A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Education in fulfillment of the requirements of the Degree of Doctor Of Education in the Department of Curriculum and Instructional Studies at the University of Zululand, 2018 / The Curriculum Assessment Policy Statement (CAPS) was adopted based on the principles of the Revised National Curriculum Statement (RNCS) to improve the quality of education in both rural and urban areas since the change-over from apartheid education in 1994. The new curriculum was also introduced in order to shift from content to outcomes-based education which experienced marked implementation challenges. The main aim of this study was to investigate challenges facing educators in schools in the rural areas in the implementation of CAPS and develop a support programme for them to promote the quality of teaching and learning in these rural schools. This quantitative study used simple random sampling using a self-administered questionnaire to collect data from five hundred rural based educators. The instrument was shaped and enriched by consulting a wide range of literature on the subject to ensure its validity. Quantitative data was analysed using Statistical Package for Social Science 18 (SPSS 18) and Chi- square statistics. Results established challenges that educators are facing through lack of support programmes in the process of implementing CAPS in rural schools. It was also revealed that the majority of rural educators are not effective in implementing CAPS as they are not given support programmes. The findings of this study should assist in developing a support programme for rural based educators towards implementing the Curriculum Assessment Policy Statement in a manner that it would promote quality teaching and learning. The study concludes that rural educators need to be supported for the implementation of Curriculum Assessment Policy Statement. The study recommends the implementation of the support programme to rural educators for the effective implementation of CAPS. Further research into the development of support programme in South African rural educators should be undertaken. / National Research Foundation of South Africa (Grant Number: CPT160513164973 and 105246).

This project evaluated the feasibility of salvaging zebra mussel-infested freshwater mussels from their native habitat by determining 1) how zebra mussel infestation affects unionid feeding and body condition, 2) how starvation in quarantine affects body condition of unionids, and 3) what feeding regime maintain unionid condition in quarantine. The effects of zebra mussel infestation on two mussel species were evaluated through glycogen analyses of mantle tissue and gut content analysis. Specimens of Amblema p. plicata (Say, 1817) and Quadrula p. pustulosa (I. Lea, 1831), collected from a heavily infested reach of the Ohio River in 1996, had significantly lower (p<0.05) glycogen levels than specimens collected from a low-infestation reach upstream. In 1996 and 1997, heavily infested Amblema p. plicata and Quadrula p. pustulosa had significantly less (p<0.01) organic matter and fewer algal cells in their guts than lightly infested specimens. In addition, gut contents of individual A. p. plicata contained significantly less (p<0.05) organic matter and fewer algal cells than the combined gut contents of all zebra mussels (18-33 mm in length) attached to their shells. Gut analyses also revealed significant diet overlap between native unionids and infesting zebra mussels. Thus, competitive interactions or interference by zebra mussels likely reduced unionid ingestion and consequently reduced glycogen stores. During quarantine, unionids salvaged from a lightly infested area and starved for 30 days had glycogen levels that declined dramatically. After 30 days without supplemental feeding, mean glycogen levels of A. p. plicata declined 85%, and mean glycogen levels of Q. p. pustulosa declined 70%. Thus, feeding of unionids is necessary to maintain their condition during lengthy quarantine. To determine the best feeding regime for unionids in quarantine, assimilation efficiencies and carbon budgets were established for the rainbow mussel, Villosa iris (Lea, 1829), using radio-labelled cultures of Neochloris oleoabundans (Chantanachat and Bold 1962) at three cell concentrations. Assimilation efficiencies for Villosa iris at 100,000cells/ml, 10,000 cells/ml, and 1,000 cells/ml were similar (45-56%); however, regardless of these similarities, assimilation efficiencies from this study indicate that Neochloris oleoabundans is readily assimilated (~50% AE) by Villosa iris . In addition, total assimilation was maximized at 100,000cells/ml, which indicates that Villosa iris has the greatest amount of energy available for growth, reproduction, and maintenance of condition in captivity at this cell concentration. During a second quarantine experiment, specimens were provided with 100,000cells/ml of N. oleoabundans twice per day. Initial mean glycogen levels for Amblema p. plicata (9.4 + 2.4 mg/g) and Quadrula p. pustulosa collected from ORM 175.5 in July 1997 were not significantly different (p>0.3) than the mean glycogen levels of A. p. plicata and Q. p. pustulosa collected from the same site in July 1996. Glycogen stores of unionids entering quarantine, therefore, were similar in both the starvation and controlled feeding experiments. After 7, 14, and 30 days of controlled feeding in quarantine, mean glycogen levels of A. p. plicata and Q. p. pustulosa did not change significantly (p>0.1). Thus, quarantine protocol for salvaged native mussels should include the feeding of algae to captive specimens to sustain glycogen levels prior to relocation. / Master of Science

本研究的目的在探討，盈餘中所包括的由營業而來的運用資金及現金流量相對於盈餘而言，是否具增額資訊內涵？動機來自於我國於民國78年12月28日公布現金流量表取代財務狀況變動表，前者之主要衡量指標為營業活動現金流量，後者則為營業而來之運用資金，而以前者取代後者的理由究竟是因營業活動現金流量較營業而來運用資金更具資訊內涵？抑或是營業而萊的運用資金與盈餘之相關性太高，導致該指標無增額資訊內涵，而須提供與盈餘相關性較低的現金流量資訊？還是財務狀況妥動表相對於損益表及現金流量表而言，已無法提供增額資訊內涵？由於相關研究結果分歧，故本論文試圖做一深入瞭解。 本研究採事件研究法(Event Study)，藉由橫斷面分析，透過四階段進行測試：第一階段比較營業而來的運用資金及營業活動現金流量之相對資訊內涵；第二階段則加入稅後盈餘，測試第一階段之自變數相對於稅後盈餘而言，是否具增額資訊內涵，至於測試方法則採用可能比例測試法(Liklihood Ratio Test)，測試全迴歸模式中，某一特定變數的估計值是否異於零的方式；第三階段則將異積異常報酬(CAR)分成高、中、低三組，重新檢視一、二階段之結果，看是否在三組間能獲得相同的結論。最後則測試重大非營業項目及土地重估增值之增額資訊內涵。 本研究以162家國內上市製造業為樣本，蒐集其民國八十年至八十四年之財務資料進行實證研究，獲致以下結論： 一、營業而來的運用資金及現金流量相對資訊內涵之比較以年度資料及Pooling結果觀之，除民國80年之營業而來運用資金及營業活動現金活動與股票報酬有顯著關聯性外，其餘年度（包括pooling）則否，故無法得出年度之一般化結論。但若將累積異常報酬之pooling結果依大小分為三組，結果發現高報酬組中，營業而來的運用資金與股票報酬關聯性大於營業活動現金流量，此項結果與前者為加計流動性應計項目之資訊有關，而另外兩組無法得出結論。 二、營業而來的運用資金及現金流量增額資訊內涵之比較以年度資料觀之，民國80年的營業而來運用資金有超越盈餘及營業活動現金流量之增額資訊內涵。而從分組結果得知，高報酬組中，盈餘及營業而來的運用資金皆具有增額資訊內涵。 三、重大非營業項目及土地重估增值資訊內涵之比較以分組結果觀之，在高報酬組中，迴歸模式主要解釋能力來自盈餘，而處分投資、固定資產利得及土地重估增值均無增額資訊內涵；但在中、低報酬組及Pooling，處分固定資產利益皆具增額資訊內涵。 / This study aims to examine the incremental information contents of working capitals and cash flows which is mainly motivated by the mandated accounting regulation in relation to statement of cash flows on December 28, 1989. The empirical analysis includes 162 samples covering from 1991 to 1995. The findings can be summarized as follows. 1. In addition to the samples of 1991, no significant association between cash flows from operations (including working capitals from operations) and stock returns can be detected. Among high returns sample group, the working capital from operations significantly associates with stock returns, if all samples are pooled. 2. In 1991, the working capitals from operations has significant incremental information contents. In addition, among high returns samples the working capital from operations has significant incremental information contents, if all samples are pooled. 3. Among high returns samples, the explanatory power of stock returns is mainly derived from earnings. In addition, gain on disposal of fixed asset has significant incremental information contents in medium and low return sample groups.

Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Acids are one of the major components that originate largely from the berry, that are found in wine, and that influence the sensory perception. The presence of organic acids in adequate concentrations in the grape berry, of which tartaric- and malic acid are the main organic acids present, is important as this determines the potential of a must to produce a good and stable wine. The effect of temperature on the organic acid content of the must is widely discussed with higher temperatures in general being associated with lower quantities of organic acids present in the juice, and lower temperatures during ripening associated with higher quantities, specifically in the case of malic acid. Due to the topographical diversity of the Stellenbosch Wine of Origin district and the closeness of the ocean and the occurrence of sea breezes, the mesoclimate differs greatly over short distances. Sixteen sites, consisting of eight Sauvignon Blanc and Cabernet Sauvignon sites respectively, were selected from a broader terroir study site network. Three vintages with complete climatic datasets were selected for vintage comparisons. Climate in the study area was monitored on differing scales, and data from a weather station network, as well as from mesoclimatic dataloggers within the sites were available. The available data was firstly compared to determine the variability of the data, not only between the two climatic scales, but also between the sites. Different climate classification indices and parameters available in literature were thereafter compared and evaluated for the best representation in this area. The Huglin index was found to be a better representation regarding the thermal climatic indices. Due to the great differences between temperatures noted for the mesoclimatic loggers and the nearest automatic weather station, the use of mesoclimatic logger data was preferred, and is advised in future studies where this scale of data is available. Malic and tartaric acid has a definite synthesis period up until véraison, after which the content of tartaric acid remains constant in the berry and the content of malic acid decreases until harvest due to mainly respiration. The temperature data was therefore separated in a synthesis period from flowering to véraison, and a ripening period from véraison to harvest. In this study, clear differences were firstly seen in the climate as expected, not only between sites per vintage, but in addition between vintages and between vintages per site. The phenological differences between the sites could be largely attributed to the differences in temperature as phenology and temperature was found to be highly correlated in this study. Differences in the ripening parameters were noticed in addition to the contents of the organic acids between sites, although no definite contribution of temperature was shown to affect the contents of these compounds at either véraison or harvest. These differences may be attributed to other factors such as the soil water content and the canopy architecture. In addition, these factors all contribute in differing percentages to the differences found in the contents per site. It was found though that temperature can be used as an indicator of the organic acid content in the grape berry, considering that the temperature data is available on a mesoclimatic scale, separated in a synthesis and period of degradation, and the number of hours within the temperature thresholds are determined. Differences seen in the organic acid contents can however not only be attributed to the differences in topography and the temperature as discussed in this study. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Sure is belangrike druifkomponente wat grootliks hul oorsprong in die korrel het, in die wyn voorkom, en die sensoriese persepsie van die wyn beïnvloed. Die voorkoms van organiese sure in genoegsame konsentrasies in die korrel, waarvan wynsteensuur en appelsuur die hoof organiese sure is, is belangrik aangesien dit die potensiaal van die sap om ʼn goeie en stabiele wyn te produseer, bepaal. Hoe temperatuur die inhoud van organiese sure in die druiwesap affekteer is gereeld onder bespreking, met hoër temperature in die algemeen geassosieer met ʼn laer inhoud van organiese sure, terwyl laer temperature geassosieer word met ʼn hoër inhoud van organiese sure in die sap, veral in die geval van appelsuur. As gevolg van die topografiese diversiteit van die Stellenbosch Wyn van Oorsprong distrik, asook die nabyheid van die oseaan met die gepaardgaande voorkoms van die seebries, verander die mesoklimaat aansienlik oor klein afstande in hierdie area. Vir die studie was sestien wingerde, wat bestaan het uit agt Sauvignon Blanc en agt Cabernet Sauvignon wingerde, geselekteer vanuit ʼn groter terroir studie. Verder was drie seisoene, met volledige klimaatsdatastelle, geselekteer vir die vergelyking van data tussen die seisoene. Klimaat was op verskillende skale binne die studie area gemonitor en data van ʼn weerstasie netwerk, sowel as van mesoklimaat dataversamelaars binne die wingerde, was beskikbaar. Die beskikbare datastelle was vergelyk, asook geëvalueer, om die mees verteenwoordigende datastel vir die area te bepaal. Met die oorweging van die termiese indekse was daar gevind dat die Huglin indeks beter verteenwoordigend van die area was. Verder, as gevolg van die groot verskille wat gevind is tussen die temperature gemeet met die mesoklimaat dataversamelaars en die naaste outomatiese weerstasie, was daar besluit dat die gebruik van die mesoklimaat data verkies is en is dit ook aan te beveel vir die gebruik in toekomstige navorsing indien die tipe data beskikbaar is. Wynsteen- en appelsuur het beide ʼn definitiewe sintese periode tot en met véraison, waarna die hoeveelheid wynsteensuur in die korrel relatief konstant bly en die hoeveelheid appelsuur afneem hoofsaaklik as gevolg van respirasie. Die temperatuur data was dus verdeel in ‘n periode van sintese vanaf blom tot en met véraison, en ʼn rypwordingsperiode vanaf véraison tot en met oes. In hierdie studie was daar eerstens groot verskille waargeneem in die klimaat soos wat daar verwag is. Hierdie verskille was nie net waargeneem as tussen die seisoene nie, maar ook tussen die wingerde binne ʼn seisoen. Die fenologiese veskille tussen die wingerde wat ook waargeneem is, kon hoofsaaklik aan die verskille in die temperatuur toegeskryf word en ʼn goeie korrelasie tussen temperatuur en fenologie is opgemerk. Merkwaardige verskille in die rypwordingsparameters, asook in die inhoud van die organiese sure, was waargeneem, alhoewel die bydrae van temperatuur op die inhoud van hierdie komponente by véraison of oes nie as definitief getoon is nie. Dit kan toegeskryf word aan die bydrae van ander faktore, soos byvoorbeeld die grondwaterinhoud en die lowerargitektuur, op die inhoud van hierdie komponente. Die addisionele faktore dra egter in verskillende persentasies by tot die verskille waargeneem tussen die wingerde.

Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to identify the obstacles against supplier compliance, which focal companies encounter within the upstream supply chain when attempting to collect the requested product contents information. Based on this problem, the objective is to identify the most useful supply chain management practices to ensure supplier compliance.Method: The theoretical framework contains the Principal-Agent theory and Responsible Supply Chain Management. The empirical findings are derived through semi-structured interviews that were conducted with three Swedish corporations operating in China and one Swedish-Chinese consulting firm.Results: The two main-obstacles to supplier compliance were firstly found to consist of lacking supplier understanding of the product contents information requirements (PCIR). These obstacles prevented the supplier from understanding the risk at hand and what behaviour that triggered the risk. The second main-obstacles were found to be the prevalence of different opposing interests, which could all be traced back to the reluctance to assume an increase in costs, and could induce the supplier to pursue that interest rather than the interest to comply to the PCIR. With these obstacles in mind, the main objective of the focal company’s supply chain management practices should preferably be to create risk in relation to the PCIR, ensure supplier understanding and pay attention to the opposing interests. The most useful type of supply chain management practice for fulfilling these objectives were the use of incentives, preferably in combination with sanctions, to create risk. Training was considered most useful for ensuring supplier understanding, although a combination of training, personal communication and written documents is potentially interesting. Regarding the opposing interests, accommodating practices were found most useful rather than attempt to persuade the supplier to give up the interest.

Considerando a reconhecida importância dos Crustáceos para os peixes da família Sciaenidae, decidiu-se estudar a alimentação das espécies: Cynoscion jamaiacensis Cynoscion striatus, Macrodon ancylodon, Micropogonias furnieri, Paralonchurus brasiliensis e Umbrina canosai, em relação aos itens-Crustacea e em especial aos Amphipoda. O material em estudo foi obtido de três cruzeiros do Convênio GEDIP e IOUSP, coletados na Plataforma Continental, entre as latitudes 29º 21\'S (Torres) e 33º 41\'s (Chuí) entre outubro de 1968 e março de 1969. Embora em C.jamaicensis, P.brasiliensis o número de exemp1ares examinados fosse pequeno, foram calculados para a aná1ise do conteúdo estomacal (itens-Crustacea): a freqüência de ocorrência, porcentagem numérica, volume percentual e IRI (índice de re1ativa importância). O número de itens-Crustacea encontrado para as espécies de Sciaenidae foi muito variado. Assim, em M.ancylodon e P.brasiliensis foram encontrados 4 itens, em C.jamaicensis 5, em C.striatus 9, em M.furnieri 13 e em U.canosai 15. O IRI forneceu os itens mais importantes para cada espécie como segue: Amphipoda para C.jamaicensia, P.braisiliensis e U.canosai; Natantia para C.striatus e M.ancylodon e Brachyura para M.furnieri. A análise sobre a variação do regime alimentar com o aumento do tamanho do peixe, revelou que em M.ancylodon, M.furnier, P.brasiliensis e U.canosai, os peixes maiores vão adicionando outros itens, ampliando o seu espectro alimentar. À medida que o peixe cresce, diminui a freqüência de ingestão de presas maiores e aumenta a de presas maiores. O número de espécies de Amphipoda predadores por esses peixes também foi variável. Algumas espécies de Amphipoda foram encontradas em uma só espécie de peixe, outras ao contrário são presas comuns a vários peixes; outras ainda foram encontradas eu alta porcentagem numérica nos estômagos. C.jamaicensis, C. striatus e U.canosai consumiram mais espécies de Amphipoda da infauna, P. brasiliensis ingeriu mais espécies da epifauna, enquanto M. furnieri parece não ter preferência por nenhum desses dois grupos de Amphipoda. Espécies de Amphipoda registradas no levantamento bentônico feito na mesma região de captura dos peixes, revelou uma coincidência de várias espécies encontradas no conteúdo estomacal, indicando que os peixes devem capturar pelo menos parte de sua dieta sobre os organismos disponíveis no seu habitat. Muitas das espécies de Amphipoda predadas pelos Sciaenidae podem também ser as presas de peixes Pleuronectiformes da mesma região. Seis espécies de Amphipoda não haviam sido assinaladas em conteúdo estomacal de peixes, enquanto duas espécies já haviam sido encontradas em estômagos de outras espécies de Sciaenidae. A sobreposição alimentar verificada para pares de espécies de peixes a níve1de ordem dos itens alimentares foi confirmada quando da identificação específica do item Amphipoda. / Considerando a reconhecida importância dos Crustáceos para os peixes da família Sciaenidae, decidiu-se estudar a alimentação das espécies: Cynoscion jamaiacensis Cynoscion striatus, Macrodon ancylodon, Micropogonias furnieri, Paralonchurus brasiliensis e Umbrina canosai, em relação aos itens-Crustacea e em especial aos Amphipoda. O material em estudo foi obtido de três cruzeiros do Convênio GEDIP e IOUSP, coletados na Plataforma Continental, entre as latitudes 29º 21\'S (Torres) e 33º 41\'s (Chuí) entre outubro de 1968 e março de 1969. Embora em C.jamaicensis, P.brasiliensis o número de exemp1ares examinados fosse pequeno, foram calculados para a aná1ise do conteúdo estomacal (itens-Crustacea): a freqüência de ocorrência, porcentagem numérica, volume percentual e IRI (índice de re1ativa importância). O número de itens-Crustacea encontrado para as espécies de Sciaenidae foi muito variado. Assim, em M.ancylodon e P.brasiliensis foram encontrados 4 itens, em C.jamaicensis 5, em C.striatus 9, em M.furnieri 13 e em U.canosai 15. O IRI forneceu os itens mais importantes para cada espécie como segue: Amphipoda para C.jamaicensia, P.braisiliensis e U.canosai; Natantia para C.striatus e M.ancylodon e Brachyura para M.furnieri. A análise sobre a variação do regime alimentar com o aumento do tamanho do peixe, revelou que em M.ancylodon, M.furnier, P.brasiliensis e U.canosai, os peixes maiores vão adicionando outros itens, ampliando o seu espectro alimentar. À medida que o peixe cresce, diminui a freqüência de ingestão de presas maiores e aumenta a de presas maiores. O número de espécies de Amphipoda predadores por esses peixes também foi variável. Algumas espécies de Amphipoda foram encontradas em uma só espécie de peixe, outras ao contrário são presas comuns a vários peixes; outras ainda foram encontradas eu alta porcentagem numérica nos estômagos. C.jamaicensis, C. striatus e U.canosai consumiram mais espécies de Amphipoda da infauna, P. brasiliensis ingeriu mais espécies da epifauna, enquanto M. furnieri parece não ter preferência por nenhum desses dois grupos de Amphipoda. Espécies de Amphipoda registradas no levantamento bentônico feito na mesma região de captura dos peixes, revelou uma coincidência de várias espécies encontradas no conteúdo estomacal, indicando que os peixes devem capturar pelo menos parte de sua dieta sobre os organismos disponíveis no seu habitat. Muitas das espécies de Amphipoda predadas pelos Sciaenidae podem também ser as presas de peixes Pleuronectiformes da mesma região. Seis espécies de Amphipoda não haviam sido assinaladas em conteúdo estomacal de peixes, enquanto duas espécies já haviam sido encontradas em estômagos de outras espécies de Sciaenidae. A sobreposição alimentar verificada para pares de espécies de peixes a níve1de ordem dos itens alimentares foi confirmada quando da identificação específica do item Amphipoda. ABSTRACT Crustacea are considered one of the most important items of the Benithos feeding fish Sciaenidae. The present study analyses the Crustacea and more particular1y the Amphipoda found in the stomach of the Sciaenidae: Cynoscion jamaicensis, Cynoscion striatus, Macrodon ancylodon, Micropogonias furnieri, Parolonchurus brasiliensis and Umbrina canosai. The material was collected on the continental shelf in Southern Brazil (Lat. 29º 21\'S and 33º 41\'S) from October 1968 through March 1969. Although samples with only few specimens of C.jamaicensis and P.brasiliensis were obtained, the results gave important information about the feeding habits of the fish. The number of Crustacea itens varied from one fish species to another. The indice IRI (Pinkas et al., 1971) calculated for the different crustacean itens indicated Amphipoda for C.jamaicensis, P.brasiliensis and U.carosai ; Natantia for C.striatus and M.ancylodon and finally Brachyura for M.furnieri as the most important item. For M.ancylodon, M.furnieri, P.brasilinsis and U.canosai, it was observed that their food spectrun enlarges as their length increases. Each fish species consumed a diverse number of Amphipoda species, same of them being exclusive for only one fish, while others are common prey of several species. Few planktonic Amphipoda especies were found in the contents examined. Bentonic, epifaunal and infauna1 Amphipoda were comsumed in different percentages. Many Amphipoda found in the benthoc sampling of the fishing area were reacorded in the stomach contents. Same of the species preyed by Sciaenidae are the same as those recorded by a previous study (wakabara et al., 1982) on the feeding habits of P1euronectiformes from the same region. The food over1apping among pairs of fishes previous1y observed by Vazzo1er (1975) was confirmed by the specific identification of the preys although this preying is done in different percentages, in terms of composition.

O clado de Passeriformes denominado, atualmente, Furnariida é endêmico da região Neotropical e muito diversificado; ele é representado por cerca de 623 espécies alocadas em 134 gêneros, distribuídas nas seguintes famílias: Furnariidae, Dendrocolaptidae, Thamnophilidae, Formicariidae, Conopophagidae e Rhinocryptidae. As aves deste grupo são, em geral, encontradas em bandos mistos de espécies e/ou podem seguir formigas de correição, fenômenos que são conspícuos entre aves de florestas tropicais. Os representantes de Furnariida são considerados insetívoros, embora possam consumir, ocasionalmente, pequena quantidade de frutos ou sementes e pequenos vertebrados. Este trabalho teve como objetivo descrever a dieta de espécies representantes dos Furnariida que ocorrem em diferentes regiões da Amazônia, além de estimar o número de presas e de biomassa bruta consumida. Para tal, foi analisado o conteúdo estomacal de 476 espécimes de aves Furnariida, dos quais 51 pertencem à família Furnariidae, 139 à Dendrocolaptidae, 280 à Thamnophilidae, 3 à Formicariidae e 3 à Conopophagidae. Foram utilizados dois métodos diferentes para avaliar a contribuição da biomassa de presas consumidas pelos Dendrocolaptidae. O método da biomassa parcial apresentou-se muito incerto e, neste estudo, considerou-se a biomassa estimada como o método mais confiável para comparar o número total de itens e sua biomassa correspondente. As principais presas consumidas por estes pássaros foram Coleoptera, Orthoptera e Araneae. No entanto, Orthoptera foi o item que contribuiu com a maior biomassa ingerida, seguido de Coleoptera e Vertebrata. A alta biomassa de Orthoptera no ambiente poderia explicar o maior consumo, ou preferência desses insetívoros por tal item. Os vertebrados foram consumidos por alguns espécimes de Dendrocolaptidae e de Thamnophilidae e a maior parte do material ingerido pelos dendrocolaptídeos corresponde a Gonatodes humeralis, um pequeno lagarto escansorial; já os vertebrados consumidos pelos tamnofilídeos não foram identificados. A predação de vertebrados pode ser ocasional e, em geral, é considerada oportunística. Nas famílias de Furnariida, com número representativo de espécimes, Orthoptera e Araneae tiveram maior frequência de ocorrência em Furnariidae, enquanto Coleoptera e Orthoptera em Thamnophilidae e Coleoptera em Dendrocolaptidae, o que pode estar relacionado aos hábitos de forrageamento das espécies nelas incluídas / The clade Furnariida of the Passeriformes is endemic to the Neotropical region, and is very diverse: it is represented by around 623 species in some 134 genera distributed in the following families: Furnariidae, Dendrocolaptidae, Thamnophilidae, Formicariidae, Conopophagidae e Rhinocryptidae. Commonly the birds of this group are found in mixed-species flocks and/or as army-ant-followers, features that are common amongst birds of the tropical forests. Members of the Funariida are considered to be insectivores although they may occasionally eat small quantities of fruit or seeds, or small vertebrates. The objective of this study was to describe the diet of representative species of the Funariida that occur in different Amazonian regions, and also estimate the numbers of prey and total biomass consumed. To do this the stomach contents of 476 specimens of the Furnariida were analyzed, of which, 51 belonged to the family Funariidae, 139 to the Dendrocolaptidae, 280 to the Thamnophilidae, and 3 each to the Formaricariidae and Conopophagidae. Two methods were used to evaluate the contribution of the biomass of the preys consumed by the Dendrocolaptidae. The partial biomass method was found to be very unreliable and so, in this study, the estimated biomass method was found to be the most appropriate to compare the total number of items in the corresponding biomass. The main types of prey eaten by these birds were Coleoptera, Orthoptera and Araneae. Nevertheless, Orthoptera were the group that made the biggest contribution to the ingested biomass, followed by Coleoptera and Vertebrata. The high biomass of Orthoptera in the environment would explain the high consumption and preference for these insects as prey. The vertebrates were consumed by some specimens of Dendrocolaptidae and Thamnophilidae, and in the case of the dendrocolaptids these were all the small scansorial lizard Gonatodes humeralis; those consumed by the thamnophilids were not identified. Predation on vertebrates seems to be occasional and is probably opportunistic. In the families of the Furnariida, represented by numbers of specimens, Orthoptera and Aranae had the highest frequency of occurrence in the Funariidae, with Coleoptera and Orthoptera in the Thamnophilidae, and Coleoptera in the Dendrocolaptidae, which can be related to the foraging habits of the species in these families

L’évolution des technologies numériques a transformé la manière dont on accède aux contenus de presse ; de nouvelles utilisations et de nouveaux acteurs sont apparus. En ligne, le public peut désormais s’informer aussi des faits d’actualité au moyen de liens hypertexte établis par les agrégateurs d’actualités vers les pages des sites de presse. Cette étude propose une analyse des difficultés autour de la reprise des contenus de presse numériques par les agrégateurs d’actualités. D’un côté, la production de contenus d’actualités nécessite d’importants investissements et à ce titre les éditeurs de presse aspirent à ce que l’indexation de leurs contenus sur les plateformes des agrégateurs d’actualités donne lieu à rémunération. De l’autre, les agrégateurs d’actualités facilitent l’accès aux publications et incidemment l’exercice du droit à l’information du public. S’il faut encourager le développement de nouvelles activités en ligne qui facilitent l’accès aux contenus informationnels, il faut aussi préserver les ressources financières des éditeurs de presse en les rémunérant pour l’utilisation de la valeur économique de leurs publications. C’est à cette problématique que la présente thèse s’efforce de répondre. Pour cela les contenus de presse sont d’abord étudiés sous l’angle d’une valeur économique protégée par le droit de la propriété littéraire et artistique. Ensuite, à titre complémentaire, les comportements des agrégateurs d’actualités vis-à-vis des éditeurs de presse lors de leur activité de référencement sont analysés au regard du droit économique. / The evolution of digital technologies has transformed the way people read press contents; new uses and new actors have emerged. Online, the public can now also read the news through hypertext links established by news aggregators leading to press publisher’s websites. This study provides an analysis of the difficulties around the reuse of digital press contents by news aggregators. On the one hand, the production of news contents requires significant investment for press publishers, which explains why they want to earn money from these hypertext links. On the other hand, news aggregators facilitate access to publications and, incidentally, the exercise of the public's right to information. If the development of new online activities facilitating access to information is to be encouraged, it is also necessary to make sure that press publishers are getting paid for the use of their publications. It is to this issue that the present thesis endeavors to answer. For this reason, press contents are first studied from the point of view of an economic value protected by copyright law. Then, in addition, the behavior of news aggregators towards press publishers is analyzed under economic law.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-04T18:28:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lorena Samara Mendes.pdf: 1568887 bytes, checksum: 43ef196d14abb183bafbc1a595a02034 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-16 / Leadership is a topic that has been frequently underlined on behalf of organizations and researchers on the organizational behavior, been largely discussed, studied, researched and exposed to the most varied theories. It is a process that involves the relationship between a leader and a group, marked by countless context possibilities and evaluation, though still little explored empirically. Given this gap and the absence of consent towards its definition, the objective of this work was to investigate the construction of leadership and ascertain how its definition and appreciation alters on behalf of the context. For this, 21 participants belonging to three different context (organizational, social and educational), answered a questionnaire elaborated by the author. Their answers were examined qualitatively by contents analysis, which consisted in the elaboration, by the author, of main categories, subsequently evaluated by independent judges. The results point towards more difference than similarities in the answers provided by the participants of the investigated contexts, in a way that the phenomenon?s definitions, as well as the characteristics that influence the exercise of leadership in a positive and in negative way, showed variation, within the group as well as in intergroup. It is expected that the results of this study may help the investigations about leadership, in a way that other studies are necessaries for a consensus about the concept definition may be, ever more, close to be achieved and, in a way that the results obtained by such researches may contribute to the scientific investigation of leadership / A lideran?a ? uma tem?tica que tem recebido bastante destaque por parte das organiza??es e dos pesquisadores na ?rea do comportamento organizacional, sendo largamente discutida, estudada, pesquisada e exposta ?s mais diversas teorias. ? um processo que envolve a rela??o entre um l?der e um grupo, marcada por in?meras possibilidades de contexto e avalia??o, embora ainda pouco explorada empiricamente. Dada essa lacuna e a aus?ncia de consenso em rela??o ? sua defini??o, o objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar a constru??o da lideran?a e averiguar como sua defini??o e valoriza??o se altera em fun??o do contexto. Para isso, 21 participantes que pertencem a tr?s diferentes contextos (empresarial, social e educacional), responderam a um question?rio elaborado pela autora. Suas respostas foram examinadas qualitativamente por meio da an?lise de conte?do, a qual consistiu na elabora??o, pela pesquisadora, de categorias principais, posteriormente validadas por ju?zes independentes. Os resultados apontaram mais diferen?as do que semelhan?as nas respostas fornecidas pelos participantes dos contextos investigados, de forma que as defini??es do fen?meno, assim como as caracter?sticas que influenciariam positivamente e negativamente o exerc?cio da lideran?a, apresentaram varia??o, tanto intragrupo quanto intergrupo. Espera-se que os resultados do presente estudo possam auxiliar as investiga??es sobre lideran?a, de forma que outros estudos se fazem necess?rios para que um consenso em rela??o ? defini??o do conceito possa estar, cada vez mais, pr?xima de ser alcan?ada e, de forma que os resultados obtidos por tais pesquisas possam contribuir para a investiga??o cientifica da lideran?a.

Orientador: Suraya Cristina Darido / Banca: Helder Guerra de Resende / Banca: Irene Conceição Andrade Rangel / Resumo: Procuramos neste trabalho analisar como dois professores de Educação Física que atuam em Escolas Públicas do Ensino Fundamental, com mestrado na área e posicionamentos favoráveis às propostas renovadoras, tratam os conteúdos da dimensão conceitual nas suas aulas. Por meio de um estudo do tipo etnográfico, envolvendo a observação e análise das aulas dos professores, dos planos de ensino e de entrevistas com alunos e professores, procuramos investigar: a) os principais conteúdos da dimensão conceitual tratados, b) a organização dos conteúdos da dimensão conceitual, c) as estratégias de ensino. Entre os resultados, verificamos que os principais conteúdos da dimensão conceitual referiram-se ao entendimento dos significados, objetivos, princípios e possibilidades de conhecimentos relacionados à anatomia, nutrição, habilidades motoras, fisiologia, saúde, capacidades físicas, treinamento, aspectos históricos, sociais, econômicos, políticos, estéticos, culturais, regras, técnicas, táticas das práticas integrantes da cultura corporal (jogos, danças, lutas, ginásticas, esportes, brincadeira). Quanto à organização, verificamos que diferentes formas poderão conduzir ao alcance dos objetivos pretendidos, cabendo ao professor fazer opções de acordo com a realidade em que atua. Entretanto, pareceu que seja favorável iniciar por conteúdos mais próximo da realidade ou do interesse do aluno e que se procure estabelecer sincronia com temas de projetos da escola. O uso de desenhos, vídeo e pesquisas mostraram-se bastante eficientes. Consideramos que o tratamento da dimensão conceitual dos conteúdos traz importantes contribuições para a formação do aluno, portanto, precisa ser valorizado nas aulas de Educação Física / Abstract: Taking the position in favour of pedagogic practices in Physical Education, which intend to overcome limitations of the traditional teaching model for student's education, including among its objectives the instruction for democratic citizenship; considering that the application of the conceptual contents is one of the common aspects of these theories; we have decided to develop this research, analysing how two Physical Education teachers, who work at Elementary Schools, hold Master Degrees in the field and have favourable positions on new proposals, handle contents of the conceptual dimension in their classes. Through an ethnografic study, involving observation and analysis of the classes, the teaching plan and the interviews with students and other teachers, we tried to investigate what conceptual contects were used, why they were used and the ways of teaching these contents. The main handled conceptual contents refer to the undestanding of meanings, objectives, principles and possibilities of knowledge concerning motor skills, physiology, health, physical capabilities, training, historical, social, economic, politic, esthetic and cultural aspects, rules, techniques, tactics of the integrating practices of the corporal culture (games, dances, fights, gymnastics, sports) due to the belief that the application of this knowledge in a suitable way will allow students to enlarge their reflections, thus their capacity of criticism, which is a fundamental element for teaching citizenship. Several strategies can be utilized for conceptual contents treatment. Others shoud also be quite efficient, such as: drawings, videos and researches / Mestre