Orientador : Valdemiro C. Sgarbieri / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos e Agricola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-16T22:21:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Schonhaus_Ilana_M.pdf: 4737812 bytes, checksum: 0e94ed6df55a96bdc74d47d31d2d7ced (MD5) Previous issue date: 1980 / Resumo: Os principais objetivos deste trabalho foram concentrados no estudo comparativo químico e nutricional de quatro variedades de milho em dois estágios de maturação: verde (20 dias após polinização) e seco. As quatro variedades estudadas são caracterizadas pelos seguintes genótipos de endosperma para carboidratose proteínas: Maya Normal (Su02); Doce Piramex (su02); Maya (Su02) e Nutrimaiz ou Doce-Opaco (su02). O estudo químico envolveu determinações da composição centesimal, variação no teor dos principais componentes estruturais, extração fracionada das protelnas, composlção em aminoácidos das frações protéicas e da farinha interal. Os resultados indicaram que ocorreram modificações profundas na composição do grão com o amadurecimento e que as diferenças entre variedades são condicionadas pelos respectivos genótipos. Em relação à composição centesimal observou-se nas quatro variedades consideráveis variações com a maturação. As porcentagens de nitrogênio não protéico, de fibra e de cinza diminuíram, enquanto, que o teor de lípide aumentou nas quatro variedades. Os milhos Doce Piramex e Nutrimaiz apresentaram 8.0 e 5.3% de lípide, respectivamente, no estágio seco, contra 5.0 e 6.0 para as variedades Maya Normal e Maya Opaco. A extração fracionada das proteínas revelou um comportamento similar entre as variedades cujos genótipos dos endospermas são semelhantes para proteinas, ou seja, entre o Maya Normal e o Doce Piramex (02) e entre o Maya Opaco e o Nutrimaiz (°2>, Todas as variedades apresentaram maior teor de proteínas 4 salino-solúveis (albuminas mais globulinas) no estágio verde, em maior concentração no Nutrimaiz e no Maya Opaco, sendo que estas diminuíram com o amadurecimento. As variações registradas foram: 58,2 a 16,0; 56,1 a 21,0; 60,7 a 40,1 e 69,8 a 49,6% pa ra as variedades Maya Normal, Doce Piramex, Maya Opaco e NutrimaiZ, respectlvamente. Por outro lado, a fração zelna variou de 16,4 a 40,0% e de 14,9 a 37,2% no Maya normal e no Doce Piramex, nos dois estágios de maturação, em comparação com o Maya Opaco 8,0 a 10,8% e o Nutrimaiz, 5,1 a 6,0%. O Maya Opaco e o Nutrimaiz apresentaram, no estágio seco, 25,8 e 29,8% de glutelina 3, respectivamente, em contraste com 14% no Maya Normal e 18% no Doce Piramex. Cada fração protéica revelou uma composição característica, sendo que as frações albumina, globulina e glutelina 3 apresentaram melhor perfil aminoacídico. Assim, as farinhas das variedades Nutrimaiz e Maya Opaco apresentaram uma composição mais favorável que as demais, nos dois estágios de maturação. As principais deficiências encontradas na composição das proteínas dos milhos Maya Normal e Doce Piramex referem-se aos aminoá cidos essenciais lisina (2,4 e 2,7%, respectivamente) e triptofano, 0,4%. Para o Maya Opaco e para o Nutrimaiz. A concentração de lisina na proteína foi de 4,6% e para o triptofano 1,2 e 0,9%. A relação leucina/isoleucina, no estágio seco, é também muito alta no Maya Normal e no Doce Piramex contribuindo para as qualidades nutricionais inferiores dessas variedades em relação ao Maya Opaco e ao Nutrimaiz. A avaliação nutricional foi feita pela determinação de PER e de balanço de nltrogenlo. Os valores de PER caíram com a maturação de 1,9 para 1,2 no Maya Normal e de 2,0 para 1,4 no 5 Doce Piramex, enquanto que permaneceu praticamente constante, em torno de 2,6, no Maya Opaco e no Nutrimaiz. Esses valores de verao ser comparados com 2,9 para a dieta de caseína. O valor biológico caiu de 70%, no estágio verde, para 50,8 e 55% no estágio seco, no Maya Normal e Doce Piramex, respectivamente. Para o Nutrimaiz e para o Maya Opaco o valor biológico permaneceu constante em torno de 74%. Em relação à capacidade de promover crescimento em ratos, estudos estatísticos demonstraram que não houve diferença significativa entre as variedades Maya Opaco e Nutrimaiz em relação ao padrão caseína, enquanto as variedades Doce Piramex e Maya Normal apresentaram diferença significativa a nível de 5% no estágio verde e 1% no estágio seco em relação ao padrão. Assim, concluímos que as variedades Nutrimaiz e Maya Opaco são nutricionalmente superiores ao Maya Normal e ao Doce Piramex nos dois estágios de maturação, sendo que o duplo-mutante Nutrimaiz herdou as características favoráveis dos genes paternos, constituindo-se numa variedade que apresenta uma composição protéica mais favorável, além de conter açúcares de melhor qualidade e maior teor de óleo. Estas características conferem ao Nutrimaiz propriedades nutricionais iguais ou superiores ao Maya Opaco, oferecendo uma alternativa favorável em relação a um maior consumo de milho'"in natura" ou processado / Abstract: The principal aim of the present work was a comparative chemical and nutritional study of 'four varieties of 'corn in two stages of maturation: green (20 days after polli nation) and dry. The four varieties studied are characterized by the following endosperm genotypes with respect to carbohydrates and protein: Normal Maya (Su02); Sweet Piramex (suo2); Opaque Maya (Su02) and Nutrimaiz or Sweet-Opaque (su02). The chemical investigat~on involved determinations of percentual composition, variation in the content of the main structural components, amino acid composition of the protein fractions and of .the whole flour. The results indicated that there are a marked modification of the grain composition during maturation and that the differences between the varieties are conditioned by the respective genotypes. Considerable variations were observed in the percentual compositions of the four varieties. Non protein nitrogen, ash, and fiber decreased with maturation whereas the lipid content increased. The Sweet Piramex and Nutrimaiz showed 8.0 and 9.3% of lipid, respectively, in the dry stage of maturation, against 5.0 and 6.4 for the Normal Maya and Opaque Maya. Fractional extraction of proteins disclosed a similar behaviour of varieties with respect to endosperm genotypes,that is, a similarity exists between Normal Mãya and Sweet Piramex (02) and between 'Opaque Maya and Nutrimaiz (02) regarding variation of the contents of different protein fractions, during the maturation processo All varieties showed a greater content of saline-soluble proteins (albumins and globulins) in the green stage their concentration being greate in Nutrimaiz and Opaque Maya, but diminishipg with maturation. The variations observed were: 58.2 to 16.0; 56.1 to 21.0; 60.7 to 40.land 69.8 to 49.6% in the varieties Normal Maya, Sweet Piramex, Opaque Maya and Nutrimaiz, respectively. O the other hand, the zein fraction varied from 16.4 to 40.0% and from 14.9 to 37.2% in Normal Maya and Sweet Piramex for green and dry stages of maturation, compared with 8.0 to 10.8% for Opaque Maya and 5.1 to 6.0% for Nutrimaiz Opaque Maya and Nutrimaiz contained in the dry stage 25.8 and 29.8% of glutelin 3, where as Normal Maya and Sweet Piramex contained 14.0 and 18.0%, respectively. Each protein fraction had a characteristic composition; the albumin, globulin and glutelin 3 presenting a better amino acid pattern. Thus Nutrimaiã and Opaque Maya floursshowed a more favourable composition in any maturing stage than the remaining varieties. The main deficiencies found in the composition of Normal Maya and Sweet Piramex are related to the essencial amino acids lysine (2.4 and 2.7%) and triptophan (0.4 and 0.4%, respectively) whereas in both Opaque Maya and Nutri maiz lysine accounted for 4.6% and triptophan for 1.2 and 0.9%. The leucine/isoleucine ratio is much higher in the Maya Normal 5.3) and Sweet Piramex (4.7) as compared with that of Opaque Maya (3.3) and Nutrimaiz (3.2) which results in lower nutritional quality for the first two varieties. Nutritional evaluation was done by PER and nitrogen balance determinations. The PER dropped on maturation frem 1.9 to 1.2 for the Maya Normal and 2.0 to 1.4 for the Sweet Piramex whereas it remained practically constant, around 2.6, for the Maya Opaque and Nutrimaiz. These values shall be compared with 2.9 for the casein diet. The biological value drepped frem 70%, in the green stage, to 50.8 and 55% in the mature (dry) stage for the Maya Normal and Sweet Piramex, respectively. For Nutrimaiz and Maya Opaque the biological value remained essentially constant areund 74%. Regarding the growth promoting capacity in rats, statistic studies showed that there was no signigicant difference between the varieties Opaque Maya and Nutrimaiz compared with casein, whereas Sweet Piramex and Normal Maya showed, in relation to casein, significant differenceat 5% leveI in the green stage and at 1% leveI in the dry stage. This leads to the conclusion that the Nutrimaiz and Maya Opaque were superior to the Normal Maya and Sweet Piramex in both stage of maturation. Thl'! rk.l1'1)l p m..+;""+ Mtiizirited the favourable characteristics of the paternal genes, which confers on it a better chemical composition than that of the ancestral varieties, thus, originating a variety of more favourable protein composition. It contains, in addition, sugars of better quality and a higher percentage of oil. These characteristics ensure to Nutrimaiz nutritional properties equalor superior to those of Maya Opaque, offering prospects of a greater consumption of com in its natural or processed formo / Mestrado / Ciência de Alimentos / Mestre em Ciência de Alimentos

<p>Aflatoxins (AFs) are highly toxic second metabolites produced by <i>Aspergillus flavus </i>and<i> A. parasiticus</i>. They are widely detected in cereals, spices, and drinks worldwide. Aflatoxin contamination of foods and crops poses a high health risk for humans and livestock. It is well known that environmental conditions and substrates could influence fungal growth and aflatoxin production. This study tested the effect of water activity (0.82, 0.86, 0.90, 0.94, and 0.98 a_w) and incubation temperatures (20°, 27°, and 35°C) on the growth and aflatoxin production of <i>A. flavus </i>and <i>A. parasiticus</i> on ground flax seeds and ground niger seeds. The effect of oil contents of ground niger seeds on fungal growth and aflatoxin production was also investigated in this study.</p><p> These two fungal species could not grow on any of the tested substrates with 0.82 a_w at 20°, 27°, or 35°C. <i>Aspergillus flavus</i> grew most rapidly on flax seeds with 0.90 a_w at 27°C and also 0.94 a_w at 27° or 35°C. However, on niger seeds, <i>A. flavus </i>grew best at 0.90 or 0.94 a_w incubated at 35°C as well as at 0.94 or 0.98 a_w incubated at 27°C. <i>Aspergillus parasiticus</i> showed the optimum growth on flax seeds with 0.90 a_w at 35°C, whereas on niger seeds, the optimum occurred on seeds with 0.90 a_w at 35°C and also on seeds with 0.94 a_w at 27° or 35°C. The optimum conditions for <i>A. flavus </i>to produce high levels of aflatoxins (270-299 μg/kg) on flax seeds were 0.90 a_w at 35°C; whereas, the optimum conditions for <i>A. flavus </i>to produce aflatoxin (203-278 μg/kg) on niger seeds were 0.90 or 0.98 a_w at 27°C and also 0.90 a_w at 35°C. <i>Aspergillus parasiticus</i> produced high levels of aflatoxins (284-365 μg/kg) on flax seeds under the following three conditions, 0.86 or 0.98 a_w at 35°C and 0.94 a_w at 27°C; <i>A. parasiticus</i> produced 200-384 μg/kg of aflatoxins on niger seeds under nine out of 12 tested incubation conditions.</p><p> Reducing mean oil contents from 35.2 to 10.5% of ground niger seeds had very little effect on the growth of the two fungi but significantly decreased their aflatoxin production under certain incubation conditions. On de-oiled niger seeds inoculated with <i>A. flavus</i>, only 13μg/kg of AFB1 was found on seeds with 0.94 a_w at 27°C; whereas, on de-oiled niger seeds inoculated with <i>A. parasiticus</i>, high levels of aflatoxins (245-345 μg/kg) were only detected under the three following incubation conditions, 0.90 or 0.94 a_w at 27°C, and 0.86 a_w at 35°C.</p> This study showed that the optimum growth and aflatoxin production by <i>A. flavus </i>and<i> A. parasiticus </i>were not identical and influenced by incubation conditions, including temperature, water activity, and growth substrates. The results of this study could help establish guidelines for post-harvest and storage conditions for oil seeds to prevent fungal growth and aflatoxin formation.

Die Akteure bei der Entwicklung von multimedialen Lernangeboten, sogenannter Contents, beeinflussen die Gestaltung dieser Lernangebote durch ihre Kenntnisse und Fähigkeiten entscheidend. Der Einfluss dieser Akteure wurde jedoch bisher noch wenig empirisch untersucht. Die hier durchgeführte Studie untersucht den Prozess der Medienentwicklung mit einem Fokus auf die hier beteiligten Akteure. Ziel der Untersuchung ist auch ein besseres Verständnis von Rollen bei der Medienentwicklung. Die Ergebnisse können wiederum die Praxis bei Entwicklungsprojekten beeinflussen und zur Professionalisierung beitragen. Als theoretische Basis der Studie dienen soziologische Rollenkonzepte und Akteursmodelle, die auf die Entwicklung multimedialer Lernangebote angewendet werden. Die empirische Untersuchung wurde in Form dreier Fallstudien durchgeführt. Anhand der Befunde der Fallstudien leiten die Autoren eine allgemeine Beschreibung der Rollen, von Besonderheiten dieser sowie Schlussfolgerungen für die Projektpraxis ab.

Jahresinhaltsverzeichnis

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Black Carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus) is an invasive fish species native to Asia that has become increasingly abundant within the Mississippi River Basin during the past decade. Originally introduced to control snails that are an intermediate host for trematode parasites of fishes in aquaculture ponds, Black Carp are now present in several rivers in the U.S. and represent a potential threat to threatened and endangered mussel populations. Black Carp have historically been classified as molluscivores; however, a recent study that examined gut contents of Black Carp collected from the Mississippi River Basin indicated that Black Carp are opportunistic consumers that prey upon a wide variety of invertebrates and are flexible in their feeding modes. Despite the potential for Black Carp to compete with native riverine fish species for invertebrate prey, only one published study has compared Black Carp trophic position with that of native fishes in a small portion of the Black Carp’s invaded range. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to assess trophic overlap between Black Carp and two fish species native to the Mississippi River Basin using isotopic niche analysis and gut contents analysis. Dorsal muscle tissue samples were collected from Black Carp, Freshwater Drum (Aplodinotus grunniens), and Blue Catfish (Ictalurus furcatus) and analyzed for δ13C and δ15N to assess each species’ isotopic niche. Freshwater Drum and Blue Catfish gut contents were also removed and analyzed and compared to published Black Carp stomach contents data. Gut contents analysis indicated differences in diet composition between Black Carp and the two native fish species. Chironomidae had the highest frequency of occurrence (67%) and percent of taxa by number (47%) for Freshwater Drum. Trichoptera had the highest frequency of occurrence (58%) and percent of taxa by number (30%) for Blue Catfish, and Gastropoda had the highest frequency of occurrence (16.5%) of any specific prey taxa for Black Carp. Black Carp showed low isotopic niche overlap (≤47%) with both native species when muscle tissue δ13C and δ15N data from all fish collection locations were combined and when assessment of isotopic niches was restricted to the subset of locations where all three species were collected. Isotopic niche overlap was also low (10-48%) between Black Carp and both native species when isotopic niches were compared at individual collection locations. Intraspecific isotopic niche overlap among fish collection locations was highly variable (0-69%) within each of the three species, highlighting the need to assess interspecific isotopic niche overlap by collection location. Broad isotopic niches exhibited by Black Carp in the Mississippi River and tributaries are indicative of substantial trophic diversity among individuals and use of multiple basal energy sources, consistent with a recently published study which found that Black Carp diet composition differed among individuals and that Black Carp consumed a variety of invertebrates, including non-benthic taxa.

Study was conducted to evaluate in vitro digestibility of native warm-season grasses. Three grasses were used: big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii Vitman), little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium Nash), and indiangrass (Sorghastrum nutans Nash). There were no differences in NDF, ADF, FAT and OM of the three grass species. However, DM, hemicellulose and CP were slightly different in the three grass species. Also, the frequency nested in cutting effects was determined. In vitro dry matter disappearance of big bluestem, little bluestem and indiangrass was evaluated to determine rate of disappearance. The 100 % indiangrass revealed the greatest rate of disappearance for IVDMD and 100 % little bluestem grass the least, respectively. However, that of other proportion mixtures of treatments and 100 % big bluestem grass were in between. There were no differences in in vitro neutral detergent fiber disappearances among treatments.

Governance is one aspect of university restructuring that in the last 20 years has become ubiquitous worldwide. The restructuring is in part a response to calls for improving governance in higher education. Keller (1983), for example, describes governance in higher education as limiting the capability of universities to make critical strategic decisions. Higher education researchers are seeking to understand governance restructuring. A few studies have been conducted in the United States of America, the United Kingdom, and Europe. However, developing countries in the Western World have also recognized the limitations of traditional higher education governance and have restructured their systems. This has prompted a need for research on higher education governance restructuring in developing nations. In the English speaking Caribbean, governance restructuring occurred in 1984 and 1996 at the University of the West Indies (UWI) and occurred again between 2004 and 2008. The purpose of this study was to examine the most recent governance restructuring at the UWI. The focus was on exploring three dimensions of organizational change: the antecedents or the factors that prompted the change in governance, the content of the change, and the change process. Three categories of antecedents were discovered: organizational, environmental, and relational antecedents. The organizational antecedent had two sub-themes: performance aspiration and institutional coherence. The environmental antecedents were global competition among nation states, competition from other tertiary education providers, and stakeholders' demands for greater access to higher education. The relational antecedent was a desire to strengthen the relationship with external stakeholders. Four themes related to the content of restructuring emerged from the data: (a) incremental change; (b) corporate/managerial decision-making approach; (c) university-wide strategic planning; and (d) responsiveness to stakeholder demands/needs. Using an archetype approach, the analysis revealed that although the UWI retained the collegiate archetype tradition, elements of another archetype were infused with the collegiate model creating a hybridized governance system. The process of the restructuring revealed three broad stages: initiation, negotiation, and the implementation stage. Collectively, the results suggest that UWI is moving, albeit slowly, away from collegiate governance towards a managerial model. More research is needed to explore the long-term impact of this shift. / Ph. D.

京都大学 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(理学) / 乙第13577号 / 論理博第1579号 / 新制||理||1713(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科生物科学専攻（霊長類学・野生動物系） / (主査)教授 松田 一希, 教授 平田 聡, 准教授 杉浦 秀樹 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The common bean is a basic food of Brazilian diet, with great importance in many regions of the country because of economic and/or nutritional reasons. Genetic variability related to the grain yield, morphologic, phenologic and nutritional traits, and others, makes possible the use of genetic improvement and gain genetic can be maximized when adequate methodologies are used to obtain segregant populations and selection of lines. So, the purposes of this study were to evaluate the efficiency of the Genealogic and Single Seed Descent (SSD) methods in the obtained of segregating populations and evaluate direct selection, indirect selection, classical index (SMITH, 1936; HAZEL, 1943), base index (WILLIANS, 1962), parameter and weight free index (ELSTON, 1963), desired gains index (PESEK; BAKER, 1969), multiplicative index (SUBANDI et al., 1973) and rank summation index (MULAMBA; MOCK, 1978) in the identification of common bean families with higher grain yield, morphologic and phenologic desirable traits and higher calcium and iron contents in the seeds. For that, an amount of 272 families from F7 generation 136 families obtained by the Genealogic method with selection in segregant generations for grain yield, 136 families obtained by the SSD method, and 17 registered cultivars to be grown in Rio Grande do Sul state were evaluated in simple lattice model 17 x 17. Through the Genealogic method we obtained a higher number of families with high grain yield, early cycle and a lower general adaptation note (better adaptation). The SSD method was efficient by selection the higher grain yield, higher number of families with the lowest lodging grade (erect type), higher insertion height of first pod and higher calcium and iron contents in seeds. Correlations unfavorable to the interests of improvement were observed between the characters grain yield and height insertion of first pod and calcium and iron content in seeds. The classical index (SMITH, 1936; HAZEL, 1943), the base index (WILLIANS, 1962) and the multiplicative index (SUBANDI et al., 1973) can provide higher genetic progress common bean lines showing high similarity between the selected lines. / O feijão é um alimento básico na dieta dos brasileiros, com importância significativa em diversas regiões do país por razões econômicas e/ou nutricionais. Variabilidade genética com relação à produtividade de grãos, aos caracteres morfológicos, fenológicos e nutricionais possibilita a utilização do melhoramento genético e ganhos podem ser obtidos quando forem utilizadas metodologias adequadas na condução das populações segregantes e na seleção de linhagens. Desta forma, os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar a eficiência dos métodos Genealógico e Descendente de uma Única Semente (SSD) na condução das populações segregantes e avaliar a seleção direta, seleção indireta, índice clássico (SMITH, 1936; HAZEL, 1943), índice base (WILLIANS, 1962), índice livre de peso e parâmetros (ELSTON, 1963), índice baseado nos ganhos desejados (PESEK; BAKER, 1969), índice multiplicativo (SUBANDI et al., 1973) e índice baseado em soma de ranks (MULAMBA; MOCK, 1978) na identificação de famílias de feijão com maior produtividade de grãos, com caracteres morfológicos e fenológicos desejáveis e maior teor de cálcio e de ferro nas sementes. Para tanto, um total de 272 famílias em geração F7 - 136 famílias conduzidas pelo método Genealógico com seleção nas gerações segregantes para a produtividade de grãos e 136 famílias conduzidas pelo método SSD, além de 17 cultivares registradas para cultivo no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, foram avaliadas em delineamento látice simples 17 x 17. Pelo método Genealógico se obteve maior número de famílias com alta produtividade de grãos, de ciclo precoce e com menor nota geral de adaptação (melhor adaptação). O método SSD foi eficiente para a seleção de maior número de famílias com as menores notas de acamamento (porte ereto), as maiores alturas de inserção de primeira vagem e os maiores teores de cálcio e de ferro nas sementes. Correlações desfavoráveis ao interesse do melhoramento foram observadas entre os caracteres produtividade de grãos, altura de inserção da primeira vagem e teores de cálcio e de ferro nas sementes. O índice clássico (SMITH, 1936; HAZEL, 1943), o índice base (WILLIANS, 1962) e o índice multiplicativo (SUBANDI et al., 1973) podem propiciar progresso genético superior na seleção de linhagens de feijão apresentando elevada coincidência entre as linhagens selecionadas.