska och politiska sammanhang, men dess popularitet har ökat de senaste tio åren, främst till följd av Ellen MacArthur Foundations arbete. Idag har begreppet omfamnats av allt ifrån statliga organ, inflytelserika forum, ledande företag, konsultfirmor, till städer och regioner. Denna studie undersöker hur narrativen kring cirkulär ekonomi har utvecklats över tid och hur samtida universitetsforskare uppfattar och definierar begreppet. Resultatet visar att det finns en stark kontrast mellan de olika narrativen, både i litteraturen och bland de intervjuade forskarna. De varierande tolkningarna av begreppet cirkulär ekonomi gör att det kan anpassas till olika ändamål, vilket har bidragit till dess popularitet, även om synen på cirkulär ekonomi skiftar – vissa ser den som ett konsultdrivet koncept som har svårt att uppfylla sina löften, medan andra ser den som det enda hållbara alternativet till den linjära ekonomin. Trots sitt namn är cirkulär ekonomi främst en modell för materiella flöden snarare än en ekonomisk modell. Inom den byggda miljön, särskilt inom bygg- och fastighetssektorn, är grundprinciperna för cirkulär ekonomi såsom minskad resursanvändning och ökad återvinning av större intresse på grund av sektorns betydande utsläpp och avfall.

Os principais problemas enfrentados pelas cidades em relação aos resíduos de construção e demolição (RCD) estão associados à disposição irregular das enormes quantidades produzidas. O descarte clandestino dos RCD pode provocar a degradação dos ecossistemas água, ar e solo. O acúmulo de resíduos espalhados em diferentes locais das cidades leva à proliferação de vetores de doenças com danos à saúde pública. Além disso, provocam problemas nos sistemas de drenagem urbana. Do ponto de vista econômico, os custos de limpeza pública para remoção dos resíduos demonstram a não sustentabilidade do modelo corretivo. Essa situação pode ser explicada pela ausência de políticas específicas de gestão. Com a introdução do marco regulatório nacional para os RCD, vários municípios têm procurado implantar um modelo mais sustentável, mas as dificuldades para operação e manutenção têm inviabilizado sua continuidade. Assim, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar os modelos de gestão dos resíduos de construção e demolição na Bacia Hidrográfica do Turvo Grande (BH-TG) pertencente a 15ª Unidade de Gerenciamento de Recursos Hídricos (UGRHI-15) do Estado de São Paulo, bem como desenvolver um software para apoio à gestão municipal dos RCD - SISRCD. Ainda dentro da proposta do estudo, também são apresentados a situação dos RCD em Portugal e os resultados da experiência realizada em uma obra predial na cidade de Guimarães. Para estudo na UGHRI-15, foram coletados dados da situação dos entulhos nos 64 municípios integrantes, que permitiram fundamentar e sistematizar a metodologia. Os dados foram levantados nos anos de 2008 e 2009 com aplicação de questionário aos gestores e por meio de visitas aos municípios para levantamentos in loco das áreas de disposição final. Os principais itens avaliados foram os sistemas de manejo em operação, a produção de RCD, os custos com gestão, formas de tratamento e descarte. Com base nos resultados obtidos, dos municípios que fizeram parte desta pesquisa, foi possível concluir que apenas São José do Rio Preto possui um plano integrado de Gerenciamento de Resíduos da Construção Civil, conforme diretrizes da resolução n.º 307 do Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente. Por esta razão, a implantação do sistema de apoio à gestão municipal dos resíduos da construção civil - SISRCD - pode ser transformada em excelente ferramenta para orientação e auxílio no controle municipal dessas atividades. O SISRCD é uma proposta original de uma ferramenta computacional cuja principal característica é a simplicidade de utilização pelos usuários a qual, após validação poderá ter ampla aplicação nos mais diferentes municípios do país. / The main problems faced by the cities related to construction and demolition wastes (CDW) are associated to the illegal disposal of huge quantities produced. The illegal CDW discharge may cause water and soil degradation problems. The accumulation of wastes scattered in different city locations leads to diseases caused by vectors proliferation with damage to public health. Moreover, they cause problems in urban drainage systems. From an economic perspective, the costs of public cleaning services for waste removal have indicated the nosustainability of the corrective model. This can be explained by the absence of specific policies for CDW management. By introduction of the national regulatory framework for the CDW, several municipalities have attempted to implement a more sustainable model, however difficulties related tosystem operation and maintenance have not allowed its continuance. So, the purpose of this study was to evaluate models for the management of construction and demolition wastes in Turvo Grande Watershed (RTG) which is included in the 15th Water Water Resources Unit Management (UGRHI-15) of São Paulo State, as well as to develop a prototype system to support municipal management of CDW - SISRCD. The work also includes and overview of Portugal CDW situation and the results of an experience carried out on a building location at Guimarães city - Portugal. Information and data related to construction and demolition wastes from 64 municipalities members of UGRHI-15 were collected in order to support and optimize the methodology. The data were collected for the years 2008 and 2009 based on a questionnaire applied to municipal managers and also technical visits to municipalities along with surveys of final disposal areas. The main evaluated issues encompassed management systems in operation, production of the CDW, management costs, and treatment and disposal models. Based on the results, it appears that only Sao Jose do Rio Preto has an Integrated Waste Management of Construction Plan, in accordance to guidelines of in the resolution 307 of the National Environmental Council. Thus, the implementation of a prototype system to support the management of municipal construction waste - SISRCD - may become an important tool for guidance and assistance to the control of municipal activities. The SISRCD is an original proposal for a computer tool based on a simple user interface. The system after is validation may have a broad application at different municipalities around the country.

Os Resíduos da Construção Civil (RCC) representam uma importante questão ambiental a ser considerada na gestão urbana dos Municípios. Os grandes volumes gerados e a sua destinação têm ocasionado diversos impactos ambientais ao meio urbano, com evidentes efeitos à saúde da população. Esta situação impõe aos gestores públicos a adoção de soluções mais eficazes para a gestão desses resíduos, sendo imprescindível o planejamento estratégico e integrado e a avaliação das ações implementadas. O objetivo desta tese é a proposição de um sistema de avaliação da gestão municipal dos RCC, de acordo com a Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos, Resolução CONAMA 307/2002 e demais resoluções pertinentes ao tema. A pesquisa exploratória foi desenvolvida em três etapas: i) revisão bibliográfica; ii) elaboração do sistema, considerando três eixos essenciais: universalidade dos serviços; proteção à saúde ambiental; e preservação dos recursos naturais, tendo como base a ferramenta FPEEEA (método de construção de indicadores) e iii) avaliação da gestão dos RCC de um município brasileiro utilizando o sistema proposto para verificar a sua aplicabilidade e identificação de fragilidades e potencialidades da gestão. Como resultado, é apresentado o Sistema de Avaliação da Gestão Integrada dos RCC denominado SAGI-RCC para apoiar a gestão no âmbito municipal. Este sistema propõe ações para a gestão integrada e os respectivos indicadores para monitorá-las, de forma que se constitui em uma ferramenta para ser inserida em processo de melhoria contínua da gestão municipal desses resíduos. Este sistema visa induzir os gestores municipais à reflexão a respeito da gestão de RCC e o SAGI-RCC permite avaliar o atendimento da gestão dos RCC às dimensões da sustentabilidade no âmbito municipal. Além disso, pode ser aplicado a distintas realidades, pois os valores para a avaliação são adaptáveis às condições locais. Quando aplicado a um município de médio porte (cerca de 500.000 habitantes), constatou-se que o conjunto de indicadores que compõe o SAGI-RCC é relevante, pois abrange as diferentes dimensões de sustentabilidade da gestão integrada, estabelecidas pela Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos, além de identificar fragilidades e potencialidades da gestão de RCC deste município. / Construction and demolition waste (CDW) is an important environmental issue to be considered in Municipal Urban Management. The large volume generated and its disposal have caused several environmental impacts to the urban environment, with obvious effects on population health. This requires public managers to adopt more effective solutions to manage these wastes such as the implementation of integrated strategic planning and evaluation of actions which are extremely necessary. The aim of this work is to propose an evaluation system for municipal construction waste management, according to the premises of the National Policy for Solid Waste; Resolution 307 issued by the National Environmental Council (CONAMA) and other theme related resolutions. Exploratory research was carried out in three steps: i) literature review; ii) development of the system, considering three main pillars: scope of the service, environmental health protection and preservation of natural resources, based on the FPEEEA tool (methods for building environmental health indicators) and iii) assessment of CDW management in a Brazilian city using the proposed system to verify its applicability and identify its management strengths and weaknesses. As a result, the Evaluation System of Integrated CDW Management - called SAGI-CDW is presented to give support to management at a municipal level. This system proposes action towards integrated management and the respective indicators to monitorate, so that it becomes a tool to be inserted in CDW Municipal Management Continuous Improvement Processes. This system aims at inducing city managers to reflect on CDW management, and SAGI-CDW can assess the CDW management action strategies in terms of extension of sustainability at a municipal level. Moreover, it can be applied to different situations, because the parameters for evaluation are adapted to local conditions. When applied to a medium size city (approximately 500.000 inhabitants), it was found that the set of indicators that make up the SAGI-CDW is relevant as it covers the different dimensions of sustainability for integrated management established by the National Policy for Solid Waste, and also identifies weaknesses and strengths of this municipalitys CDW management.