The present study was conducted to determine whether conjugate magnitude and temporal contingencies were effective in increasing the pre-ratio pause (PRP) duration and to determine the controlling variables that govern such contingencies. It has been reported in the literature that magnitude of reinforcement, if presented contingently, is effective in controlling performance and that inserting intervals of blackout (BO), during which responding does not lead to reinforcement, virtually always leads to control of responding, even though it has not been presented contingently. The conjugate schedules experimentally arranged reinforcement such that the longer the PRP, the longer was the duration of access to reinforcement and/or the shorter was the BO, located either after reinforcement or after the response. The results of this study demonstrated that the major independent variable which controlled mean PRP duration on the various conjugate reinforcement schedules studied was the delay between the response and reinforcement. The duration of the PRP was not reliably controlled by a contingency which equated PRP duration with reinforcement duration, nor by a contingency which, through imposition of a delay to trial onset, held the local delay to reinforcement constant. Additionally, cycle-to-cycle variation in reinforcement magnitude, whether presented contingently or noncontingently on PRP duration, had no reliable effect on PRP duration when compared to FR 1. The primary effect of variation in the duration of reinforcement was to reduce the variability, not the duration, of the PRP. The results of the study are briefly discussed in terms of a number of theories. These include: the maximization account (Logan, 1960); the matching law (Herrnstein, 1970); Harzem and Harzem's (1981) theory describing the unconditioned inhibitory stimulus function of reinforcement; behavioral contrast (Reynolds, 1961); and Dews' (1981) account of the importance of a response-reinforcer contiguity relation.

Problem behavior, such as disruption or property destruction, is commonly observed in classrooms, and interferes with student education. The purpose of this study was to examine effects of group size within a well-studied class-wide behavior management intervention, the GBG. Consistent with previous research, the GBG was effective in decreasing disruptive behavior but there was no clear differentiation between GBG big and GBG small. The students and the teacher showed high social validity for the GBG.

The Caught Being Good Game (CBGG) is a classroom management intervention used in schools. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of point visibility on appropriate behavior, to examine the degree to which points earned by the opposing team affected the other team’s behavior, to examine both teacher and student preference for the intervention, the effect of student and teacher choice on appropriate behavior, and to systematically replicate previous research showing the effectiveness of the CBGG relative to business as usual. Consistent with previous research, CBGG increased on-task behavior compared to business as usual. Modest and temporary differentiation was observed between salient and hidden points, with hidden resulting in slightly better outcomes. A unit-price analysis further supported that on-task behavior was higher during the hidden points condition. The teacher and students reported preference for the CBGG, and we expect to see higher levels of on-task behavior during the student-choice condition.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Mississippi State University. Department of Political Science and Public Administration. / Title from title screen. Includes bibliographical references.

Physical activity is important for children as many children are considered overweight or obese. The benefits of exercise have been demonstrated in empirical studies across all age ranges (Horne, Hardman, Lowe, & Rowlands, 2009; Kelly et al., 2004; Louie & Chan, 2003; Southard & Southard, 2006). In the current study, a multiple baseline design across participants was used to assess the effectiveness of goal setting, reinforcement contingencies, and pedometers that provide feedback to increase step count of 5 participants. During baseline each participant wore a sealed pedometer to assess the average steps the participants took per day. After baseline, each participant, researcher, and parent set a reasonable goal of steps to achieve per day in order to receive a specific reinforcer chosen by the parent and participant. A behavioral contract stated the specific goal number of steps for the day and the specific reinforcer they would receive. At the end of each day before the child went to bed, the parent recorded the number of steps and provided the child with feedback about whether reinforcement was earned. Data collection for four of the five participants showed a mean increase in steps taken per day during intervention 1 in comparison to baseline levels. Participants met their goal step counts during intervention 1 on 12%, 35%, 50%, 71% and 76% of days. All three participants that participated in intervention 2 increased their mean count from both baseline and intervention 1 levels. Participants met their goal step counts during intervention 2 on 62%, 100%, and 100% of days. Two participants participated in the follow up phase of the study; both participants maintained their goals from intervention 2 and completed their goal step count on 100% of days.

Προτείνεται στη διατριβή ένα περιβάλλον ανάλυσης και μελέτης ενδεχόμενων διαταραχών με τη χρήση μεθόδων μηχανικής μάθησης για ηλεκτρικά δίκτυα. Δομείται ένα ελεγμένο σύνολο πιθανών λειτουργικών καταστάσεων πάνω στο οποίο ορίζεται και μελετάται ένα σύνολο από ενδεχόμενες διαταραχές. Βάσει προτεινόμενων στη βιβλιογραφία δεικτών κατάστασης, οι οποίοι υπολογίζονται ανά λειτουργική κατάσταση, εκπαιδεύονται ανά ενδεχόμενη διαταραχή μέθοδοι μηχανικής μάθησης οι οποίες για μη γνωστές καταστάσεις του δικτύου είναι δυνατό να παράγουν προγνώσεις σχετικά με τις πιθανές επιπτώσεις μιας ενδεχόμενης διαταραχής. Στα πλαίσια της διατριβής έχει σχεδιαστεί ένα πρωτότυπο υπολογιστικό περιβάλλον ανάλυσης και εκτίμησης της επικινδυνότητας ενός προκαθορισμένου συνόλου διαταραχών απώλειας συνδυασμού γραμμών και ζυγών, ενώ παράλληλα προτείνεται μια μεθοδολογία ανάλυσης ενδεχόμενων διαταραχών η οποία εφαρμόζεται στο ηλεκτρικό δίκτυο της νήσου Κρήτης. Το περιβάλλον μελέτης είναι ανεξάρτητο του ηλεκτρικού δικτύου και εκπαιδεύει αλγόριθμους μηχανικής μάθησης με προγενέστερη γνώση με σκοπό την εκτίμηση του αποτελέσματος εφαρμογής μιας ενδεχόμενης διαταραχής σε μια τυχαία λειτουργική κατάσταση του δικτύου. Η προγενέστερη γνώση αποκτάται με προσομοίωση, δηλαδή με την εφαρμογή μιας διαταραχής σε διαφορετικές μεταξύ τους ελεγμένες λειτουργικές καταστάσεις. Έτσι, είναι δυνατή η εκτίμηση της επικινδυνότητας μιας ενδεχόμενης διαταραχής με παράκαμψη της υπολογιστικά δαπανηρής διαδικασίας ανάλυσης ροής φορτίου. / Within thesis an environment implementing machine learning techniques for the analysis and study of electrical network contingencies is proposed. A set of contingencies is defined and studied on a filtered set of simulated possible operating points. Machine learning methods based on proposed in bibliography indices are calculated per simulated operating point and are trained per contingency. They are capable to generate a prediction for an unknown network state about the possible outcome of a contingency. In the scope of thesis a novel computing environment has been developed for the analysis and risk assessment of a predefined set of contingencies comprising line outage combinations. In parallel, a general methodology for contingency analysis is proposed that is in particular implemented on the electrical network of the island of Crete. The environment of study is electrical network independent and trains machine learning algorithms based on previous knowledge. It aims at the estimation of the application result of a contingency to a certain network operating state. Previous knowledge is acquired through simulation, that is the application of a contingency to different filtered operating states. Thus, the risk estimation of a contingency is achieved, bypassing the computer intensive procedure of power flow analysis.

Orientador: Ana Cláudia Moreira Almeida Verdu / Banca: Maria Amália Pie Abib Andery / Banca: Kester Carrara / Resumo: Políticas públicas têm estabelecido diretrizes para que seja garantida igualdade de oportunidade de acesso aos diversos ambientes a despeito diferenças presentes na população, visando a promoção de uma sociedade menos segregatória e mais inclusiva. Enquanto prática, para que a igualdade de acesso seja garantida, requer que o foco das ações seja deslocado da diferença individual para a adaptação do ambiente físico e social. A inclusão pode ser descrita enquanto um fenômeno social complexo, resultado de ações que são estabelecidas e mantidas por diferentes agências como governo, instituições formadoras de educadores, escolas, pessoas com necessidades educativas especiais, suas famílias e a mídia. Uma das ações que pode oferecer condições para que práticas inclusivas sejam apresentadas é o estabelecimento de leis. Leis, no âmbito deste trabalho, são compreendidas enquanto formulações verbais que descrevem comportamentos e que, para melhor compreensão e governo do comportamento dos indivíduos de um grupo deve especificar as ações a serem realizadas, sob quais circunstâncias e prever consequências para seu cumprimento ou não. Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar o Projeto de Lei do Senado nº 6, de 2003, que "Institui o Estatuto da Pessoa com Deficiência e dá outras providências", que está em processo de reformulação com possibilidades de votação ainda para o presente ano e identificar e descrever enunciados de contingências e caracterizá-las em relação à: presença dos termos em completas ou incompletas... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Public politics established lines to ensure the equality of access opportunity to several environments in spite of the population differences, aiming at promoting of a less segregated and more inclusive society. In practice, so that the equality of access be guaranteed, requires that the focus of the actions be dislocated from the individual difference to the physical and social environment adjustment. The inclusion can be described as a complex social phenomenon, a result of actions established and kept for different agencies such as the government, formative educators institutions, schools, people with educative special necessities, their families and the media. One of the actions which can provide conditions so that the inclusive practices be adopet is the establishment of laws. Laws, inside his project, are understoods as verbal formulations which describe behavior, and for a better understanding and the behavior contol of the individual from a group, must specify the actions to be done, under such circumstances and predict consequences for its accomplishment or not. This project had as objective to analyse The Senate Law Project nº 6, from 2003, which "Institutes The Statute of the Person with Disability and provides other measures", which is in process of reformation with the possibility of being voted in the current year and identify and describe uncertain propositions and characterize them according to: a presence of the terms in complete and incomplete; at the presence of the orders of governmental consequences; whether... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Orientador: Jair Lopes Júnior / Banca: Tereza Maria de Azevedo Pires Serio / Banca: Maria Regina Cavalcante / Resumo: No âmbito da Análise do Comportamento, instruções são definidas como estímulos verbais que descrevem, de modo completo ou fragmentado, relações de contingência em contextos específicos, sendo que as consequencias explicitadas ou implicadas poderiam ter modelado os mesmos repertórios descritos na ausência da instrução. A identificação de relações funcionais entre instruções e desempenhos operantes constitui-se em relevante objeto de investigação para a Análise do Comportamento. Este estudo procurou ampliar o alcance de tal objeto concentrando ênfase em caracterizar o comportamento do treinador de fornecer instruções de três jogos consecutivos da fase classificatória de um torneio de futebol júnior. Participaram a comissão técnica e 25 atletas. As verbalizações foram gravadas em vídeo na sala de preleções do hotel na qual a delegação esteve hospedada, bem como no campo de treinamento. O procedimento consistiu em duas etapas. Na Etapa 1 ocorreu um período de ambientação da pesquisadora com a equipe durante as atividades de preparação para a competição. Inicialmente sem a filmadora e posteriormente com a mesma, a pesquisadora observou e gravou preleções ministradas em situações de treinamentos de campo. A Etapa 2 consistiu na gravação em vídeo de três ocorrências consecutivas de três fases: Fase 1) preleção efetuada antes do último treino de campo que precedeu o jogo; Fase 2) preleção realizada antes do jogo no dia em que este foi realizado; Fase 3) preleção efetuada no primeiro treino após o jogo. Todos os registros em vídeo foram transcritos. Foram adotados três critérios para a classificação das instruções emitidas pelo treinador: audiência, topografia e características relacionais, definidas pelos elementos de contingências presentes no enunciado da instrução. A caracterização dos relatos foi efetuada simultaneamente... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: In Behavior Analysis, instructions are verbal stimuli that make entire or breaking up description about contingencies relations in situational constraints. The explicit or implied consequences in contingencies could shaped the same repertoires described in the instruction fault. The identification of functional relations among instructions and operant behaviors corresponds to relevant object of investigation to the Behavior Analysis. This study aimed to broaden the extent of such object by emphasizing the sporting coach's behavior when giving instructions in the routine of three consecutive games in the classificatory phase of a junior soccer tourney. The technical committee and twenty five athletes have participated on this project. The verbalizations were recorded on video on the conference room of the hotel, where the delegation had been accommodated, as well as in the training field. The procedure consisted of two stages. In the first stage, an involvement period was carried out among the researcher and the team during the preparation for the compettion. Initially, without the camera and after that with it, the researcher observed and recorded previous instructions ministered in training situations in the field. The second stage consisted in the video recording of the three consecutive events of three phases: Phase 1) previous instructions which happened before the last training field that preceded the game; Phase 2) previous instructions that happened before the game, on the day it was accomplished; Phase 3) previous instructions that happened on the first training after the game. All the video records were transcribed. Three criteria were adopted to classify the instructions that were given by the coach: audience, topography and relational characteristics, defining as contingencies elements related by instructions. The characterizations of the instructions were simultaneously... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-07-30Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:18:42Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 cabral_cz_me_bauru.pdf: 488674 bytes, checksum: e5f84e3f76b69eaddb0b92b915b969e8 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Políticas públicas têm estabelecido diretrizes para que seja garantida igualdade de oportunidade de acesso aos diversos ambientes a despeito diferenças presentes na população, visando a promoção de uma sociedade menos segregatória e mais inclusiva. Enquanto prática, para que a igualdade de acesso seja garantida, requer que o foco das ações seja deslocado da diferença individual para a adaptação do ambiente físico e social. A inclusão pode ser descrita enquanto um fenômeno social complexo, resultado de ações que são estabelecidas e mantidas por diferentes agências como governo, instituições formadoras de educadores, escolas, pessoas com necessidades educativas especiais, suas famílias e a mídia. Uma das ações que pode oferecer condições para que práticas inclusivas sejam apresentadas é o estabelecimento de leis. Leis, no âmbito deste trabalho, são compreendidas enquanto formulações verbais que descrevem comportamentos e que, para melhor compreensão e governo do comportamento dos indivíduos de um grupo deve especificar as ações a serem realizadas, sob quais circunstâncias e prever consequências para seu cumprimento ou não. Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar o Projeto de Lei do Senado nº 6, de 2003, que Institui o Estatuto da Pessoa com Deficiência e dá outras providências, que está em processo de reformulação com possibilidades de votação ainda para o presente ano e identificar e descrever enunciados de contingências e caracterizá-las em relação à: presença dos termos em completas ou incompletas... / Public politics established lines to ensure the equality of access opportunity to several environments in spite of the population differences, aiming at promoting of a less segregated and more inclusive society. In practice, so that the equality of access be guaranteed, requires that the focus of the actions be dislocated from the individual difference to the physical and social environment adjustment. The inclusion can be described as a complex social phenomenon, a result of actions established and kept for different agencies such as the government, formative educators institutions, schools, people with educative special necessities, their families and the media. One of the actions which can provide conditions so that the inclusive practices be adopet is the establishment of laws. Laws, inside his project, are understoods as verbal formulations which describe behavior, and for a better understanding and the behavior contol of the individual from a group, must specify the actions to be done, under such circumstances and predict consequences for its accomplishment or not. This project had as objective to analyse The Senate Law Project nº 6, from 2003, which Institutes The Statute of the Person with Disability and provides other measures, which is in process of reformation with the possibility of being voted in the current year and identify and describe uncertain propositions and characterize them according to: a presence of the terms in complete and incomplete; at the presence of the orders of governmental consequences; whether... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Com o crescimento do mundo corporativo, cresceram também as dificuldades de representar de forma fidedigna as diversas faces da entidade. Neste ponto também estão inclusas as obrigações, que não estão restritas a pagamentos de obrigações predeterminadas em contratos, regidas por leis ou outros instrumentos. Assim, a dinâmica empresarial cria diversas exigibilidades para a entidade, que muitas vezes não possui instrumentos apropriados para seu reconhecimento, mensuração e divulgação. Neste contexto, diversos agentes buscam criar normas que uniformizem as informações divulgadas e garantam padrões mínimos às informações divulgadas. Assim, o fez a Comissão de Valores Mobiliários ao publicar a Deliberação CVM n 489 de 2005 versando sobre provisões, passivos, contingências passivas e contingências ativas. Com isso, além de uniformizar internamente este tema, a CVM procurou alinhamento com as Normas Internacionais de Contabilidade, pois inspirou sua deliberação na norma emitida pelo IASB em 1998, a IAS 37. A alta carga tributária e a volatilidade do nosso sistema tributário contribuem para um ambiente de incertezas e litígios entre os sujeitos ativos e passivos das obrigações tributárias, levando a disputas sobre valores relevantes e que podem comprometer a saúde financeira da entidade. Por isso, a publicação da norma emitida pela CVM é ferramenta útil e indispensável a uma divulgação uniforme e transparente pelas empresas. Desta forma, este estudo busca contribuir para a solução do problema da divulgação das contingências ao rever a literatura pertinente, analisar as demonstrações contábeis das quatro empresas significativas e sugerir pontos de melhoria nas demonstrações contábeis. / With the growth of the corporative world, also growth the difficulties to represent in a reliable way the various faces of the entity. At this point, are also included obligations that are not restricted to payments of bonds at predetermined contracts governed by laws or other instruments. Thus, the business dynamics creates various obligations for the entity, which often do not have appropriate tools for recognition, measurement and disclosure. In this context, various agents looking to create standards to uniform the information disseminated and guarantee minimum standards to the information disclosed. So did the Securities Commission (CVM) published the deliberation CVM N 489/2005 covering provisions, liabilities, passive and active contingencies. With that, in addition to create internally standards for this theme, the Securities Commission sought to align with international standards accountancy, inspired its deliberation on standard issued by the IASB in 1998, IAS 37.The high tax burden and the volatility of our tax system contribute to an environment of uncertainty and disputes between the parties of tax obligations, taking the dispute over relevant values and which may compromise the financial health of the entity. Therefore, the publication of the standard issued by Securities Commission is the useful tool and indispensable to a uniform and transparent disclosure by companies. Thus, this study aims to contribute to the solution of the problem of disclosure of contingencies reviewing the literature relevant, reviewing the financial statements of the four significant firms and suggesting points of improvement in the statements.