This work deals with common commercial law for Europe, which lacks the exis-tence of the standard of contracts concluded by traders with consumers. The solution of this problem can be the Proposal for Regulation of the European parliament and Council on a Common European Sales Law. This work discusses the evolution of this proposal, which was cancelled and converted into Union strategy for the single digital market. It deals with its benefits and potential.

Submitted by Auxiliadora Costa (aucydj@gmail.com) on 2018-11-09T19:52:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 SÍLVIO JOSÉ MACIEL MACÊDO – DISSERTAÇÃO PPGSA PROFISSIONAL 2018.pdf: 768975 bytes, checksum: c1c9a2d4b5e89f46160d4c34b73de5f3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-09T19:52:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SÍLVIO JOSÉ MACIEL MACÊDO – DISSERTAÇÃO PPGSA PROFISSIONAL 2018.pdf: 768975 bytes, checksum: c1c9a2d4b5e89f46160d4c34b73de5f3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-14 / Capes / O trabalho parte da premissa de que um meio ambiente equilibrado é direito intergeracional. Para tanto, é dever da sociedade, sobretudo, das empresas, cuidar deste valoroso bem. O consumidor tem se mostrado consciente ao optar por produtos ecologicamente corretos, todavia, parcela das empresas têm usado a consciência ecológica do consumidor para se beneficiar através da falsa consciência ecológica, o denominado Greenwashing ou “lavagem verde”. Justifica-se a pesquisa pela necessidade de fazer uma abordagem sobre este fenômeno verificando as consequências advindas desta prática fraudulenta para o consumidor e as possíveis punições às empresas que fazem uso do marketing verde para se autopromover. O objetivo principal é analisar a viabilidade de criação de legislação especifica sobre a matéria. No que tange a metodologia foi utilizada na fase de abordagem a pesquisa teórica de caráter exploratório e no procedimento fez uso do método bibliográfico. Empregou-se a técnica de pesquisa bibliográfica através de coleta do referencial teórico em artigos, revistas científicas, doutrinas, relatórios, leis, pareceres e decisões judiciárias. Assim, constata-se que no ordenamento jurídico não há um mecanismo plenamente eficaz para coibir tal conduta devido as dificuldades em detectar e fiscalizar este fenômeno. / The work part of the premise that a balanced environment is intergenerational law .To this end, it is the duty of the society, especially, businesses care this valuable right.The consumer has shown to be aware by choosing eco-friendly products, however, share of companies have used the ecological consciousness of the consumer to benefit through the false consciousness, called Greenwashing or"lavagem verde". The research is justified by the need to make an approach to this phenomenon by checking the consequences arising from this fraudulent practice for the consumer and the possible punishments on companies that make use of green marketing to promote themselves. The main objective is to analyze the specifies creating legislation feasibility . When it comes the methodology was used in theoretical research approach phase of exploratory character and made use of the bibliographical method procedure. It was the technique of bibliographical research through collection of theoretical papers, journals, reports, laws, doctrines, opinions and court decisions . Thus, it appears that the legal system there is no fully effective mechanism to restrain such conduct because of the difficulties in detecting and monitor this phenomenon.

The aim of this thesis was to examine the financial knowledge of older people as a vulnerable group of the population of the Czech Republic. For the analysis of the survey were selected. Seniors were considered 9 questions investigating their financial literacy. A questionnaire survey was conducted in homes for the elderly and nursing homes in the Czech Budejovice. The survey was a total of 300 respondents.

Consta o presente, de um levantamento bibliográfico sobre aspectos controversos das relações de consumo quando diante da detecção de vícios redibitórios em produtos adquiridos via Internet. Almeja o entendimento das implicações que esse meio de contratação traz para a sociedade em suas relações comerciais nas quais, por tal razão, o Direito, consequentemente, também precisa tutelar. Discutem-se, aqui, as conseqüências das relações de consumo, com destaque aos vínculos estabelecidos entre consumidor e vendedor, em meios eletrônicos, mostrar-se-ão as diferenças entre o Código de Defesa do Consumidor e o Código Civil, com destaque para a postura que deve ser assumida para se conseguir a tutela processual por via das ações edilícias diante dos vícios redibitórios em casos de contratos de caráter consumerista. A metodologia repousará no alicerce da doutrina sem esquecer de analisar os modernos meios de informações disponíveis. Para aprofundar a análise adequada da realidade e dos contratos realizados por meio dos que praticam o comércio eletrônico / Is in the present, a literature survey on controversial aspects of the relations of consumption when faced with the prohibitive detection of defects in goods purchased via the Internet. Aims to understand the implications that this method of procurement brings to society in their trade relations in which, for this reason, the law, therefore, also needs to protect. We discuss here the consequences of consumer relations, with emphasis on links established between consumer and seller, electronic media show will be the differences between the Code of Consumer Protection and the Civil Code, with emphasis on posture should be taken to achieve the procedural protection by the actions of defects before edilicias prohibitive in cases of contracts consumerist character. The methodology will rest on the foundation of the doctrine without forgetting to consider the modern means of information available. To deepen the analysis of reality and appropriate contracts made by means of practicing ecommerce

TCC (especialização em Direito Empresarial) - Pontifícia Universidade Católica, Rio de Janeiro, 2014. / Bibliografia: p. [54-55]

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:42:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:59:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Tese (Doutorado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP / FAPESP:10/52170-9

The aim of the thesis is the analysis of valid legal regulations in the area of consumer protection during internet trading. The introduction part deals with definitions of basic concepts as are consumer and his rights, consumer protection, activities of consumer protection organizations and definitions of electronic business and internet trading etc. The basis of the thesis is the analysis of intrastate, European and international legal regulations which concern the given issue. The emphasis is, above all, put on those rights and duties which are applied mostly by internet business users. The work also deals with the process of contracting on the internet. Particularities of e-contracting have an important influence on the validity of transactions and primarily on the moment of contraction. The last part deals with internet auctions, which are gaining popularity, and thus consumers protection is also a current issue. Room for evaluation of legal preparedness in the area is given to within the whole thesis.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:42:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:59:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Imunocomprometidos são pessoas susceptíveis a adquirir doenças graves a partir de alimentos contaminados, por possuírem um baixo número de células de defesa. Em consequência a este fato, apresentam alimentação extremamente restrita, evitando qualquer alimento que represente um risco microbiológico. A irradiação é uma das poucas tecnologias que permite garantir a segurança e a qualidade do alimento, controlando microrganismos patogênicos, sem afetar significativamente qualquer atributo organoléptico. Tomando-se por base a restrição alimentar em relação a produtos frescos, este trabalho destinou-se a estudar o efeito da radiação ionizante (raios gama) em saladas de frutas para pessoas imunocomprometidas. Para tanto, frutas minimamente processadas e saladas de frutas foram submetidas às doses de 0,5; 1,0; 1,5; 2,0 e 3,0 kGy e analisadas juntamente com as amostras controle (não irradiadas). Análises físico-químicas (cor, textura, acidez titulável total, pH, atividade de água, sólidos solúveis totais e açúcares solúveis), microbiológicas (estafilococos coagulase positiva, contagem de bolores e leveduras, contagem de bactérias aeróbias, coliformes totais, E. Coli e Salmonella) e sensoriais (testes de aceitação e degustação) foram realizadas, além da aplicação de questionários com chefes de nutrição de hospitais para o entendimento de práticas acerca da dieta hospitalar de imunocomprometidos. Os resultados demonstraram que a irradiação na dose de 3,0 kGy foi eficaz na eliminação de microrganismos da salada de frutas, garantindo a segurança microbiológica dentro dos níveis exigidos pela legislação. Em relação aos resultados físico-químicos, foram observadas alterações de cor e de textura com o aumento da dose de radiação. Resultados de pH, acidez, sólidos solúveis totais e atividade de água apresentaram flutuações de valores principalmente em função dos fatores intrínsecos da fruta, ao passo que saladas de frutas irradiadas com doses de 3,0 kGy, apresentaram uma tendência de ficar mais doces que as amostras controle, obtendo boa aceitação sensorial. Além disso, os resultados dos questionários realizados em hospitais reportaram uma necessidade de incorporar alimentos frescos à dieta nutricional dos imunocomprometidos, bem como a criação ou o estabelecimento de protocolos nutricionais no país para essa área. Sendo assim, com base nos resultados microbiológicos, físico-químicos e sensoriais pode-se concluir que saladas de frutas podem ser indicadas para o consumo de imunocomprometidos, desde que tratadas com a dose de 3,0 kGy e produzidas com Boas Práticas de Fabricação, respeitando os critérios de produção desde a matéria-prima até o produto final. / Tese (Doutorado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP / FAPESP:10/52170-9

Microfinance, the provision of financial services to the poor, has been celebrated for its win-win proposition of reducing poverty while operating on a financially sustainable or even profitable basis. However, the industry has recently experienced several crises that have challenged both its financial sustainability and its social reputation. As a result, the focus of the microfinance sector on commercialization has given way to a new emphasis on client-focused products and services and on customer protection as the industry’s current priorities. Given the risks it implies both to the social impact of microfinance and to institutional sustainability, the main focus of the current client protection efforts in microfinance is on protecting borrowers against over-indebtedness. <p><p>However, customer protection efforts are struggling with a significant gap of knowledge about the prevalence, causes and consequences of over-indebtedness. There is no agreed definition or measurement of personal over-indebtedness. Especially, there is no appropriate definition for customer protection purposes and for the specific circumstances of microfinance. Existing over-indebtedness definitions mostly centre on default, thus avoiding portfolio quality problems for the lending institutions. They do not take into account that borrowers already experience severe consequences of over-indebtedness before reaching the stage of default. Findings on the empirical prevalence of over-indebtedness and on its causes and consequences may differ based on a definition that takes the borrowers’ over-indebtedness experiences and thus the customer protection perspective into account.<p><p>The first paper of this PhD develops an over-indebtedness definition that is suitable for customer protection purposes in the microfinance context. The definition is based on the sacrifices that microborrowers experience related to their loans. Working with the economics, psychology, and sociology literatures on both microfinance and consumer finance, the paper provides a conceptual analysis of the demand and supply side factors that cause over-indebtedness as well as the role of adverse economic shocks. The second paper reveals the broad spectrum of consequences that over-indebtedness can have on borrowers and on MFIs. It then reviews the empirical studies on over-indebtedness in the microfinance industry to date to shed light on the prevalence of over-indebtedness in microfinance. <p><p>In an empirical field research supported by the Independent Evaluation Department of KfW Entwicklungsbank and the Smart Campaign at ACCION’s Center for Financial Inclusion, the PhD applies the customer protection definition of over-indebtedness that results from the first paper to the microfinance market of Accra in Ghana. The third paper uses this unique database to pinpoint the prevalence of over-indebtedness in this market and analyse the debt experiences of microborrowers. In a second step, by means of a logistic regression of alternative measurements on the customer protection measurement of over-indebtedness, it provides empirical confirmation for the important differences between the risk management perspective on over-indebtedness and the customer protection point of view. <p><p>Finally, the fourth paper of the PhD tests socio-demographic and economic factors on the borrower level for their relationship to over-indebtedness. It sheds light on how the potential over-indebtedness causes that emerge from the analysis of paper 1 relate to the likelihood of a borrower being over-indebted. It also works with the primary database from Ghana and uses econometric regression methods to confirm to what extent theses potential causes of over-indebtedness relate to over-indebtedness in the given microfinance setting.<p> / Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Banks play a pivotal role in economic growth and development of all countries and therefore the stability of the banking system is a vital goal of bank supervisors. Banks act as delegated monitors of depositors’ funds and this relationship, like all principal-agent relationships, presents agency problems. In the case of banks agency problems arise because depositors cannot accurately assess the financial health of banks due to the asymmetry of information existing between banks and depositors. Because banks possess private information on their borrowers, which depositors cannot access, it exposes depositors to risk of loss of deposits in cases of bank failures originating from nonrepayment of such loans. This asymmetry of information also exposes banks to runs by depositors and these runs can lead to bank failures with devastating effects for the financial system and the economy at large. It is for this reason that banks are regulated and supervised more than other institutions. Bank failures are a worldwide phenomenon and South Africa is no exception as evidenced by historical and recent bank failures in South Africa. This thesis investigates the desirability of introducing an explicit deposit insurance scheme in South Africa as a means of protecting small, unsophisticated depositors who are almost always the losers when banks fail, and promoting financial stability. The study finds that bank failures in South Africa are mainly attributable to mismanagement of banks, liquidity problems and fraud. Bank failures as a result of the aforementioned reasons have led to depositors losing their deposits in South Africa. The absence of a clearly defined depositor protection scheme in South Africa, the inadequacy of the hitherto implicit guarantee system to protect depositors, and the poor record of the South African Reserve Bank in bank failure resolution, form the basis of the conclusion of the study, i.e., there is a case for the introduction of deposit insurance in South Africa. In order to assist South African policymakers in designing an effective deposit insurance scheme for the country, the thesis further provides a guide on how the most important design features of deposit insurance should be handled. This is in an attempt to ensure that the moral hazard problem inherent in deposit insurance is overcome.